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Anaphy Lec > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

– moving air into and out of
the lungs

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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2
Q

gas exchange between the
lungs and the blood

A

External respiration

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3
Q

transport of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the lungs and tissues

A

Transport

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4
Q

– gas exchange between
systemic blood vessels and tissues

A

Internal respiration

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5
Q

Major Functions of the Respiratory System

A

Gas exchange
Regulation of blood pH
Voice production
Olfaction
Protection

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6
Q

Oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves

A

Gas exchange

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7
Q

Altered by changing
blood carbon dioxide levels (increase CO2 = decrease pH)

A

Regulation of blood pH

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8
Q

Movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech

A

Voice production

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9
Q

Smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into nasal cavity

A

Olfaction

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10
Q

Against microorganisms by preventing
entry and removing them from respiratory
surfaces

A

Protection

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11
Q

organs in upper tract of respi

A

nose, pharynx and associated structures

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12
Q

organs in lower tract of respi

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and the tubing within the lungs

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13
Q

-Passageway for respiration
-Receptors for smell
-Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign material
-Moistens and warms incoming air
-Resonating chambers for voice

A

Upper Respiratory Tract

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14
Q

maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production

A

Larynx

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15
Q

transports air to and from lungs

A

Trachea

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16
Q

branch into lungs

A

Bronchi

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17
Q

transport air to alveoli for gas exchange

A

Lungs

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18
Q

– Site of gas exchange
– Consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
and alveoli

A

Respiratory zone

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19
Q

– Provides rigid conduits for air to reach the sites of gas
exchange
– Includes all other respiratory structures

A

Conducting zone

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20
Q

diaphragm and other
muscles that promote ventilation

A

Respiratory muscles

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21
Q

The external portion of the nose is made of
___ and skin and is lined with __

A
  • cartilage
  • mucous membrane
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22
Q

formed by the frontal, nasal, and maxillary bones

A

bony framework of the nose

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23
Q

Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal
cavity: Frontal Bone, Sphenoid Bone,
Ethmoid Bone, Maxillary Bone

A

Paranasal Sinuses

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24
Q

Surface Anatomy of the Nose

A
  1. Root
  2. Apex
  3. Bridge
  4. External naris
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25
Q

superior attachment of the nose to the frontal bone

A

root

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26
Q

tip of the nose

A

apex

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27
Q

bony framework of the nose formed by nasal bones

A

bridge

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28
Q

nostril; external opening into nasal cavity

A

external naris

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29
Q

functions of paranasal sinuses

A
  1. Lightens the skull
  2. Acts as resonating chambers for speech
  3. Produce mucus that drains the nasal cavity
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30
Q

passageway for air
and food, provides a resonating chamber for
speech sounds, and houses the tonsils, which
participate in immunological reactions against
foreign invaders

A

Pharynx

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31
Q

-voice box is a passageway that connects the pharynx and trachea
-contains vocal folds

A

Larynx

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32
Q

produce sound when they vibrate

A

vocal folds

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33
Q

extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi

A

trachea

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34
Q

location of bronchi

A

At the superior border of the 5th thoracic vertebrae,

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35
Q

branching of bronchial tree

A

trachea
main bronchi
lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

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36
Q
  • paired organs in the thoracic cavity
  • enclosed and protected by the pleural membrane
A

Lungs

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37
Q

“air sacs” found within the lungs

A

alveoli

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38
Q

– form nearly continuous lining, more numerous than type II, main site of gas exchange, secrete Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)

A

Type I alveolar cells

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39
Q

– form nearly continuous lining, more numerous than type II, main site of gas exchange, secrete Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)

A

Type I alveolar cells

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40
Q

free surfaces contain microvilli, secrete alveolar fluid
(surfactant reduces tendency to collapse)

A

Type II alveolar cells (septal cells)

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41
Q

The respiratory membrane is composed of

A
  1. A layer of type I and type II alveolar cells and
    associated alveolar macrophages that constitutes
    the alveolar wall
  2. An epithelial basement membrane underlying the
    alveolar wall
  3. A capillary basement membrane that is often
    fused to the epithelial basement membrane
  4. The capillary endothelium
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42
Q

It is the site of external respiration and diffusion of
gases between the inhaled air and the blood

A

Gas exchange

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43
Q

Blood enters the lungs via

A

pulmonary arteries (pulmonary circulation)
bronchial arteries (systemic circulation)

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44
Q

Blood exits the lungs via

A

pulmonary veins and the bronchial veins

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45
Q

-perfusion coupling

A

Ventilation

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46
Q
  • Inhalation and exhalation
  • Exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli
A

Pulmonary ventilation/ breathing

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47
Q
  • Exchange of gases between alveoli and blood
A

External (pulmonary) respiration

48
Q
  • Exchange of gases between systemic capillaries and tissue cells
  • Supplies cellular respiration (makes ATP
A

Internal (tissue) respiration

49
Q

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream

A

Respiratory gas transport

50
Q

flow of air into lung

A

Inspiration

51
Q

air leaving lung

A

Expiration

52
Q

– The volume of a gas varies inversely with its
pressure
-pressure of a gas in a closed container is
inversely proportional to the volume of the container

A

Boyle’s Law

53
Q

Pressure inside alveoli must become lower than
atmospheric pressure for air to flow into lungs

A
  • 760 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or 1 atmosphere (1
    atm)
54
Q

-most important muscle of inhalation
* Flattens, lowering dome when contracted
* Responsible for 75% of air entering lungs during normal
quiet breathing

A

Diaphragm

55
Q
  • Contraction elevates ribs
  • 25% of air entering lungs during normal quiet breathing
A

External intercostals

56
Q

– Holds the pleural membranes together, which assists with lung expansion
– Surfactant reduces surface tension within the alveoli

A

Surface tension

57
Q

– Pushing air out of the lungs
– Pressure in lungs greater than atmospheric pressure
– Normally passive – muscle relax instead of contract

A

Expiration

58
Q

Expiration can be aided by:

A

Thoracic and abdominal wall muscles that pull the thoracic cage
downward and inward, decreasing intra-alveolar pressure

59
Q
  • Muscles included in inspiration
A

– External intercostals
– Diaphragm

60
Q

accessory muscles inspiration

A

– Sternocleidomastoid
– Pectoralis minor
– Scalenes (neck muscles)

61
Q

Muscles of inspiration relax
– The rib cage descends
– The lungs recoil

A

Breathing - Expiration

62
Q
  • It is an active process
    – Occurs in activities such as blowing up a balloon, exercising, or yelling
  • Abdominal wall muscles are involved in forced expiration
    – Function to ↑ the pressure in the abdominal cavity forcing the abdominal organs upward against the diaphragm
A

Expiration

63
Q

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

A

(1)Air pressure differences drive airflow
(2) Surface tension of alveolar fluid
(3) Lung compliance

64
Q

– Inwardly directed force in the alveoli which must
be overcome to expand the lungs during each
inspiration
– Causes alveoli to assume smallest possible
diameter
– Accounts for 2/3 of lung elastic recoil
– Prevents collapse of alveoli at exhalation

A

Surface tension of alveolar fluid

65
Q
  • The ease with which the lungs may be expanded,
    stretched, or inflated
  • Depends primarily on the elasticity of the lung
    tissue
A

Lung compliance

66
Q

refers to the ability of the lung to recoil after
it has been inflated

A

Elasticity

67
Q

Results in difficulty resuming the shape of the lung during
exhalation

A

Emphysema

68
Q

Results in difficulty expanding the lung because of increased
fibrous tissue and mucous

A

Cystic fibrosis

69
Q

Opposition to air flow in the respiratory passageways

A

Airway Resistance

70
Q

Airway Resistance examples

A

– Asthma
– Bronchospasm during an allergic reaction

71
Q

release via the sympathetic nervous system dilates
bronchioles and reduces air resistance

A

Epinephrine

72
Q

shallow chest breathing due to
contraction of external intercostals

A

Costal breathing

73
Q

deep abdominal
breathing due to outward movement of
abdomen due to the contraction and descent of
the abdomen

A

Diaphragmatic breathing

74
Q

Breathing Patterns and Respiratory Movements

A
  • Eupnea
  • Apnea
  • Dyspnea
  • Tachypnea
  • Costal breathing
  • Diaphragmatic breathing
75
Q

Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary
actions

A

Non Respiratory Air Movements

76
Q

Non Respiratory Air Movements examples

A
  • Cough and sneeze
  • Laughing
  • Crying
    *Yawn
  • Hiccup
77
Q

total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute

A

Minute ventilation (MV)

78
Q

Factors affecting respiratory capacity

A

size, sex, age, physical condition

79
Q

tidal volume reaches respiratory zone

A

70%

80
Q

30% of tidal volume remains in

A

conducting zone

81
Q

conducting airways with air that does not
undergo respiratory gas exchange

A

Anatomic (respiratory) dead space

82
Q

volume of air per
minute that actually reaches respiratory zone

A

Alveolar ventilation rate

83
Q

Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over
the tidal volume

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

84
Q

Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

85
Q

Air remaining in lung after expiration

A

Residual volume

86
Q

Residual volume

A

About 1200 ml

87
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Approximately 1200 ml

88
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Usually between 2100 and 3200 ml (Ave = 3100
ml)

89
Q

The total amount of exchangeable air

A

Vital capacity

90
Q

Vital capacity formula

A

TV + IRV + ERV

91
Q

Total Lung Capacity formula

A

Vital capacity + Residual Volume

92
Q

Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone

A

Functional volume

93
Q

Functional volume

A

*Usually about 350 ml

94
Q

Air that remains in conducting zone and never
reaches alveoli

A

Dead space volume

95
Q

Dead space volume

A

About 150 ml

96
Q

Sounds are monitored with a stethoscope

A

Respiratory Sounds

97
Q

produced by air rushing
through trachea and bronchi

A

Bronchial sounds

98
Q

soft sounds of
air filling alveoli

A

Vesicular breathing sounds

99
Q

Respiratory Sounds

A

Bronchial sounds
Vesicular breathing sounds
Bronchovesicular

100
Q

– Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present
– Total pressure is the sum of all the partial pressures

A

Dalton’s Law

101
Q

Quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is
proportional to the partial pressures of the gas
and its solubility

A

Henry’s law

102
Q

Oxygen movement into the blood
Carbon dioxide movement out of the blood
Blood leaving the lungs is oxygen-rich and
carbon dioxide-poor

A

External Respiration

103
Q
  • The alveoli always has more oxygen than the
    blood

*Oxygen moves by diffusion towards the area of
lower concentration

  • Pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen
A

Oxygen movement into the blood

104
Q
  • Blood returning from tissues has higher
    concentrations of carbon dioxide than air in the
    alveoli
  • Pulmonary capillary blood gives up carbon
    dioxide
A

Carbon dioxide movement out of the blood

105
Q

External Respiration in Lungs: oxygen process

A

– Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air (PO2 105 mmHg) into blood of pulmonary capillaries (PO2 40 mmHg)
– Diffusion continues until PO2 of pulmonary capillary blood matches PO2 of alveolar air
– Small amount of mixing with blood from conducting portion of respiratory system drops PO2 of blood in pulmonary veins to 100 mmHg

106
Q

External Respiration in Lungs: carbon dioxide process

A

– Carbon dioxide diffuses from deoxygenated blood in pulmonary capillaries (PCO2 45 mmHg) into alveolar air (PCO2 40 mmHg)
– Continues until of PCO2 blood reaches 40 mmHg

107
Q

internal respiration occurs in

A

tissues throughout body

108
Q

Internal Respiration: oxygen process

A

– Oxygen diffuses from systemic capillary blood (PO2 100 mmHg) into
tissue cells (PO2 40 mmHg) – cells constantly use oxygen to make ATP
– Blood drops to 40 mmHg by the time blood exits the systemic
capillaries

109
Q

Internal Respiration: carbon dioxide process

A

– Carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells (PCO2 45 mmHg) into systemic
capillaries (PCO2 40 mmHg) – cells constantly make carbon dioxide
– PCO2 blood reaches 45 mmHg

110
Q

internal respiration at rest

A
  • only about 25% of the available oxygen is used
    – Deoxygenated blood would retain 75% of its oxygen capacity
111
Q

Rate of Pulmonary and Systemic Gas Exchange Depends on

A

– Partial pressures of gases
– Surface area available for gas exchange
– Diffusion distance
– Molecular weight and solubility of gases

112
Q

Oxygen transport

A

– Only about 1.5% dissolved in plasma
– 98.5% bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells

113
Q

Factors Affecting the Affinity of Hb for O2

A
  • PO2
  • pH
  • Temperature
  • Type of Hb
114
Q

Relationship between Hemoglobin and Oxygen Partial Pressure

A
  • Higher the PO2, More O2 combines with Hb
    – Fully saturated
115
Q

tense state; very difficult for
oxygen to gain access to the iron-binding sites

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

116
Q

relaxed state of hemoglobin

A

Oxyhemoglobin

117
Q

Cooperative binding

A

once an oxygen binds to one site, iron moves
slightly and so do parts of the peptide chains
attached to it, making it easier for the next oxygen
to bind until all 4 sites are occupied by oxygen

Anaphy Lec (13 decks)

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