Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anaphy lec > Unit 5 Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

network of highways connecting muscles and organs through an extensive system of vessels that transport blood, nutrients, and waste.

A

Cardiovascular System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Different Types of Molecules Move Through The Cardiovascular System

A

Nutrients
Oxygen
Metabolic wastes
Hormones
heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

from digested food to cells

A

Nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

from lungs to cells

A

Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

from cells to excretory organs.

A

Metabolic wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

regulate body activities

A

Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

maintain body temperature (constrict or dilate)

A

heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Three interrelated components of the Cardiovascular System

A
  1. Blood (transport vehicle)
  2. Heart (pump)
  3. Blood vessels (network of tubes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Other Components of the Hemovascular System

A

Bone marrow
* Liver
* Spleen
* Lymph system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Other Components of the Hemovascular System

A

-Bone marrow -red and yellow
-Liver
-Spleen
-Lymph system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

– Acts as a filter
– Produces all the PROCOAGULANTS essential to
hemostasis and blood coagulation
(PROTHROMBIN and CLOTTING FACTORS)
– formation of Vitamin K
– Stores excess iron
– Produces HEPDICIN , a key regulator of iron balance

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

procoagulants

A

(PROTHROMBIN and CLOTTING FACTORS)\

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

 Hematopoietic
 Filtration
 Immunologic
 Storage

A

Spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Able to produce RBCs during fetal development

A

Hematopoietic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

 Remove old and damaged RBCs from circulation
 Removes hemoglobin from RBCs and returns iron
component to the bone marrow for reuse
 Filters out bacteria, especially encapsulated
organisms

A

Filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Contains a rich supply of lymphocytes,
monocytes, and stored immunoglobulins

A

Immunologic:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stores RBCs and approximately 30% of total
mass of platelets

A

Storage:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

transports substances between body cells and the
external environment

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

liquid connective tissue

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mixture of formed elements and plasma

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

living blood cells & platelets

A

formed elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the fluid matrix

A

plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Physical characteristics of blood
* ___ than water
* Temperature about ___ higher than oral or rectal body temperature
* Alkaline pH ??
* ___ of total body weight
* L in adult male
* L in adult female

A

More viscous
1 degree celsius
7.35 to 7.45
~8%
5-6
4-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Functions of Blood

A

➢Transport and Distribution
➢Regulation of Internal Homeostasis
➢Protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

➢Transport and Distribution
delivery: ?
removal: ?

A

O2, nutrients, and hormones
CO2 and metabolic wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

➢Regulation of Internal Homeostasis

A

– body temperature
– pH
– fluid volume
– composition of the interstitial fluid/lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

➢Protection

A

– necessary for inflammation and repair
– prevents blood loss by hemostasis (coagulation)
– prevents infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

2 parts of blood sample

A

Plasma
Formed elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

– ~55% of the volume
– straw colored liquid on top

A

Plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

~45% of the volume
– red blood cells (99%)
– buffy coat - white blood cells and platelets (1%)

A

Formed elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

white blood cells and platelets (1%)

A

buffy coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

➢ 92% WATER
➢ 7% PROTEINS
➢Important for osmotic balance
➢ 1.5% OTHER SOLUTES

A

PLASMA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

(60%)
–transports lipids
–steroid hormones

A

Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

(4%) - blood clotting

A

Fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

(35%) – many different proteins with a wide variety of functions
–globulin classes α, β, and γ
* 1% other regulatory proteins

A

Globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

carried to various organs for removal

A

Waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

glucose and other sugars, amino acids, lipids, vitamins and minerals

A

Nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q
  • enzymes
  • hormones
A

Regulatory substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

O2
, CO2
, N2

A

Gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Electrolytes

A

(ions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

➢ >99% RED BLOODCELLS
➢ <1% WHITE BLOOD CELLS and THROMBOCYTES (platelets)

A

FORMED ELEMENTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

➢LIVING CELLS
➢Erythrocytes, or Red Blood Cells (RBC’s), for O2 and
CO2 transport
➢RBCs’ hemoglobin also helps buffer the blood

A

rbc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

– neutrophils
– eosinophils
– basophils

A
  • Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

– lymphocytes - T cells, B cells
–monocytes → tissue macrophages

A

Agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

pump of blood in an hour

A

300 quarts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

heartbeat
a day
per year
lifetime

A

100,000 times
35 million
2,700,000,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

largest artery in the body
diameter of a garden hose

A

aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

small that it takes ten of them to
equal the thickness of a human hair

A

Capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

body has about __liters (__ quarts) of blood.

A

5.6
6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

circulation of blood
minute
day

A

3 times every minute
total of 19,000 km (12,000 miles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

___ have bigger anatomical hearts

A

males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

location of heart

A

mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

broad superior portion of heart

A

Base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

inferior end, tilts to the left, tapers to point

A

Apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

– Carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
– Blood is deoxygenated

A

Pulmonary Arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

– Carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium
– Blood is oxygenated

A

Pulmonary Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

– Carries blood from the body to the right atrium
– Blood is deoxygenated

A

Superior & Inferior Vena Cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

– Carries blood from the left ventricle to the body
– Blood is oxygenated

A

Aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

like a cone on its side between the lungs

A

heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q
  • surrounds heart, keeps your heart in it’s place (like a father-in-law with the gun collection)
  • Allows heart to beat without friction, room to expand and resists excessive expansion
A

Pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Superficial, tough, elastic

A

Fibrous Pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Thinner, delicate, double layer

A

Serous Pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

– fused to the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal Layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Parietal Layer

A

Parietal Layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

outside slippery layer

A

Epicardium-/visceral pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

muscle of heart

A

myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

inside the heart

A

Endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q
  • Atrial walls are thinnest
  • Right ventricle thinner than left ventricle
    – pumps blood shorter distance
  • Left ventricle walls thickest
  • Right and left ventricles pump same volume of
    blood with each beat
A

Myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q
  • Interatrial septum
  • Pectinate muscles
  • Interventricular septum
  • Trabeculae carneae
  • Chordae tendineae
  • Heart Valves
A

Endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

– wall that separates atria

A

Interatrial septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

– internal ridges of myocardium in right atrium and
both auricles

A
  • Pectinate muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

– wall that separates ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

– internal ridges in both ventricles walls

A

Trabeculae carneae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

cords connecting to the tricuspid and mitral valves

A

Chordae tendineae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

inflammation of the pericardium

A

Pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

-chest pain
-pericardial friction rub (creaking sound)

A

Acute Pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

-pericardial fluid accumulates—compress heart
-Cardiac tamponade -fluid in the pericardial cavity
compressing the heart, can stop the heart beat
-cancer and tuberculosis

A

chronic pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

inflammation of the myocardium

A

myocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

– viral infection, rheumatic fever,
exposure to radiation or certain chemicals,
medications
-fever, fatigue, chest pain, irregular or rapid
heart beat, joint pain, breathlessness

A

Myocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

inflammation of the endocardium

A

Endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

entry halls

A

atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

little bellies

A

ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

– 2 superior, posterior chambers
– receive blood returning to heart

A

Right and left atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

– 2 inferior chambers
– pump blood into arteries

A

Right and left ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

resting pulse rate
kid
adult

A

90-120
slows to an ave. of 72

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q
  • Vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
  • Pulmonary circuit is a short, low-pressure circulation
A

Right side is the pump for the pulmonary circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q
  • Vessels that carry the blood to and from all body tissues
  • Systemic circuit blood encounters much resistance in
    the long pathways
  • Anatomy of the ventricles reflects these differences
A

– Left side is the pump for the systemic circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

blood flow in the heart

A

Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries →
lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta→ systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q
  • Ensure one-way blood flow
  • Semilunar valves
  • Atrioventricular (AV) valves
A

Heart Valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q
  • control flow into great arteries
A

Semilunar valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

from right ventricle into pulmonary trunk

A

Semilunar valves pulmonary:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

from left ventricle into aorta

A

Semilunar valves aortic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

right AV valve has

A

3 cusps (tricuspid valve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

left AV valve has

A

2 cusps (mitral, bicuspid valve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q
  • cords connect AV valves to papillary muscles (on floor of ventricles)
A

chordae tendineae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

The valves of the heart open and close in
response to

A

pressure changes as the heart contracts and relaxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

AV Valve Mechanics when Ventricles relax

A

pressure drops, semilunar valves close, AV valves open, blood flows from atria to ventricles

98
Q

AV Valve Mechanics when Ventricles contract

A

AV valves close (papillary m. contract and pull on chordae tendineae to prevent prolapse), pressure rises, semilunar valves open, blood flows into great vessels

99
Q

systole

A

contraction

100
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

101
Q

narrowing of heart valve opening
that restricts blood flow; stiff= heart workload
increased

A

Stenosis

102
Q

failure of valve to close completely backflow and
repump

A

Insufficient/Incompetent valve

103
Q

– scar formation; congenital anomaly

A

Mitral stenosis

104
Q

left ventricle→left atrium; mitral valve prolapse

A

Mitral insufficiency

105
Q

(aorta→left ventricle)

A

Aortic stenosis, aortic insufficiency

106
Q

streptococcal infection of throat;
bacteria trigger an immune response in which
antibodies produced attack and inflame connective
tissues in joints, heart valves (aortic, mitral)

A

Rheumatic fever

107
Q

act of listening to heart sounds

A

Auscultation

108
Q

Due to vibrations in the blood caused by valves
closing and opening

A

Heart Sounds

109
Q

Four sounds but only two loud enough to hear by
stethoscope which are

A

(S1 and S2)

110
Q

long, booming sound AV valves closing
(mitral and tricuspid)

A

S1 = lub

111
Q

short, sharp sound SL valves closing
(aortic and pulmonary)

A

S2 = dub

112
Q

blood turbulence during ventricular filling
(relaxed)

A

S3

113
Q

blood turbulence during atrial
systole/ventricular filling (active)

A

S4

114
Q

systole, atrioventricular valves, tricuspid, and mitral close

A

s1 lub

115
Q

diastole, pulmonic, aortic valve

A

s2 dub

116
Q

Represents the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves

A

First heart sound(S1)

117
Q

Represents the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves

A

Second heart sound (S2)

118
Q

It is created by the blood coming from the atria into the
ventricles during the early diastolic filling phase. Occurs
just after S2.

A

Third heart sound (S3)

119
Q

It is created by atrial contraction at the late diastolic phase. It
occurs just before S1

A

Fourth heart sound (S4)

120
Q

Normal heart sound

A

First heart
sound(S1
)

121
Q

splitting is heard (the lungs
and veins expand so the
venous return increases to
the right side of the heart.)

A

Second heart sound (S2

)

122
Q

causes an increase in
blood flow thru the
pulmonary valve.

A

the lungs
and veins expand so the
venous return increases to
the right side of the heart.

123
Q

NB: S3

is almost

always pathologic. It is
caused by diseased of
the left ventricle
(dilated left ventricle,
poor-contracted left
ventricle, dilated
cardiomyopathy, MI)

A

Third heart
sound(S3
)

124
Q

Normally,
heard in
healthy young
people.

A

Fourth heart
sound (S4
)

125
Q

swishing sound heard
when there is turbulent or abnormal blood
flow across the heart valve.

A

Heart Murmur

126
Q

murmurs present
without any medical or heart conditions
(childhood murmurs, pregnancy)

A

Innocent murmurs

127
Q

Causes heart murmur

A

– Valvular heart diseases

128
Q

most common valvular disease

A

cardiomyopathy; septal defect

129
Q

Functional causes heart murmurs

A

anemia, hyperthyroidism

130
Q

Derived from increased turbulence

A

Systolic Murmurs

131
Q
  1. Increased flow across normal SL valve or into a
    dilated great vessel
  2. Flow across an abnormal SL valve or narrowed
    ventricular outflow tract - e.g. aortic stenosis
  3. Flow across an incompetent AV valve - e.g. mitral
    regurgitation
  4. Flow across the interventricular septum
A

Systolic Murmurs

132
Q

Almost always indicate heart disease
1. Early decrescendo diastolic murmurs
2. Rumbling diastolic murmurs in mid- or late
diastole

A

Diastolic Murmurs

133
Q

– signify regurgitant flow through an incompetent
semilunar valve
* e.g. aortic regurgitation

A

Early decrescendo diastolic murmurs

134
Q

– suggest stenosis of an AV valve

A
  1. Rumbling diastolic murmurs in mid- or late
    diastole
135
Q

Atria and ventricles contract in coordinated
manner

A

Ensures correct blood flow

136
Q

electrical events
* Control and coordinate activity of contractile cells

A

Conducting system

137
Q

mechanical events
* Produce powerful contractions that propel blood

A

Contractile cells

138
Q

striated, short, fat,
branched, and interconnected

A

Cardiac muscle cells

139
Q

connects to the fibrous skeleton

A

Connective tissue matrix (endomysium)

140
Q

wide but less numerous

A

T tubules

141
Q

Numerous large mitochondria

A

(25–35% of cell
volume)

142
Q

junctions between cells
anchor cardiac cells

A

Intercalated discs:

143
Q

prevent cells from separating during
contraction

A

Desmosomes

144
Q

allow ions to pass; electrically
couple adjacent cells

A

Gap junctions

145
Q

behaves as a functional
syncytium

A

Heart muscle

146
Q

contractile fibers have stable
resting membrane potential

A

Depolarization

147
Q

period of maintained depolarization

A

Plateau

148
Q

recovery of resting membrane potential

A

Repolarization

149
Q

time interval during which second
contraction cannot be triggered

A

Refractory period

150
Q

-Cardiac muscle tissue contracts on its own
-Does not need hormonal or neural stimulation (These will change the force)

A

automaticity or autorhythmicity

151
Q

Repeatedly generate action potentials that trigger
heart contractions
Cardiac muscle tissue contracts on its own

A

Conducting Myocardium

152
Q

unstable resting potentials

A

pacemaker
potentials

153
Q

for rising
phase of the action potential

A

calcium influx

154
Q

Made up of two types of cells that do not
contract:

»Nodal cells
»Conducting cells

A

The Conducting System

155
Q

(responsible for
establishing rate of contraction)

A

»Nodal cells

156
Q

(distribute the
contractile stimulus to general
myocardium)

A

»Conducting cells

157
Q

generates impulses about
90-100 action potentials per minute

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

158
Q

delays the impulse
approximately 0.1 second; 40-50 action
potentials per minute

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

159
Q

Impulse passes from atria to ventricles via
the

A

atrioventricular bundle

160
Q

carry the impulse toward the
apex of the heart

A

Bundle branches

161
Q

carry the impulse to the heart
apex and ventricular walls

A

Purkinje fibers

162
Q

Normal sinus rhythm

A

60-100 beats/min

163
Q

abnormality of the heart
rhythm

A

Cardiac arrhythmia

164
Q

heart rate slow (<60 beats/min)

A

Bradycardia

165
Q

heart rate fast (>100 beats/min)

A

Tachycardia

166
Q

Classification (increased/decreased)

A

Heart rate

167
Q

Classification (regular/irregular)

A

Heart rhythm

168
Q

Classification (supraventricular / ventricular)

A

Site of origin

169
Q

Classification (narrow/broad)

A

Complexes on ECG

170
Q
  • Composite record of action potentials produced by all the heart muscle fibers
  • Electrodes placed on body surface
  • Graphed as series of up and down waves produced during each heartbeat
  • Instrument called electrocardiograph
A

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

171
Q
  • Electrodes placed on body surface
A

– arms and legs and six positions on chest

172
Q

produces 12 different tracings

A

electrocardiograph

173
Q

ECG Waves

A
  • P wave
  • QRS complex
  • T wave
  • atrial repolarization usually not visible
174
Q

– atrial depolarization

A

P wave

175
Q

– ventricular depolarization
– onset of ventricular contraction

A

QRS complex

176
Q

– ventricular repolarization
– just before ventricles start to relax

A

T wave

177
Q

– masked by larger QRS complex

A

atrial repolarization usually not visible

178
Q

Cardiac action potential arises in___
* ___ wave appears

A

SA node
P

179
Q

Action potential enters___ and out over ventricles
* __ complex
* Masks __

A

AV bundle
QRS
atrial repolarization

180
Q
  • Begins shortly after QRS complex appears and continues during S-T segment
A

Contraction of ventricles/ ventricular systole

181
Q

Repolarization of ventricular fibers

A
  • T wave
182
Q

period between the start of one
heartbeat and the beginning to the next

A

Cardiac cycle

183
Q

During atrial systole, ventricles

A

relax

184
Q

During ventricle systole, atria

A

relax

185
Q
  • All events associated with one heartbeat
  • In each cycle, atria and ventricles alternately contract
    and relax
  • Forces blood from higher pressure to lower pressure
  • During relaxation period, both atria and ventricles
    are relaxed
A

Cardiac Cycle

186
Q

volume of blood
ejected from left (or right) ventricle into aorta
(or pulmonary trunk) each minute

A

Cardiac Output (CO)

187
Q

Cardiac Output (CO) formula

A

stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)

188
Q

number of heart beats per
minute

A

HR

189
Q

amount of blood pumped out by
a ventricle with each beat; ml per beat

A

SV

190
Q

Cardiac Output and Cardiac Reserve

  • In typical resting male
A

5.25L/min = 70mL/beat x 75 beats/min

191
Q

Entire blood volume flows through

A

pulmonary and systemic circuits each minute

192
Q

difference between
maximum CO and CO at rest

A

Cardiac reserve

193
Q

Factors Influencing Cardiac Output

A

Heart rate
Positive chronotropic factors
Negative chronotropic factors

194
Q

rate of depolarization in
autorhythmic cell

A

Heart rate

195
Q

factors increase heart
rate

A

Positive chronotropic factors

196
Q

factors decrease heart
rate

A

Negative chronotropic factors

197
Q

Stroke volume usually remains relatively
constant.

A

Changing heart rate is the
most common way to change cardiac
output

198
Q
  • Increased heart rate
  • Sympathetic nervous system
A
  • Crisis
  • Low blood pressure
199
Q
  • Increased heart rate
  • Hormones
A
  • Epinephrine
  • Thyroxine
200
Q
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Hormones
  • Exercise
  • Decreased blood volume
A
  • Increased heart rate
201
Q
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
  • High blood pressure or blood volume
  • Dereased venous return
A
  • Decreased heart rate
202
Q

force of contraction in
ventricular myocardium

A

stroke volume

203
Q

stroke volume

A
  1. Preload
  2. Contractility
  3. Afterload
204
Q

– Degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts
– Greater preload increases the force of contraction

A

Preload

205
Q

– the more the
heart fills with blood during diastole, the greater
the force of contraction during systole
* Preload proportional to end-diastolic volume (EDV)

A

Frank-Starling law of the heart

206
Q

2 factors determine EDV

A
  1. Duration of ventricular diastole
  2. Venous return
207
Q

volume of blood returning to right
ventricle

A

Venous return

208
Q

– Strength of contraction at any given preload
– Positive inotropic agents
– Negative inotropic agents

A

Contractility

209
Q

increase contractility
* Often promote Ca2+ inflow during cardiac action
potential
* Increases stroke volume
* Epinephrine, norepinephrine, digitalis

A

Positive inotropic agents

210
Q

decrease contractility
* Anoxia, acidosis, some anesthetics, and increased K+
in interstitial fluid

A

Negative inotropic agents

211
Q

– Pressure that must be overcome before a
semilunar valve can open

A

Afterload

212
Q

Increase in afterload causes stroke volume to

A

decrease

213
Q

what increases afterload

A

Hypertension and atherosclerosis

214
Q

Regulation of Heart Beat

A

– Autonomic Regulation
–Nervous System Control
– Chemical Regulation

215
Q

– Originates in cardiovascular center of medulla oblongata
– Increases or decreases frequency of nerve impulses in
both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of ANS

A

Autonomic regulation

216
Q

Noreprinephrine effects In SA and AV node

A

speeds rate of spontaneous
depolarization

217
Q

Noreprinephrine effects In contractile fibers

A

fibers enhances Ca2+ entry increasing
contractility

218
Q

releases acetylcholine

A

Parasympathetic nerves

219
Q

decreases heart rate by slowing rate of spontaneous
depolarization

A

acetylcholine

220
Q

activates
sympathetic
neurons

A

Cardio-acceleratory
center

221
Q

controls
parasympathetic
neurons

A

Cardio-inhibitory
center

222
Q

Chemical regulation of heart rate
Hormones

A
  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase heart rate
    and contractility
  • Thyroid hormones also increase heart rate and
    contractility
223
Q

Chemical regulation of heart rate
cations

A
  • Ionic imbalance can compromise pumping effectiveness
  • Relative concentration of K+, Ca2+ and Na+ important
224
Q

Abnormality of cardiac function that leads to the
inability of the heart to pump blood

A

Congestive Heart Failure

225
Q
  • Causes a decreased tissue perfusion as a result of
    decreased CARDIAC OUTPUT
A

Congestive Heart Failure

226
Q

inability of the heart to pump blood to meet the
body’s basic metabolic demands

A

Congestive Heart Failure

227
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is caused by:

A

– Coronary atherosclerosis
– Persistent high blood pressure
– Multiple myocardial infarcts
– Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) – main pumping
chambers of the heart are dilated and contract
poorly
– Valve disorders
– Congenital defects

228
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is caused by:

A

– Coronary atherosclerosis
– Persistent high blood pressure
– Multiple myocardial infarcts
– Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) – main pumping
chambers of the heart are dilated and contract
poorly
– Valve disorders
– Congenital defects

229
Q

Left Heart Failure

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Dec. exercise tolerance
  • Cough
  • Orthopnea
  • Pink, frothy sputum
230
Q

Right Heart Failure

A
  • Dec. exercise tolerance
  • Edema
  • HJR / JVD
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Ascites
231
Q
  • Results from LEFT ventricular wall damage or
    dilatation
  • Left ventricular and atrial end-diastolic
    pressures increase and cardiac output decreases
  • Impaired left ventricular filling results in
    congestion and increased pulmonary vascular
    pressures
  • REMEMBER: “L”eft and “L”ung, the fluid “backs
    up” to lungs
A

Left-sided failure

232
Q
  • Caused by pulmonary hypertension and left heart
    failure
  • Pulmonary hypertension causes increased pressure
    that right ventricle must pump against, so right
    ventricle cannot empty; hypertrophy and dilatation
    result
  • Right ventricle distention leads to blood
    accumulation in systemic veins
  • REMEMBER: “R”ight and “R”est of the body, the
    fluid “backs up” to rest of body
A

Right-sided failure

233
Q

Systolic– “can’t pump”

A

– Aortic Stenosis
– HTN
– Aortic Insufficiency
– Mitral Regurgitation
– Muscle Loss
* Ischemia
* Fibrosis
* Infiltration

234
Q

Diastolic- “can’t fill”

A

– Mitral Stenosis
– Tamponade
– Hypertrophy
– Infiltration
– Fibrosis

235
Q

Evaluation of Heart Failure

A
  • HEART SOUNDS
  • Systolic Murmurs
  • Diastolic Murmurs
  • S3: Rapid filling of a diseased ventricle
  • CXR
  • EKG
236
Q

Evaluation of Heart Failure
* Systolic Murmurs

A

– Mitral Regurg
– Aortic Stenosis

237
Q

Evaluation of Heart Failure
* Diastolic Murmurs

A

– Mitral Stenosis
– Aortic Insufficiency

238
Q

Evaluation of Heart Failure
* CXR

A

– Kerley’s lines : A and B
– Pulmonary Edema
– Cephalization
– Pleural Effusions (bilateral)

239
Q

Evaluation of Heart Failure
* EKG

A

– Left atrial enlargement
– Arrhythmias
– Hypertrophy (left or right)

240
Q

Treatment of CHF

A
  • Treat Precipitating Factor(s)
  • Adjust Heart Rate
  • Decrease Preload
  • Decrease Afterload
  • Increase Contractility
  • Increase Oxygenation
241
Q

Treatment of CHF – UNLOAD ME

A
  • U – upright position
  • N – Nitrates
  • L - Lasix
  • O - Oxygen
  • A - ACEi
  • D - Digoxin
  • M - Morphine
  • E - ECG

anaphy lec (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions