Unit 2 Part 1 Flashcards
“practice of medicine” = understanding of pathology
Sir William Osler (1849-1919)
Pathology (from the word)
pathos + logos
- study of disease
-structure and function of body in disease
-study of suffering
-study of causes
-sequence of events
Pathology
2 main divisions pathology
Clinical
Anatomic
lab analysis of body Fluids & bodily tissues
Clinical pathology
examination of surgical specimens / whole body / autopsy)
Anatomic pathology
Subdivisions patho
General
Systemic
General principles
General pathology
study of diseases: specific organs and body systems
systemic Pathology
Sub specialties patho
HiHeChImExGeMeMo
a. histopathology
b. hematology
c. chemical pathology
d. immunology & immuno pathology
e. experimental pathology
f. geographic pathology
g. medical genetics
h. molecular pathology
- anatomic, pathologic, morbid
- classic method OF study
- examination OF structural changes (gross or macroscopic)
Histopathology
Histopathology main divisions
Surgical Pathology
Forensic pathology and Autopsy work
Cytopathology
- study of tissues removed via paraffin embedding & frozen section
surgical Pathology
- study of organs and tissues removed at postmortem
- underlying sequence and cause of death
- dead teach the living
Forensic pathology and Autopsy work
study of cells shed off From lesions/exfoliative cytology/ and
fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)
cytopathology
disease of the blood
Hematology
analysis biochemical constituents OF body Fluids
chemical pathology
abnormalities in the immune system
immunology & immuno pathology
production of disease /animal) & study
experimental pathology
distribution of frequency and type OF diseases in body parts
geographic pathology
heredity and disease
medical genetics
detection and diagnosis of abnormalities at the level of DNA
molecular pathology
- physiology of altered health
- path & physio
- changes and effect of cellular & organ disease
- mechanisms OF underlying disease
- background for preventive & therapeutic health care
Pathophysiology
- opposite of health
- interruption, cessation, or disorder in the function of a body
- recognized by etiologic agent Is (signs, symptoms, or consistent alterations)
- entity with a cause
Disease
- state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
- not merely the absence of disease
- complete accord with surroundings
Health
- reaction to disease in the form of symptoms and physical signs
Illness
- combination OF symptoms
- altered physiologic process
Syndromes
WHY of disease
study of the cause
Etiology
HOW of disease
sequence of cellular, molecular and biochemical
-mutated genes
-function of encoded proteins -biochemical events -morphological events
-still not fully understood
Pathogenesis
structural alteration
Either
- characteristic of a disease or
- diagnostic of an etiologic process
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES
signs and symptoms, clinical course, outcome, clinicopathologic relations
FUNCTIONAL DERANGEMENTS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
information from patient’s history to identify the condition causing the disease.
Also refers to the name given to the disease
i.e. Diabetes, multiple sclerosis
DIAGNOSIS
predicting the likely or expected development of a disease
Improve of worsen
PROGNOSIS
Evidence of disease perceived by patients
i.e. pain, lump, diarrhea
SYMPTOMS
-Physical observations made by the person who examines the patient
i.e tenderness, a mass, abnormal heart sounds
-Elicited and observed during the physical
examination
Signs
Observations made by the application of tests or special procedures
-X-rays, blood counts, biopsies
Laboratory findings
Characteristic changes in tissues and cells produced by disease
LESIONS
Agents causing injury acting from outside the body
Exogenous disease
Acting from within the body
ENDOGENOUS DISEASE
WHY of disease
Etiology
Abnormalities of structure, function, or body metabolism that are present at birth.
Congenital defects
Caused by abnormalities in the genetic makeup at the chromosomal or genetic (gene) level (inherited from parents)
GENETIC DISORDERS
Usually classified by the type of offending organism
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Viruses
BIOLOGIC AGENTS
Caused by aberrations to the immune system
Immunologic disease
- exaggerated immune response to an antigen
Hypersensitivity reaction
deficiency of a component of the immune system
Immunodeficiency
abnormal (exaggerated) immune reaction against the self antigens of the host.
Autoimmunity
Disorders that stem from a deficiency in the activity of an enzyme involved in the synthesis or breakdown of intermediates
METABOLIC DERANGEMENTS
cause the body to injure itself by means of the inflammatory process
DEGENERATIVE AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
Progress is extremely rapid and generally threatening or resulting in death within a short time.
MALIGNANCY
Heat and cold
Electricity
Atmospheric Pressure changes
Radiation (electromagnetic and particulate)
PHYSICAL FORCES/AGENTS
-Subdivided into the manner of injury
-Poisoning (accidental, homicidal, or suicidal)
-Drug Reactions
Chemical injuries
They may include deficiencies or excesses in the diet, obesity and eating disorders, and
chronic diseases
NUTRITIONAL EXCESSES OR DEFICITS
cause of disease is unknown
Idiopathic
treatment, a procedure or an error may cause a disease
Iatrogenic
diseases that are caused by drugs that cross the placental barrier and harm the fetus
Teratogenic
transmitted by direct, intimate or by skin contact
Contagious
transmitted by sexual contact
Venereal
caused by pathogenic microorganisms
INFECTIOUS
transmitted by agents, fomites, vector or carrier
Communicable
– sudden and obvious onset; rapid cours
ACUTE
– acute fatal disease
FULMINATING
– slow onset, long duration
CHRONIC
– gradual progression with only vague or very mild signs; e.g. hepatitis
INSIDIOUS
– occurs during the course of another disease
INTERCURRENT
Duration acute
Short term, develops quicky
Duration chronic
Long time, milder
course of a disease in an individual, from onset to resolution, in the absence of intervention.
Natural history of disease
Disease has not developed, but risk factors are present.
Risk factors and disease in population
Stage of Susceptibility
promote development of a disease in an individual; indicates a high risk for the disease but not certain development
Predisposing factors –
– a condition that triggers an acute episode
Precipitating factor
- pathologic changes, no obvious manifestations
- rely on laboratory or screening methods
- brief as seconds OR long as decades
stage of pre-symptomatic disease
sub-clinical
- incubation period
- infectious disease
latency period
- chronic disease
Sufficient end-organ changes have occurred, so there are recognizable signs and symptoms to disease
Subclinical
Comprises the time in the early development of a disease when one is aware of a change in the body, but the signs are nonspecific
THE PRODROMAL PERIOD
Sufficient end-organ changes have occurred, so there are recognizable signs and symptoms to disease
STAGE OF CLINICAL DISEASE
Some diseases run their course and then resolve completely with or without treatment.
STAGE OF RECOVERY, DISABILITY, DEATH
any temporary or long-term reduction of a person’s activity as a result of an acute or chronic condition; note emphasis on loss of function rather than on structural defect
Disability –
– manifestations of disease subside
Remissions
– sudden increase in the severity or seriousness of the signs and symptoms during the course of disease
Exacerbation
– unfavorable conditions that arise during the course of a disease; new or secondary additional problems that arise after the original disease begins, e.g. congestive heart failure after a heart attack
Complications
– remote after effects produced by a disease; the potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition, e.g. paralysis following recovery from stroke
Sequelae
– period of recovery and return to the normal healthy state; may last for several days or months
Convalescence or rehabilitation
the cessation of life; permanent cessation of vital functions
Death
