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Anaphy Lec > Unit 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

“practice of medicine” = understanding of pathology

A

Sir William Osler (1849-1919)

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2
Q

Pathology (from the word)

A

pathos + logos

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3
Q
  • study of disease
    -structure and function of body in disease
    -study of suffering
    -study of causes
    -sequence of events
A

Pathology

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4
Q

2 main divisions pathology

A

Clinical
Anatomic

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5
Q

lab analysis of body Fluids & bodily tissues

A

Clinical pathology

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6
Q

examination of surgical specimens / whole body / autopsy)

A

Anatomic pathology

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7
Q

Subdivisions patho

A

General
Systemic

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8
Q

General principles

A

General pathology

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9
Q

study of diseases: specific organs and body systems

A

systemic Pathology

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10
Q

Sub specialties patho

A

HiHeChImExGeMeMo

a. histopathology
b. hematology
c. chemical pathology
d. immunology & immuno pathology
e. experimental pathology
f. geographic pathology
g. medical genetics
h. molecular pathology

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11
Q
  • anatomic, pathologic, morbid
  • classic method OF study
  • examination OF structural changes (gross or macroscopic)
A

Histopathology

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12
Q

Histopathology main divisions

A

Surgical Pathology
Forensic pathology and Autopsy work
Cytopathology

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13
Q
  • study of tissues removed via paraffin embedding & frozen section
A

surgical Pathology

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14
Q
  • study of organs and tissues removed at postmortem
  • underlying sequence and cause of death
  • dead teach the living
A

Forensic pathology and Autopsy work

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15
Q

study of cells shed off From lesions/exfoliative cytology/ and
fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)

A

cytopathology

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16
Q

disease of the blood

A

Hematology

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17
Q

analysis biochemical constituents OF body Fluids

A

chemical pathology

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18
Q

abnormalities in the immune system

A

immunology & immuno pathology

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19
Q

production of disease /animal) & study

A

experimental pathology

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20
Q

distribution of frequency and type OF diseases in body parts

A

geographic pathology

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21
Q

heredity and disease

A

medical genetics

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22
Q

detection and diagnosis of abnormalities at the level of DNA

A

molecular pathology

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23
Q
  • physiology of altered health
  • path & physio
  • changes and effect of cellular & organ disease
  • mechanisms OF underlying disease
  • background for preventive & therapeutic health care
A

Pathophysiology

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24
Q
  • opposite of health
  • interruption, cessation, or disorder in the function of a body
  • recognized by etiologic agent Is (signs, symptoms, or consistent alterations)
  • entity with a cause
A

Disease

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25
Q
  • state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
  • not merely the absence of disease
  • complete accord with surroundings
A

Health

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26
Q
  • reaction to disease in the form of symptoms and physical signs
A

Illness

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27
Q
  • combination OF symptoms
  • altered physiologic process
A

Syndromes

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28
Q

WHY of disease
study of the cause

A

Etiology

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29
Q

HOW of disease
sequence of cellular, molecular and biochemical

-mutated genes
-function of encoded proteins -biochemical events -morphological events
-still not fully understood

A

Pathogenesis

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30
Q

structural alteration

Either
- characteristic of a disease or
- diagnostic of an etiologic process

A

MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES

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31
Q

signs and symptoms, clinical course, outcome, clinicopathologic relations

A

FUNCTIONAL DERANGEMENTS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

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32
Q

information from patient’s history to identify the condition causing the disease.

Also refers to the name given to the disease
i.e. Diabetes, multiple sclerosis

A

DIAGNOSIS

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33
Q

predicting the likely or expected development of a disease
Improve of worsen

A

PROGNOSIS

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34
Q

Evidence of disease perceived by patients
i.e. pain, lump, diarrhea

A

SYMPTOMS

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35
Q

-Physical observations made by the person who examines the patient
i.e tenderness, a mass, abnormal heart sounds
-Elicited and observed during the physical
examination

A

Signs

36
Q

Observations made by the application of tests or special procedures
-X-rays, blood counts, biopsies

A

Laboratory findings

37
Q

Characteristic changes in tissues and cells produced by disease

A

LESIONS

38
Q

Agents causing injury acting from outside the body

A

Exogenous disease

39
Q

Acting from within the body

A

ENDOGENOUS DISEASE

40
Q

WHY of disease

A

Etiology

41
Q

Abnormalities of structure, function, or body metabolism that are present at birth.

A

Congenital defects

42
Q

Caused by abnormalities in the genetic makeup at the chromosomal or genetic (gene) level (inherited from parents)

A

GENETIC DISORDERS

43
Q

Usually classified by the type of offending organism
 Bacteria
 Fungi
 Protozoa
 Viruses

A

BIOLOGIC AGENTS

44
Q

Caused by aberrations to the immune system

A

Immunologic disease

45
Q
  • exaggerated immune response to an antigen
A

Hypersensitivity reaction

46
Q

deficiency of a component of the immune system

A

Immunodeficiency

47
Q

abnormal (exaggerated) immune reaction against the self antigens of the host.

A

Autoimmunity

48
Q

Disorders that stem from a deficiency in the activity of an enzyme involved in the synthesis or breakdown of intermediates

A

METABOLIC DERANGEMENTS

49
Q

cause the body to injure itself by means of the inflammatory process

A

DEGENERATIVE AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASE

50
Q

Progress is extremely rapid and generally threatening or resulting in death within a short time.

A

MALIGNANCY

51
Q

 Heat and cold
 Electricity
 Atmospheric Pressure changes
 Radiation (electromagnetic and particulate)

A

PHYSICAL FORCES/AGENTS

52
Q

-Subdivided into the manner of injury
-Poisoning (accidental, homicidal, or suicidal)
-Drug Reactions

A

Chemical injuries

53
Q

They may include deficiencies or excesses in the diet, obesity and eating disorders, and
chronic diseases

A

NUTRITIONAL EXCESSES OR DEFICITS

54
Q

cause of disease is unknown

A

Idiopathic

55
Q

treatment, a procedure or an error may cause a disease

A

Iatrogenic

56
Q

diseases that are caused by drugs that cross the placental barrier and harm the fetus

A

Teratogenic

57
Q

transmitted by direct, intimate or by skin contact

A

Contagious

58
Q

transmitted by sexual contact 

A

Venereal

59
Q

caused by pathogenic microorganisms

A

INFECTIOUS

60
Q

transmitted by agents, fomites, vector or carrier

A

Communicable

61
Q

– sudden and obvious onset; rapid cours

A

ACUTE

62
Q

– acute fatal disease

A

FULMINATING

63
Q

– slow onset, long duration

A

CHRONIC

64
Q

– gradual progression with only vague or very mild signs; e.g. hepatitis

A

INSIDIOUS

65
Q

– occurs during the course of another disease

A

INTERCURRENT

66
Q

Duration acute

A

Short term, develops quicky

67
Q

Duration chronic

A

Long time, milder

68
Q

course of a disease in an individual, from onset to resolution, in the absence of intervention.

A

Natural history of disease

69
Q

Disease has not developed, but risk factors are present.
Risk factors and disease in population

A

Stage of Susceptibility

70
Q

promote development of a disease in an individual; indicates a high risk for the disease but not certain development

A

Predisposing factors –

71
Q

– a condition that triggers an acute episode

A

 Precipitating factor

72
Q
  • pathologic changes, no obvious manifestations
  • rely on laboratory or screening methods
  • brief as seconds OR long as decades
A

stage of pre-symptomatic disease
sub-clinical

73
Q
  • incubation period
A
  • infectious disease
74
Q

latency period

A
  • chronic disease
75
Q

Sufficient end-organ changes have occurred, so there are recognizable signs and symptoms to disease

A

Subclinical

76
Q

Comprises the time in the early development of a disease when one is aware of a change in the body, but the signs are nonspecific

A

THE PRODROMAL PERIOD

77
Q

 Sufficient end-organ changes have occurred, so there are recognizable signs and symptoms to disease

A

STAGE OF CLINICAL DISEASE

78
Q

 Some diseases run their course and then resolve completely with or without treatment.

A

STAGE OF RECOVERY, DISABILITY, DEATH

79
Q

any temporary or long-term reduction of a person’s activity as a result of an acute or chronic condition; note emphasis on loss of function rather than on structural defect

A

Disability –

80
Q

 – manifestations of disease subside

A

Remissions

81
Q

 – sudden increase in the severity or seriousness of the signs and symptoms during the course of disease

A

Exacerbation

82
Q

– unfavorable conditions that arise during the course of a disease; new or secondary additional problems that arise after the original disease begins, e.g. congestive heart failure after a heart attack

A

Complications

83
Q

 – remote after effects produced by a disease; the potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition, e.g. paralysis following recovery from stroke

A

Sequelae

84
Q

– period of recovery and return to the normal healthy state; may last for several days or months

A

Convalescence or rehabilitation

85
Q

the cessation of life; permanent cessation of vital functions

A

Death

Anaphy Lec (13 decks)

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