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Anaphy Lec > Unit 3 Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

made up of several different tissues working together: bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, various blood forming tissues, adipose tissue, and nervous
tissue.

A

Bone

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2
Q

Skeletal System Functions

A

▪ Makes up body framework - gives body shape
▪ Supports the body
▪ Protects vital internal organs
▪ Assistance in movement
▪ Mineral homeostasis (storage and release)
▪ Blood Cell production
▪ Triglyceride storage

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3
Q

Classification of Bones is according to:

A

shape
location
structure
development

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4
Q

Classification of Bones According to Shape

A

long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoids
sutural

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5
Q

– longer than wide
– Have a shaft with heads at both ends
– Contain mostly compact bone

A

Long Bones

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6
Q

Examples of long bone

A

Femur, humerus, tibia,
fibula, radius, ulna, phalanges (all
bones of the limbs except the knee
cap or patella)

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7
Q
  • Shaft
  • Composed of compact bone
A

Diaphysis

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8
Q
  • Ends of the bone
  • Composed mostly of spongy bone
A

Epiphysis

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9
Q
  • Outside covering of the diaphysis
  • Fibrous connective tissue membrane
A

Periosteum

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10
Q
  • Secure periosteum to
    underlying bone
A

Sharpey’s fibers

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11
Q
  • Supply bone cells with
    nutrients
A

Arteries

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12
Q

– Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
– Made of hyaline cartilage
– Decreases friction at joint surfaces

A

Articular cartilage

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13
Q

– Cavity of the shaft
– Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
– Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants

A

Medullary cavity

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14
Q

formation of blood cells

A

hematopoiesis

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15
Q

formation of blood cells takes place mainly in

A

red marrow

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16
Q

In infants, red marrow is found in the

A

bone cavities

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17
Q

Red marrow functions

A

formation of red blood cells, white blood cells
and blood platelets

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18
Q

– cube-shape
– Contain mostly spongy bone with thin coat of
compact bone

A

Short Bones

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19
Q

example of short bones

A

carpals (wrist), tarsal (ankle) bones

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20
Q

– Irregular in shape, weird shapes
– Do not fit into other bone classification
categories

A

Irregular Bones

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21
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae, hip bones, 2 skull bones (sphenoid
and the ethmoid bones)

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22
Q

Develop in certain tendons where there is considerable
friction, tension and physical stress

A

Sesamoid bones

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23
Q

-Located in sutures between certain cranial bones

A

Sutural bones

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24
Q

Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones

A

-Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on
the outside and endosteum-covered spongy bone
within.
- Have no diaphysis or epiphysis
-Contain bone marrow without marrow cavity

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25
Q

internal spongy bone layer

A

diploë

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26
Q

whole arrangement of flat bone resembles a

A

stiffened sandwich

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27
Q

form the long axis of the body

A

Axial

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28
Q

number of bones in axial

A

80

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29
Q

Involved in locomotion and manipulation of the environment

A

appendicular

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30
Q

number of bones in upper extremities

A

64

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31
Q

number of bones in lower extremities

A

62

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32
Q

connective tissue as seen by widely spaced cells separated by matrix

A

osseus tissue/bone

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33
Q

4 types of cells in bone tissue

A

Osteogenic/Osteoprogenitor Cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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34
Q
  • undergo cell division
  • undifferentiated/unspecialized bone cells derived from mesenchyme
  • become osteoblasts
  • found in the inner lining of the endosteum and periosteum
A

Osteogenic/Osteoprogenitor Cells

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35
Q
  • Bone-building cells
  • Cannot divide
  • Form matrix and collagen fibers
  • Synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and proteoglycans, glycoproteins
  • Collagen forms osteoids
  • Influence deposit of Ca++, PO4 (initiate calcification)
  • Estrogen, PTH stimulate activity
  • Found in both the periosteum and endosteum
A

Osteoblasts

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36
Q

strands of spiral fibers that form matrix

A

osteoids

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37
Q
  • Mature bone cells that sit in lacunae and the
    principal cells of bone tissue
  • Osteoblasts that have become trapped by the secretion of matrix
  • No longer secrete matrix
  • Responsible for maintaining the bone tissue; long lived cells
  • Stimulated by calcitonin; inhibited by PTH
  • Osteocyte is “trapped” within the pink matrix
A

Osteocytes

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38
Q
  • derived from the fusion of monocytes – engulf bony material
  • Cells that digest bone matrix
  • Secrete enzymes (digestive enzymes) that digest matrix
  • Active osteoblasts stimulate its activity
  • Concentrated in the endosteum
    pumps out hydrogen ions to create an acid environment that eats away at the matrix.
A

Osteoclasts

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39
Q
  • 25% Water
  • 25% Protein or organic matrix
  • 90% Collagen Fibers
  • 10% Chondroitin Sulfate, small proteogylcans, glycoproteins (osteonectins)
  • 50% Crystalized Mineral Salts
  • Hydroxyapatite (Calcium Phosphate)
  • Other substances: Bicarbonate, magnesium,
    potassium, sodium, Lead, Gold, Strontium,
    Plutonium, etc.
A

Extracellular Matrix

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40
Q

provide bone’s hardness and the ability to resist compression

A

Inorganic mineral salts

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41
Q

provide bone’s flexibility

A

Organic collagen fibers

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42
Q

Bone Tissue - Matrix

A

– compact bone has very few such spaces
– spongy bone has many such spaces

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43
Q

-solid mass; dense & hard
-forms the outer layer of bone structure
-functional unit — Haversian system

A

Compact bone

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44
Q

contain spaces filled with bone marrow
= incomplete Haversian system

A

Cancellous or Spongy

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45
Q

good at providing protection and support

A

Compact bone

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46
Q

lightweight and provides tissue support

A

Spongy bone

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47
Q

Compact bone is arranged in units called

A

osteons or Haversian systems

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48
Q

contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves

A

Osteons (Haversian canal)

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49
Q

what surrounds haversian canal

A

concentric rings of osteocytes
calcified matrix

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50
Q

concentric ring of matrix lacuna-openings
between lamellae for osteocytes;
represent older osteons

A

Lamella

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51
Q

mature bone cell; found in lacunae

A

Osteocytes

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52
Q

in center of lamella; houses vessels; vertically oriented

A

Haversian canal

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53
Q

radiating channels between lacuna
and Haversian canal for nutrients and wastes

A

Canaliculi

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54
Q

crosswise canals from Haversian canal to exterior containing blood vessels and nerves

A

Volkmann canal

55
Q

does not contain osteons.
consists of trabeculae surrounding many red marrow filled spaces
forms most of the structure of short, flat, and irregular bones, and the epiphyses of long bones

A

Spongy bone

56
Q

Latticework of thin plates of bone
Found in ends of long bones and inside flat bones such as the hipbones, sternum, sides of skull, and ribs.

A

trabeculae

57
Q

enter the diaphysis through Volkmann’s canals
accompanied by nerves

A

Periosteal arteries

58
Q

enters the center of the diaphysis through a nutrient foramen.

A

nutrient artery

59
Q

All embryonic connective tissue begins as

A

mesenchyme

60
Q

bone tissue formation;
begins when mesenchymal cells provide the template for subsequent ossification.

A

Osteogenesis (ossification)

61
Q

Stages of bone development

A

– Bone formation
– Postnatal bone growth
– Bone remodeling and repair

62
Q

bone development that begins in the 2nd month of
development

A

bone formation

63
Q

bone development until early adulthood

A

postnatal bone growth

64
Q

lifelong bone development

A

Bone remodeling and repair

65
Q

Bones form in 4 situations

A
  • embryological and fetal development
  • grow before adulthood
  • remodel
  • fractures heal
66
Q

Two Types of Ossification

A

Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification

67
Q

-Membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane
- Forms flat bones
-Dermal ossification
-A connective tissue membrane is replaced by bone

A

Intramembranous ossification

68
Q

normally occurs in the deeper layers of connective tissue of the dermis of the skin.

A

dermal/intramembranous ossification

69
Q

intramembranous ossification process

A

Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.
Calcification
Formation of trabeculae
Development of periosteum

70
Q

-replacement of cartilage by bone and forms most of the bones of the body
- development of the cartilage model.
-Begins in the second month of development
-Uses hyaline cartilage “bones” as models for bone construction
-Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to
ossification

A

Endochondral Ossification

71
Q

Endochondral Ossification process

A

development of cartilage model
growth of cartilage model
development of primary ossification center
development of medullary(marrow) cavity
development of secondary ossification center
formation of articular cartilage and epiphysial plate

72
Q

Bones grow in thickness

A

appositional growth

73
Q

bones lengthen by the addition of bone material on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate

A

interstitial growth.

74
Q

layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone

A

Epiphyseal plate

75
Q

important functional zones of Epiphyseal plate

A

– resting cartilage
– proliferating cartilage
– hypertrophic cartilage
– calcified cartilage

76
Q
  • nearest the epiphysis and consists of small, scattered chondrocytes.
  • The cells do not function in bone growth; they anchor the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis of the bone.
A

Zone of Resting Cartilage

77
Q
  • Slightly larger chondrocytes are arranged in stacks
  • These chondrocytes undergo interstitial growth
  • The chondrocytes in this zone divide to replace those that die
A

Zone of Proliferating Cartilage

78
Q
  • Consists of large maturing chondrocytes
    arranged in columns
A

Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage

79
Q
  • Only a few cells thick and consists mostly of
    chondrocytes that are dead
  • Osteoclasts dissolve the calcified cartilage, and
    osteoblasts and capillaries from the diaphysis invade
    the area.
  • The osteoblasts replace the calcified cartilage
    *becomes the new diaphysis that is firmly cemented
A

Zone of Calcified Cartilage

80
Q

cartilage is replaced by bone on the

A

diaphyseal side of the plate.

81
Q

the epiphyseal plates closes at what age

A

18 in females, 21 in males

82
Q

With the appearance of the ___,
bone growth in length stops completely.

A

epiphyseal line

83
Q

gradual process and the degree to which it occurs is useful in determining bone age, predicting adult height, and establishing age at death from skeletal remains, especially in infants, children, and adolescents.

A

Closure of the epiphyseal plate

84
Q

healing process of fracture involves 3 different phases in 4 steps

A

-reactive phase is an early inflammatory phase.
-reparative phase: fibrocartilaginous callus formation
-reparative phase: bony callus formation.
-bone remodeling phase

85
Q

Factors Affecting Bone Growth

A
  • Minerals
  • Vitamins
  • Hormones
  • Exercise
  • Aging
86
Q
  • Makes bone matrix hard, bone
    growth
A

Calcium

87
Q

low blood calcium levels

A

Hypocalcemia

87
Q

low blood calcium levels

A

Hypocalcemia

88
Q

high blood calcium levels.

A

Hypercalcemia

89
Q

Makes bone matrix hard, bone growth

A

Phosphorus

90
Q
  • Controls activity, distribution, and
    coordination of osteoblasts/osteoclasts
A

Vitamin A

91
Q
  • For protein synthesis
A

Vitamin B12

92
Q

Helps maintain bone matrix, deficiency leads to decreased collagen production

A

Vitamin C

93
Q

disorder due to a lack of Vitamin C

A

Scurvy

94
Q

Helps build bone by increasing calcium absorption from foods in the GIT; “Rickets an osteomalacia” disease

A

Vitamin D(Calcitriol)

95
Q

For protein synthesis

A

Vitamin K

96
Q

Promotes general growth; stimulates epiphyseal plate
activity

A
97
Q

Stimulate osteoblasts, promote cell division at the
epiphyseal plate and in the periosteum, and enhance synthesis of the proteins needed to build new bone.

A

insulin-like growth factor

98
Q

Promotes normal bone growth and
maturity by increasing synthesis of proteins.

A

Insulin

99
Q

Promotes normal bone growth and maturity (stimulates osteoblasts); modulates activity of growth hormone

A

Thyroid Hormones

100
Q

Increases osteogenesis at puberty and is
responsible for gender differences of skeletons;
End growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure

A

Estrogen and Testosterone

101
Q

increases osteoclast activity leading to bone resorption
and increase blood calcium

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

102
Q

hormone from the thyroid gland that increases the deposition of calcium by osteoblast and thus lowering blood calcium level

A

Calcitonin

103
Q

loss of minerals

A

demineralization

104
Q

decrease in protein

A

decrease in :
growth hormone
collagen production
bones become brittle and susceptible to fracture

105
Q

ongoing replacement of old
bone tissue by new bone tissue

A

Bone Remodeling

106
Q

Occurs where bone is injured or added
strength is needed

A

Bone Deposition

107
Q
  • Accomplished by osteoclasts
  • Secretion of:
    – Lysosomal enzymes that digest organic matrix
    – Acids that convert calcium salts into soluble forms
  • Dissolved matrix is transcytosed
A

Bone Resorption

108
Q

– grooves formed by
osteoclasts as they break down bone matrix

A

Resorption bays

109
Q

Calcium

A

most abundant essential mineral in the human body

110
Q

range of calcium in adult

A

8.6 to 10.3 mg/dL.

111
Q

amount of calcium

A

99% in the bone and teeth.
1% is in the extracellular fluid and blood

112
Q

reservoir for calcium and phosphate

A

skeleton

113
Q

Calcium is necessary for

A

– Transmission of nerve impulses
– Muscle contraction
– Neurotransmitter and hormone release
– Blood coagulation
– Enzyme function
– Secretion by glands and nerve cells
– Cell division
– Membrane integrity and permeability

114
Q

high changes in blood levels of calcium

A

Cardiac arrest

115
Q

low changes in blood levels of calcium

A

Respiratory arrest

116
Q

2 hormones that
antagonistically maintain blood [Ca2+] at
homeostatic levels

A

Parathyroid hormone
and calcitonin

117
Q

Calcium regulation three tissues:

A

Bone ,intestine and kidney

118
Q

three hormones

A

Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and activated vitamin D

119
Q
  • Secreted if blood calcium falls.
  • It acts on bone, kidney and intestine.
A

Parathyroid Hormone

120
Q

PTH decreases urinary Ca2+ excretion
and increases urinary phosphate excretion.

A

kidney

121
Q

PTH increases calcitriol (active
form of Vitamin D) synthesis which increases
Ca2+ absorption in the small intestine

A

intestine

122
Q

INCREASES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS

A

parathyroid hormones

123
Q

Secreted from parafollicular cells of thyroid
If blood calcium gets too high, — “tone down” blood calcium levels.
-inhibits osteoclast activity
-Stimulates osteoblast activity .

A

Calcitonin

124
Q

DECREASES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS

A

calcitonin

125
Q

A lipid soluble vitamin.
PTH stimulates — synthesis
can be acquired from 2 sources

A

Vitamin D

126
Q

stimulate absorption of Ca2+ from the intestine.
acts on osteoblasts
stimulates osteocytic osteolysis

A

1,25-(OH)2-D

127
Q

“thy” up “high”

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

128
Q
  • tone Ca++ down
    -Ca++ come “on in”
A

Calcitonin

129
Q
  • tri to rise Ca ++
A

Calcitriol

130
Q

At birth, most long bones are well ossified
except __

A

epiphyses

131
Q

Bone mass decreases with age beginning in

A

4th decade

132
Q

bone resorption predominates at

A

old age

Anaphy Lec (13 decks)

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