Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anaphy Lec > Unit 3 Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up 40 percent of an individual’s body weight?

A

Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Muscle, tissue or organ contraction is usually a response to a

A

Stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Muscle size depends upon___

A

Use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many muscles are there in the human body

A

656

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many antagonistic pairs of muscles

A

327

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 unpaired muscles

A

– Orbicularis oris
– Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Usual number of contractions around eyes

A

100,000x/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how long can individual muscle cells be

A

12 inches (30cm) long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

number & diameter of muscle fibers begins to decrease at what age

A

40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

___ muscle mass may be lost at what age

A

50%; 80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

release a neurotransmitter that causes a chemical reaction and the muscles contract.

A

motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

____ happens when the brain sends electronic signals to the _____ on the muscles,

A

Movement; motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

stabilizes joints and help maintain body positions, such as standing or sitting.

A

Skeletal muscle contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

__ continuously contracts when you are awake.

A

Postural muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what contraction of neck muscles hold your head
upright

A

sustained contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

muscles in our _____ keep us upright by maintaining constant tension.

A

torso

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

accomplished by sustained contractions of sphincters

A

Storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ringlike bands of smooth muscle, which prevent outflow of the contents of a hollow organ.

A

sphincters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

closes off the outlets of stomach or urinary bladder that causes storage

A

smooth muscle sphincters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pumps blood through the blood vessels of the body.

A

Cardiac muscle contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Adjust blood vessel diameter
Move food and substances
Push gametes (sperm and oocytes)
Propel urine

A

Smooth muscle contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

promote the flow of lymph and aid the return of blood in veins to the heart.

A

Skeletal muscle contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

% of body heat is
produced by muscle

A

85

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Body movement
produce ___ that helps regulate body temperature

A

heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

carried by the blood to the surface of the skin and turn into sweat (sweat evaporation)

A

Excess heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

-Multinucleated
-Striated
-Voluntary control
-thick
-long
-unbranched
-cylindrical

A

skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

-Striated and uni-nucleated
-Branching cells
-Intercalated discs separate cells
- Rhythmicity
-Only found in wall of heart
- Self-exciting tissue
- Large transverse tubules

A

cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

-Uninucleated
-No striations
-Involuntary control
-small
-spindle shaped

A

smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Contraction of muscles is due to
the movement of

A

microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

prefixes of muscle

A

myo, mys, sacro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

shape of muscle cells/muscle fiber

A

elongated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

A

ELECTRICAL EXCITABILITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

skeletal muscle stimulus

A

neurotransmitter (chemical signal) release by a neuron (nerve cell).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

smooth muscle stimulus

A

neurotransmitter, hormone, stretch, change in pH, change in Pco2 or change in Po2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

cardiac muscle stimulus

A

neurotransmitter, hormone, or stretch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

types of stimulus

A

-autorhythmic electrical signals
-chemical stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

___ is the generation of an electrical impulse or ____ that travels along the plasma membrane of the muscle cell.

A

RESPONSE; MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

– ability to shorten forcibly
–defining property

A

CONTRACTILITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

–ability to be stretched within limits, without
being damaged
– Smooth muscle is subject to the greatest amount of
stretching (stomach filled with food); Cardiac muscle
stretched when heart is filled with blood

A

EXTENSIBILITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

ability to recoil and resume original length
after being stretched.

A

ELASTICITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

– More than a local effect
– Electrical charge spreads along the muscle fiber

A

CONDUCTIVITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Each skeletal muscle is a separate organ
composed of hundreds to thousands of cells
called

A

fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

surround muscle fibers and whole muscles

A

Connective tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

penetrate into muscles

A

Blood vessels and nerves

45
Q

-sheet or broad band of fibrous connective tissue
-deep in the skin and surrounds muscles and other organs of the body.

A

Fascia

46
Q

separates muscle from skin

A

Superficial fascia

47
Q

-dense irregular connective tissue
-lines the body wall and limbs and holds muscles together.

A

Deep fascia

48
Q

around single muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

49
Q

around a fascicle (bundle) of fibers

A

Perimysium

50
Q

covers the entire skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium

51
Q

on the outside of the epimysium

A

Fascia

52
Q

Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium come together:
AT?
TO?
example?

A

– at ends of muscles
– to form connective tissue attachment to bone matrix
– i.e., tendon or aponeurosis

53
Q

Skeletal muscles are _________ muscles, controlled by ____ of the central nervous system

A

voluntary; nerves

54
Q

Neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle are

A

somatic motor neurons

55
Q

Form a neuromuscular junction (= myoneural junction)

A

somatic motor neurons

56
Q

Sites of muscle attachment

A

– Bones
– Cartilages
– Connective tissue coverings

57
Q

-bring in oxygen and nutrients (glucose, fatty acids) and remove heat and waste
-plentiful in the muscle tissue

A

Capillaries

58
Q

Skeletal Muscle Organization
(Largest to Smallest)

A

Skeletal Muscle
Muscle Fascicles
Muscle Fibers
Myofibrils
Sarcomere
Myofilaments

59
Q

-The cell membrane of a muscle cell
- Surrounds the sarcoplasm
-A change in transmembrane potential begins contractions
-All regions of the cell must contract simultaneously

A

Sarcolemma

60
Q

– Tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma
– Penetrate the sarcolemma
– Bring extracellular materials into close proximity of the deeper parts of the muscle fiber
– Open to the outside of the fiber, filled with interstitial fluid
– Muscle action potentials travel along
– Closely associated with SR

A

Transverse tubules (T-tubules)

61
Q
  • Contains various organelles specifically designed to meet the needs of the contractile skeletal muscle fiber
    -multi-nucleated - located in the periphery of the muscle cell
A

Sarcoplasm

62
Q
  • High demand for energy (ATP)
  • Lots of glycogen granules
  • Myoglobin
  • Myofibrils
A

Sarcoplasm

63
Q

provide glucose for energy needs

A

glycogen granules

64
Q

Protein with a high affinity for oxygen; Transfers oxygen from the blood to the mitochondria of the muscle cell

A

Myoglobin

65
Q

create the biggest part of the cytoplasm, oriented longitudinally with long axis of muscle fiber

A

Myofibrils

66
Q

– Saclike membranous network of tubules
– Surrounds each myofibril
– Contains terminal cisternae

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

67
Q

Dilated end sacs

A

terminal cisternae

68
Q
  • Located where the SR ends
    -Store high concentrations of calcium
    -Concentrate Ca2+ (via ion pumps)
  • Release Ca2+ into sarcomeres to begin muscle
    contraction
A

terminal cisternae

69
Q

– Release of Calcium
– Activate skeletal muscle contraction
– Transmit nerve impulses
– store high concentrations of calcium

A

SR and T-tubules Function

70
Q

Each T-tubule will be flanked by a terminal cisterna. This forms ______ consisting of 2 terminal cisternae and one T-tubule branch.

A

triad

71
Q
  • rod-like structures that extend the length of the cell.
  • long bundles of protein structures called myofilaments (thick and thin).
  • Sarcomere are the basic unit
  • built from three kinds of proteins
A

Myofibrils

72
Q

3 Muscle Proteins

A

Contractile
Regulatory
Structural

73
Q

Contractile muscle proteins

A

Myosin
Actin

74
Q

Regulatory muscle proteins

A

Troponin
Tropomyosin

75
Q

Structural muscle proteins

A

Titin
Nebulin
Alpha-actin
Myomesin
Dystrophin

76
Q

Workhorses – generate force during contraction

A

Contractile Proteins

77
Q

-forms backbone of thin filament; contains sites where myosin heads bind during muscle contraction
22%

A

Actin

78
Q

-form shaft of thick filaments; binds to binding site on
actin during muscle contraction.
-Functions as motor protein
-44%

A

Myosin

79
Q

the basic component of each actin myofilament

A

G-actin (globular actin)

80
Q

two strands of G-action molecules are twisted together with two regulatory proteins:

A

–tropomyosin
–troponin

81
Q

– Rod-shaped protein that occupies the groove between the twisted strand of actin molecules
– Blocks the myosin binding sites on the G-actin
molecules when muscle is relaxed
-5%

A

Tropomyosin

82
Q

-A complex of three globular proteins.
* One is attached to the actin molecule
* One is attached to tropomyosin (holds in position)
* One contains a binding site for calcium\
- 5%

A

Troponin

83
Q

Thin Myofilaments in a RELAXED muscle
* ___ is blocked from binding to actin
* Strands of _____ cover the myosin binding sites
* _____ binding to ____ moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites
* Allows muscle contraction to begin as myosin binds to ___

A

Myosin
tropomyosin
Calcium ion; troponin
actin

84
Q

Thick myofilaments are made the protein __

A

myosin

85
Q
  • Composed of a rod-like tail and two globular heads
  • Interact with actin during contraction.
  • Form CROSS-BRIDGES
  • Contain binding sites for both actin and ATP
A

Myosin

86
Q

-each myosin can interact with___actin filaments
-each actin can interact with __ myosin filaments.

A

6
3

87
Q
  • Align the thick and thin filaments properly
  • Provide elasticity and extensibility
  • Link the myofibrils to the sarcolemma
A

Structural Proteins

88
Q

(9%)
-extends from Z disc to M line and attaches to myosin.

A

Titin

89
Q

-forms the M line; helps stabilize position of thick filaments

A

Myomesin

90
Q

(3%)
-attaches into Z disc and lies alongside thin filaments; internal support and attachment for actin

A

Nebulin

91
Q

-links thin filaments to integral membrane proteins of sarcolemma.

A

Dystrophin

92
Q
  • bind to actin molecules of the thin filament and to titin
A

a-actinin

93
Q
  • Repeating individual units in each myofibril
    – Smallest contractile unit of the muscle fiber
    – Arrangement of Myofilaments
A

Sarcomere

94
Q

-borders of the sarcomere
– Perpendicular to long axis of the muscle fiber
– Anchor thin myofilaments (actin)

A

Z-lines

95
Q

Anchors the filaments and interacts with cytoskeletal framework

A

Z disc

96
Q

– Perpendicular to long axis of the muscle fiber
– Anchor thick myofilaments (myosin)

A

M-lines

97
Q
  • Anisotropic
  • Area where actin and myosin overlap
  • Equal to the length of the thick myofilaments (myosin)
  • Contains the H-Zone
A

A-Bands

98
Q

dark under the microscope

A

Anisotropic

99
Q

– Lighter area within the A-Band that contains only myosin
– The M-Line is located with the H-zone

A

H-Zone

100
Q
  • Isotropic
  • Light area composed of actin only
  • Contains the Z line, which is the boarder of the sarcomere
A

I-Bands

101
Q

Thin filaments slide past the thick filaments, and the
sarcomere and muscle fiber shortens

A

Walk Along Theory or the Ratchet Theory.

102
Q

Thin filaments move towards the center of
the sarcomere from both ends

A

Sliding Filament Theory

103
Q

Sarcomere Partially Contracted

A

I Band – shorter
H Band - shorter
A Band – same length
Z line - closer

104
Q

Sarcomere Completely Contracted

A

I Band – almost disappeared
H Band – almost disappeared
A Band – same length
Z line - closer

105
Q

accomplished by the thin filaments from opposite sides of each sarcomere sliding closer together or
overlapping the thick filaments further.

A

Contraction

106
Q

becomes smaller as the thin filaments approach each
other.

A

H-zone

107
Q

becomes smaller as the thin filaments further overlap the thick filaments.

A

I band

108
Q

width of the _____ remains unchanged as it depends on the thick filaments and the thick filaments do not change length.

A

A band

Anaphy Lec (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions