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AP Biology > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Two types of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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2
Q

How can nucleic acids store and carry information

A

nucleic acids are large molecules that carry information in the sequence of nucleotides

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3
Q

Role of DNA

A

contains information to specify the amino acid sequences of proteins

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4
Q

Role of RNA

A

Protein synthesis
Regulation of gene expression

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5
Q

RNA sugar

A

Ribose
-OH (hydroxyl group)

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6
Q

DNA sugar

A

Deoxyribose
Hydrogen

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7
Q

Adenine and thymine bond with (2/3) hydrogens

A

2

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8
Q

Cytosine and guanine bond with (2/3) hydrogens

A

3

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9
Q

What about DNA allows it to code for genetic information of all living organisms?

A

No restriction on the sequence of bases along a DNA strand

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10
Q

Protein functions (3 examples)

A
  • acts as enzymes that speed up chemical reactions
  • acts as channels in the cell membrane
  • provides structural support for the cell
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11
Q

Transcription

A

Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

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12
Q

Translation

A

Process in which a protein is synthesized from RNA

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13
Q

Central Dogma

A

basic flow of information in a cell

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

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14
Q

Segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein

A

Gene

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15
Q

Gene regulation

A

various ways in which cells control gene expression

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16
Q

Noncoding RNA’s

A

DNA is transcribed to RNA, but RNA is not translated to proteins

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17
Q

Central Dogma in Eukaryotic cells

A

Transcription occurs in nucleus
Translation occurs in cytosol
independent events

18
Q

Central Dogma in Prokaryotic cells

A

Transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm
occur at the same time

19
Q

Chromosomes in Prokaryotic cells

A

DNA has supercoils that form nucleoids to package in DNA (rubber band example)

20
Q

Plasmids

A

In prokaryotic cells, all circles of DNA that replicate independently of the cells circular chromosome

21
Q

Chromosomes Eukaryotic cells

A

Linear chromosomes
DNA loops around histone proteins
Scaffolding proteins act to condense chromosomes

22
Q

Replication Fork

A

site where the parental DNA strands separate as the DNA duplex unwinds

23
Q

Helicase

A

separates the strands of the parental double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs

24
Q

DNA polymerase

A

makes copies of DNA

25
Q

Topoisomerase

A

relieves stress from the unwinding the double helix

26
Q

Two properties of DNA polymerase

A
  • can only attach a nucleotide to an existing nucleotide
  • can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end (not the 5’ end)
27
Q

Primers

A

short RNA strands that act as a starter for new DNA strands

28
Q

Enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer

A

RNA primase

29
Q

Chemical bases for adding a nucleotide to DNA

A

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3’ end, the hydroxyl group breaks one of the nucleotide’s phosphates providing energy while the outmost phosphates are released.

30
Q

Leading strand

A

daughter strand with 3’ end toward the replication fork

31
Q

Lagging Strand

A

daughter strand with 5’ end towards the replication fork

32
Q

RNA primase

A

lays down an RNA primer

33
Q

DNA polymerase

A

extends the RNA primer

34
Q

Second DNA polymerase

A

removers the primer and replaces it with DNA

35
Q

DNA ligase

A

an enzyme that joins DNA fragments together

36
Q

Process of DNA replication (4 points)

A
  • RNA primase lays down an RNA primer
  • DNA polymerase extends the RNA primer
  • Different DNA polymerase removes he primer and replaces it with DNA
  • DNA ligase joins the 2 DNA fragments
37
Q

Proofreading

A

process in which a DNA polymerase can immediately correct its own errors

38
Q

positive regulation

A

activator binds to DNA site and causes transcription

39
Q

negative regulation

A

repressor binds to DNA site and inhibits transcription

40
Q

Inducer

A

binds to repressor to stop it from binding with DNA

AP Biology (7 decks)

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