Unit 4 Flashcards
G protein-coupled receptors are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) and (nonpolar/polar)
Location of the receptor protein (lipid bilayer/nucleus)
Cell response (rapid/slow) (short/long-term)
Hydrophilic / Polar
Lipid bilayer
Rapid/short-term
Receptors-protein kinases are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) and (nonpolar/polar)
Location of receptor protein (lipid bilayer/nucleus)
Cell response (rapid/slow) (short/long-term)
Hydrophilic / Polar
Lipid bilayer
Rapid/short-term
Ligand-gated ion channels are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) and (nonpolar/polar)
Location of receptor protein (lipid bilayer/nucleus)
Cell response (rapid/slow) (short/long-term)
Hydrophilic / Polar
Lipid bilayer
Rapid/short-term
Hydrophobic receptor proteins are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) and (nonpolar/polar)
Location of receptor protein (lipid bilayer/nucleus)
Cell response (rapid/slow) (short/long-term)
Hydrophobic/Nonpolar
Nucleus/cytoplasm
Slow/long-term
Hydrophilic molecules are (small/large) with receptors on the (outside/inside) of the cell
Large
Outside
Hydrophobic molecules are (small/large) with receptors on the (outside/inside) of the cell
Small
Inside
Signal Communication Process: (4)
Stimulus, Signal Sent, Signal Received, Response
Signaling Molecules form ______ bonds because it is easy to _____
Noncovalent
Unbind
Paracrine signaling
Example:
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
communication between two nearby cells
Nerve cells
Faster
Short distances
Autocrine Signaling
Example:
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
a cell sends ligands to bind to itself
Quorum Sensing
Specific cell functions
Needs energy
Endocrine Signaling
Example:
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
communication between far off cells
adrenaline
Reaches far
Slower
Positive Feedback
Response moves organism (towards/away from) set point
Example:
Changes setpoint
Away
Childbirth
Negative Feedback
Response moves organism (towards/away from) set point
Example:
Maintains a setpoint
Towards
Cold–> hot
Plant Cells use ________ to traffic molecules and the ________ becomes _____
Plasmodesmata
Plasmodesmata
One
Animal Cells use _______ to traffic molecules and the _________ connect
Gap junctions
Proteins
Both plant and animal cells ______ for signal ______ of signal molecules and provide a (fast/slow) pass of signals
connect
transduction
fast
Cyclins
Proteins that differ in their abundance during the cell cycle
_______ enzymes are in constant concentrations throughout the cell cycle
Kinases
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
Kinase enzymes activate by binding to the cyclin partner and transferring phosphate group to target proteins
Cyclin-Kinase Process (2)
Cyclins bind to activate cyclin-dependent kinases
Cyclin-CDK complex phosphorylates target proteins to promote cell division
Cancer
unregulated cell division resulting in tumors and disease
p53
protein found in the nucleus that stops cells for repair
Apoptosis
Enzymes shrink cell
DNA is fragmented
Remnants are removed by immune system
Prokaryotic chromosomes are
(size, shape, amount, where)
Small, circular, single, inside cell membrane
Eukaryotic chromosomes
(size, shape, amount, where)
large, linear, one or more, inside nucleus
Mitosis
produces two nuclei
Cytokinesis
cytosol-organelles and nucleus divide into 2 daughter cells
Chromosomes
contains genetic material (1 DNA and proteins)
Steps of binary fission
Circular DNA attaches to cell membrane
DNA is copied
cell elongates and separates
New cell membrane/cell wall are synthesize
Chromatin
Inside eukaryotic nucleus –> assemblage of DNA, RNA, and proteins
Mitotic Spindle
Structure in cytosol made of microtubules that pull chromosome into daughter cells
Kinetochore
Protein complex on a chromatid where the mitotic spindle attaches
Agonist
any ligand that binds to a receptor and causes a response
Antagonist
any ligand that binds to a receptor and prevents a response
Examples of negative feedback
Maintenance of warm body temperature
Regulation of glucose blood levels
Examples of positive feedback
Childbirth
Fruit ripening
Prokaryotic cells divide by _________ and reproduce ______
Binary fission/asexually
Eukaryotic SINGLE celled organisms divide by ______and reproduce________
Mitotic diffusion/asexually
Eukaryotic multi-celled organisms divide by _________and divide FOR _____ and _______
Mitotic diffusion/growth and repair
Normally, proto-oncogenes _________ cell division
regulate cell division
Proto-oncogenes require (1/2 allele/s) to mutate into oncogenes and are (dominant/submissive)
The result is a (loss/gain) in function
1 allele
Dominant
Gain
Tumor suppressor genes require (1/2 allele/s) to mutate and are (dominant/submissive)
The result is a (loss/gain) in function
2 alleles
submissive
loss
Somatic cells
cells not involved with sexual reproduction
Anchorage dependence
when cells need to be attached to a surface in order to divide
Cancer cells (are/are not) regulated by density dependent inhibition
are not
Density dependent inhibition
when cells become to dense, they will stop dividing
