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AP Biology > Unit 4 Flashcards > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

G protein-coupled receptors are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) and (nonpolar/polar)

Location of the receptor protein (lipid bilayer/nucleus)

Cell response (rapid/slow) (short/long-term)

A

Hydrophilic / Polar

Lipid bilayer

Rapid/short-term

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2
Q

Receptors-protein kinases are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) and (nonpolar/polar)

Location of receptor protein (lipid bilayer/nucleus)

Cell response (rapid/slow) (short/long-term)

A

Hydrophilic / Polar

Lipid bilayer

Rapid/short-term

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3
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) and (nonpolar/polar)

Location of receptor protein (lipid bilayer/nucleus)

Cell response (rapid/slow) (short/long-term)

A

Hydrophilic / Polar

Lipid bilayer

Rapid/short-term

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4
Q

Hydrophobic receptor proteins are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) and (nonpolar/polar)

Location of receptor protein (lipid bilayer/nucleus)

Cell response (rapid/slow) (short/long-term)

A

Hydrophobic/Nonpolar

Nucleus/cytoplasm

Slow/long-term

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5
Q

Hydrophilic molecules are (small/large) with receptors on the (outside/inside) of the cell

A

Large
Outside

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6
Q

Hydrophobic molecules are (small/large) with receptors on the (outside/inside) of the cell

A

Small
Inside

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7
Q

Signal Communication Process: (4)

A

Stimulus, Signal Sent, Signal Received, Response

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8
Q

Signaling Molecules form ______ bonds because it is easy to _____

A

Noncovalent
Unbind

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9
Q

Paracrine signaling
Example:
Advantage:
Disadvantage:

A

communication between two nearby cells
Nerve cells
Faster
Short distances

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10
Q

Autocrine Signaling
Example:
Advantage:
Disadvantage:

A

a cell sends ligands to bind to itself
Quorum Sensing
Specific cell functions
Needs energy

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11
Q

Endocrine Signaling
Example:
Advantage:
Disadvantage:

A

communication between far off cells
adrenaline
Reaches far
Slower

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12
Q

Positive Feedback
Response moves organism (towards/away from) set point
Example:

A

Changes setpoint
Away
Childbirth

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13
Q

Negative Feedback
Response moves organism (towards/away from) set point
Example:

A

Maintains a setpoint
Towards
Cold–> hot

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14
Q

Plant Cells use ________ to traffic molecules and the ________ becomes _____

A

Plasmodesmata
Plasmodesmata
One

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15
Q

Animal Cells use _______ to traffic molecules and the _________ connect

A

Gap junctions
Proteins

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16
Q

Both plant and animal cells ______ for signal ______ of signal molecules and provide a (fast/slow) pass of signals

A

connect
transduction
fast

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17
Q

Cyclins

A

Proteins that differ in their abundance during the cell cycle

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18
Q

_______ enzymes are in constant concentrations throughout the cell cycle

A

Kinases

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19
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

A

Kinase enzymes activate by binding to the cyclin partner and transferring phosphate group to target proteins

20
Q

Cyclin-Kinase Process (2)

A

Cyclins bind to activate cyclin-dependent kinases

Cyclin-CDK complex phosphorylates target proteins to promote cell division

21
Q

Cancer

A

unregulated cell division resulting in tumors and disease

22
Q

p53

A

protein found in the nucleus that stops cells for repair

23
Q

Apoptosis

A

Enzymes shrink cell
DNA is fragmented
Remnants are removed by immune system

24
Q

Prokaryotic chromosomes are
(size, shape, amount, where)

A

Small, circular, single, inside cell membrane

25
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes
(size, shape, amount, where)

A

large, linear, one or more, inside nucleus

26
Q

Mitosis

A

produces two nuclei

27
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cytosol-organelles and nucleus divide into 2 daughter cells

28
Q

Chromosomes

A

contains genetic material (1 DNA and proteins)

29
Q

Steps of binary fission

A

Circular DNA attaches to cell membrane
DNA is copied
cell elongates and separates
New cell membrane/cell wall are synthesize

30
Q

Chromatin

A

Inside eukaryotic nucleus –> assemblage of DNA, RNA, and proteins

31
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

Structure in cytosol made of microtubules that pull chromosome into daughter cells

32
Q

Kinetochore

A

Protein complex on a chromatid where the mitotic spindle attaches

33
Q

Agonist

A

any ligand that binds to a receptor and causes a response

34
Q

Antagonist

A

any ligand that binds to a receptor and prevents a response

35
Q

Examples of negative feedback

A

Maintenance of warm body temperature
Regulation of glucose blood levels

36
Q

Examples of positive feedback

A

Childbirth
Fruit ripening

37
Q

Prokaryotic cells divide by _________ and reproduce ______

A

Binary fission/asexually

38
Q

Eukaryotic SINGLE celled organisms divide by ______and reproduce________

A

Mitotic diffusion/asexually

39
Q

Eukaryotic multi-celled organisms divide by _________and divide FOR _____ and _______

A

Mitotic diffusion/growth and repair

40
Q

Normally, proto-oncogenes _________ cell division

A

regulate cell division

41
Q

Proto-oncogenes require (1/2 allele/s) to mutate into oncogenes and are (dominant/submissive)
The result is a (loss/gain) in function

A

1 allele
Dominant
Gain

42
Q

Tumor suppressor genes require (1/2 allele/s) to mutate and are (dominant/submissive)
The result is a (loss/gain) in function

A

2 alleles
submissive
loss

43
Q

Somatic cells

A

cells not involved with sexual reproduction

44
Q

Anchorage dependence

A

when cells need to be attached to a surface in order to divide

45
Q

Cancer cells (are/are not) regulated by density dependent inhibition

A

are not

46
Q

Density dependent inhibition

A

when cells become to dense, they will stop dividing

AP Biology (7 decks)

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