Unit 6 Flashcards
In prokaryotic organisms, what kind of structure is dna
Circular dna
What are the purines and it’s structure
Adenine and Guanine are double ringed
What are the pyrimidines and it’s structures
Uracil, thymine and cytosine and it’s single ringed
What are plasmids and where are they located
Small extra-chromosomal double stranded circular dna molecules. In eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Which was is dna synthesized usually
In the 5’ to 3’ direction, so on the 3 prime side
Purpose of dna replication?
To make a copy that we can pass down to our genome
Why is dna semi conservative
Because the DNA has a template strand and then a complementary strand being made so in the end two old strands, two new strands
Rna polymerase when copying a dna strand into a rna strand uses what kind of strand?
The non coding strand
What is the central dogma of biology
Dna->Rna->Proteins
What are codons
1 group of 3 nucleotides
What does tRNA do and contain
It matches anti condons with codons on the mRNA strand and contain an amino acid attached to it
How does the mRNA transcribe in terms of strand direction
It copies in the 5’ to 3’ direction while reading the template in the 3’ to 5’ direction
What is the main purpose of this process?
Is to target a specific gene and make a copy of it that will eventually turn into a protein that is useful for the body
How does gene regulation happen in Eukaryotes
Transcription factors. They make sure RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter.
how does the Lac Operon
The operator is turned off by a repressor until lactose comes in and changes the shape of the repressor causing the gene to be transcribed making proteins that can break down lactose
How does the TRP operon work
The operator is turned off when trp comes in and then when trp leaves, the genes will get transcribed and make proteins that will make more trp, itd negative control
What is the promoter
The place where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription
What is the big idea of gene expression and regulation. (Doesn’t have to be the exact response.)
Basically, you don’t want all genes being simultaneously, so it can be regulated and expressed through transcription factors, activators, repressor and more.
What is Epigenetics?
The unpacking or packing of Histones. The dna methylation.
What are some ways genes can be regulated besides transcription factors?
Modifications of histones, interactions between regulatory sequences and regulatory proteins, the presence of certain transcription factors.
Cell differentiation always involves what?
Tissue specific proteins
What is an inducible operon
When the operator is gets turned off by a substance like lactose coming in and binding to it.
What is a repressible operon
When the operator is turned on and blocks transcription when a substance comes In like trp. When the substance is gone it turns off and let’s transcription happen
What does miRNA do
It can block the translation of specific mRNA allowing for more gene regulation
