Unit 6

Question 1

In prokaryotic organisms, what kind of structure is dna

Answer 1

Circular dna

Question 2

What are the purines and it’s structure

Answer 2

Adenine and Guanine are double ringed

Question 3

What are the pyrimidines and it’s structures

Answer 3

Uracil, thymine and cytosine and it’s single ringed

Question 4

What are plasmids and where are they located

Answer 4

Small extra-chromosomal double stranded circular dna molecules. In eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Question 5

Which was is dna synthesized usually

Answer 5

In the 5’ to 3’ direction, so on the 3 prime side

Question 6

Purpose of dna replication?

Answer 6

To make a copy that we can pass down to our genome

Question 7

Why is dna semi conservative

Answer 7

Because the DNA has a template strand and then a complementary strand being made so in the end two old strands, two new strands

Question 8

Rna polymerase when copying a dna strand into a rna strand uses what kind of strand?

Answer 8

The non coding strand

Question 9

What is the central dogma of biology

Answer 9

Dna->Rna->Proteins

Question 10

What are codons

Answer 10

1 group of 3 nucleotides

Question 11

What does tRNA do and contain

Answer 11

It matches anti condons with codons on the mRNA strand and contain an amino acid attached to it

Question 12

How does the mRNA transcribe in terms of strand direction

Answer 12

It copies in the 5’ to 3’ direction while reading the template in the 3’ to 5’ direction

Question 13

What is the main purpose of this process?

Answer 13

Is to target a specific gene and make a copy of it that will eventually turn into a protein that is useful for the body

Question 14

How does gene regulation happen in Eukaryotes

Answer 14

Transcription factors. They make sure RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter.

Question 15

how does the Lac Operon

Answer 15

The operator is turned off by a repressor until lactose comes in and changes the shape of the repressor causing the gene to be transcribed making proteins that can break down lactose

Question 16

How does the TRP operon work

Answer 16

The operator is turned off when trp comes in and then when trp leaves, the genes will get transcribed and make proteins that will make more trp, itd negative control

Question 17

What is the promoter

Answer 17

The place where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription

Question 18

What is the big idea of gene expression and regulation. (Doesn’t have to be the exact response.)

Answer 18

Basically, you don’t want all genes being simultaneously, so it can be regulated and expressed through transcription factors, activators, repressor and more.

Question 19

What is Epigenetics?

Answer 19

The unpacking or packing of Histones. The dna methylation.

Question 20

What are some ways genes can be regulated besides transcription factors?

Answer 20

Modifications of histones, interactions between regulatory sequences and regulatory proteins, the presence of certain transcription factors.

Question 21

Cell differentiation always involves what?

Answer 21

Tissue specific proteins

Question 22

What is an inducible operon

Answer 22

When the operator is gets turned off by a substance like lactose coming in and binding to it.

Question 23

What is a repressible operon

Answer 23

When the operator is turned on and blocks transcription when a substance comes In like trp. When the substance is gone it turns off and let’s transcription happen

Question 24

What does miRNA do

Answer 24

It can block the translation of specific mRNA allowing for more gene regulation

Question 25

Histone acetylation

Answer 25

When the histones unloosen, allowing for the genes to be transcribed

Question 26

DNA methylation

Answer 26

The dna strand gets methylated, so RNA polymerase cannot bind

Question 27

Can your Kidney contain genes that are expressed for your brain

Answer 27

It can, but the brain gene won’t be expressed

Question 28

During gel electrophoresis, the what pieces of dna move farthest down the gel

Answer 28

The lightest and smallest move down, while the bigger and heavier molecules are more up

Question 29

How do small rna molecules regulate gene expression

Answer 29

They can bind to the mRNA strand, thus preventing it from being translated or it can break down the strand

Question 30

Explain how regulatory gene activation works?

Answer 30

Certain tissues have activators that turn on the regulatory gene, so if there’s an eye gene and a lip regulatory protein, the eye gene won’t be activated

Question 31

Tip*

Answer 31

Always make sure to convert the dna nucleotide sequence to mRNA sequence

Question 32

Name some effects of mutations

Answer 32

Sterility in plants, triploidy, polyploidy, disorders in humans

Question 33

How can genotype changes result in changes in phenotype

Answer 33

Error in DNA replication can happen, radiative chemicals, those can cause different genes to be expressed

Question 34

How does the environment decide if a mutation is +, -, or neutral

Answer 34

It depends on the phenotype the mutation has caused. If the phenotype is beneficial, that mutation is considered a plus and etc

Question 35

How is genetic variation increased through sexual reproduction

Answer 35

Crossing over, random fertilization , independent assortment of chromosomes

Question 36

What is horizontal acquisitions of genetic information

Answer 36

Bacteria can transfer their genetic information horizontally causing more genetic diversity

Question 37

What is transformation

Answer 37

It is the uptake of naked dna into a bacterial cell

Question 38

What is conjugation

Answer 38

It is when two bacterial cells share genetic information via an inter pathway

Question 39

How can recombination of viruses cause more genetic information

Answer 39

If two viruses infect the same cell they can recombine making more viral combinations

Question 40

Do introns serve a purpose at all

Answer 40

Usually no, but in some cases it can in gene regulation