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Ap Bio > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the membrane bound organelle that produces proteins

A

Rough ER

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2
Q

What is ribosomes function

A

Synthesize and make proteins, mRNA tell the ribosome what to do

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3
Q

What does the rough er do?

A

It makes proteins through the process of ribosomes making a polypeptide chain inside the er. Then vesicles will form around the proteins.

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4
Q

What does the Golgi complex do?

A

Vesicles from the er will drop off the protein and then the Golgi will modify the protein and then another vesicles will be taken by it to wherever it needs to go.

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5
Q

Are ribosomes enclosed by a membrane

A

No

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6
Q

What are lysosomes and what do they do

A

Sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes, that get rid of waste in the cell.

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7
Q

Give an example of lysosomes

Hint: endocyotsis

A

Cells will take in large macromolecules in vesicles and those lysosomes will turn them into organic monomers.

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8
Q

What is turgor pressure

A

Water will push up against a cell wall in a plant giving that plants its rigidity

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9
Q

Does a cell work more efficiently with low surface area or high surface area

A

High surface area. More surface area leads to more chemical reactions happening

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10
Q

What happens if volume increases inside a cell

A

Surface area decreases and it will be harder to exchange materials with the external environment and getting rid of waste will also be hard.

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11
Q

Example of high volume and low surface area

A

Since elephants have high volume and low surface area, it’s hard for them to release heat. So they have an adaption to their ears which are flat allowing them to cool them down.

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12
Q

What is an example of organisms with changes that help them get rid of wastes and take in nutrients.

A

Stomata on leaves get rid of o2 and let carbon dioxide come in. The carbon will help in the second stage of photosynthesis which is the Calvin cycle

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13
Q

What is the structure of the phospholipid membrane

A

Hydrophilic phosphate heads stick out making interactions with water molecules while hydrophobic fatty acid regions stick inwards towards each other away from the water

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14
Q

Structure of integral proteins

A

They span the whole membrane and the edges of it are hydrophilic and have polar side groups while the middle of it have non polar side groups that interact with the fatty acid region

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15
Q

What is cholesterol

A

It is a steroid that helps maintain the fluidity of the membrane.

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16
Q

How does cholesterol pertain to temperature

A

As temperature increases, cholesterol will decrease the fluidity and when it decreases it will increase the fluidity

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17
Q

What are steroids

A

Steroids can be drugs, for example one steroid can help reduce swelling and inflammation

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18
Q

What are the two types of transport proteins

A

Carrier proteins and channel proteins

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19
Q

Example of a carrier protein

A

Carrier proteins will change shape to bring in two K+ and pump out two Na+

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20
Q

Example of a channel protein

A

Spans across the whole membrane allowing molecules to diffuse through. An example is facilitated diffusion of large polar molecules

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21
Q

Can h20 pass through the membrane

A

Yes, but in small amounts. Larger amounts go through proteins called aquaporins using passive transport

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22
Q

How is the sodium and potassium pump important

A

It’s vital to the body such as nerve cell signaling, heart contractions and kidney functions

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23
Q

What is passive transport

A

The movement of high concentration to low concentrations

24
Q

What is active transport

A

Is the movement of low concentration to high concentration using energy

25
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Small polar molecules pass through transport protein using passive transport

26
Q

Do endocytosis and exocytosis use energy

A

Yes, it uses energy through active transport

27
Q

What is metabolic energy?

A

To move substances against a concentration, the cell uses energy in the form of atp, made from the cells metabolism

28
Q

What is membrane potential

A

Is an electrical potential difference across a membrane. There is no movement of ions across the membrane.

29
Q

What is osmosis

A

The diffusion of water

30
Q

What happens when a cell is placed in a isotonic solution

A

There is no net movement of water, the solutes are the same inside and outside of the cell.

31
Q

What is a solute

A

Substance that is being dissolved

32
Q

What is a solvent

A

The substance that is dissolving the solute

33
Q

Solute+solvent =

A

Solution!!!

34
Q

What does hypotonic mean

A

Less solutes outside of the cell than inside of the cell.

35
Q

What does hypertonic mean

A

More solutes outside of the cell than inside the cell.

36
Q

What happens if you place a red blood cell in a hypotonic cell

A

The water will flow in, increasing the risk of lysis( bursting of a cell)

37
Q

What happens if you place a red blood cell in a hypertonic cell

A

Water will flow out of the cell increasing risk of the cell shriveling

38
Q

Which way does water flow pertaining to solute concentration

A

Low solute concentration to high solute concentration

39
Q

What is osmolarity

A

Total concentration of solutes in a solution.

40
Q

What is a solution with low osmolarity

A

Hypotonic

41
Q

What is a solution with high osmolarity

A

Hypertonic

42
Q

What is Tonicity?

A

The ability for an solution outside of the cell to affect the movement of water molecules by osmosis

43
Q

Endocytosis?

A

Movement of large macromolecule into the cell with vesicles surrounding it, derived from the plasma membrane

44
Q

Exocytosis?

A

Is the Movement of large macromolecules being secreted outside the cell. This happens when the vesicle binds to the plasma membrane releasing the contents of it.

45
Q

Why can’t small polar molecules pass through the membrane

A

The hydrophobic part won’t let polar molecules pass through cause it’s scared of water, and charges.

46
Q

So then what can pass through the membrane.

A

SMALL non polar molecules can pass through. An exception is water which can pass through in small amounts

47
Q

Do hydrophobic substances have a charge

A

No, they are nonpolar

48
Q

Two types of cells that are essential to life

A

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

49
Q

Why are eukaryotes bigger than prokaryotes

A

They are big but have small parts that carry out processes that help the cell, and they increase surface area allowing for more chemical reactions to happen

50
Q

What is an example of compartmentalization

A

The ER. The Rough ER to be specific. The rough er makes proteins that can either help the cell or get secreted out of the cell. And it has folds in its structure allowing for more surface area.

51
Q

What are membrane bound organelle

A

Organs that have membranes. They each carry out their own processes and don’t disrupt what’s happening in the other organelle. This is because of the membrane.

52
Q

What is the endosymbiosis theory

A

The theory that there were once prokaryotes that got engulfed by an host cell making membrane bound organelles such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts

53
Q

What is the evidence shows that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free living organelles

A

M and C both have their own DNA in the form of plasmids. They both have a double membrane. They both habe different kind of ribosomes than eukaryotes do.

54
Q

Why is mitochondria technically called a symbiote

A

They cannot live without us but we have a good relationship with them as they provide cellular energy for the body to use and we provide them a space to use.

55
Q

How do we inherit mitochondria

A

We get it from our mom, when the sperm fertilizes the egg, the cell divides each with a Mitochondria in it.

Ap Bio (8 decks)

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