Unit 2

Question 1

Name the membrane bound organelle that produces proteins

Answer 1

Rough ER

Question 2

What is ribosomes function

Answer 2

Synthesize and make proteins, mRNA tell the ribosome what to do

Question 3

What does the rough er do?

Answer 3

It makes proteins through the process of ribosomes making a polypeptide chain inside the er. Then vesicles will form around the proteins.

Question 4

What does the Golgi complex do?

Answer 4

Vesicles from the er will drop off the protein and then the Golgi will modify the protein and then another vesicles will be taken by it to wherever it needs to go.

Question 5

Are ribosomes enclosed by a membrane

Answer 5

No

Question 6

What are lysosomes and what do they do

Answer 6

Sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes, that get rid of waste in the cell.

Question 7

Give an example of lysosomes

Hint: endocyotsis

Answer 7

Cells will take in large macromolecules in vesicles and those lysosomes will turn them into organic monomers.

Question 8

What is turgor pressure

Answer 8

Water will push up against a cell wall in a plant giving that plants its rigidity

Question 9

Does a cell work more efficiently with low surface area or high surface area

Answer 9

High surface area. More surface area leads to more chemical reactions happening

Question 10

What happens if volume increases inside a cell

Answer 10

Surface area decreases and it will be harder to exchange materials with the external environment and getting rid of waste will also be hard.

Question 11

Example of high volume and low surface area

Answer 11

Since elephants have high volume and low surface area, it’s hard for them to release heat. So they have an adaption to their ears which are flat allowing them to cool them down.

Question 12

What is an example of organisms with changes that help them get rid of wastes and take in nutrients.

Answer 12

Stomata on leaves get rid of o2 and let carbon dioxide come in. The carbon will help in the second stage of photosynthesis which is the Calvin cycle

Question 13

What is the structure of the phospholipid membrane

Answer 13

Hydrophilic phosphate heads stick out making interactions with water molecules while hydrophobic fatty acid regions stick inwards towards each other away from the water

Question 14

Structure of integral proteins

Answer 14

They span the whole membrane and the edges of it are hydrophilic and have polar side groups while the middle of it have non polar side groups that interact with the fatty acid region

Question 15

What is cholesterol

Answer 15

It is a steroid that helps maintain the fluidity of the membrane.

Question 16

How does cholesterol pertain to temperature

Answer 16

As temperature increases, cholesterol will decrease the fluidity and when it decreases it will increase the fluidity

Question 17

What are steroids

Answer 17

Steroids can be drugs, for example one steroid can help reduce swelling and inflammation

Question 18

What are the two types of transport proteins

Answer 18

Carrier proteins and channel proteins

Question 19

Example of a carrier protein

Answer 19

Carrier proteins will change shape to bring in two K+ and pump out two Na+

Question 20

Example of a channel protein

Answer 20

Spans across the whole membrane allowing molecules to diffuse through. An example is facilitated diffusion of large polar molecules

Question 21

Can h20 pass through the membrane

Answer 21

Yes, but in small amounts. Larger amounts go through proteins called aquaporins using passive transport

Question 22

How is the sodium and potassium pump important

Answer 22

It’s vital to the body such as nerve cell signaling, heart contractions and kidney functions

Question 23

What is passive transport

Answer 23

The movement of high concentration to low concentrations

Question 24

What is active transport

Answer 24

Is the movement of low concentration to high concentration using energy

Question 25

What is facilitated diffusion

Answer 25

Small polar molecules pass through transport protein using passive transport

Question 26

Do endocytosis and exocytosis use energy

Answer 26

Yes, it uses energy through active transport

Question 27

What is metabolic energy?

Answer 27

To move substances against a concentration, the cell uses energy in the form of atp, made from the cells metabolism

Question 28

What is membrane potential

Answer 28

Is an electrical potential difference across a membrane. There is no movement of ions across the membrane.

Question 29

What is osmosis

Answer 29

The diffusion of water

Question 30

What happens when a cell is placed in a isotonic solution

Answer 30

There is no net movement of water, the solutes are the same inside and outside of the cell.

Question 31

What is a solute

Answer 31

Substance that is being dissolved

Question 32

What is a solvent

Answer 32

The substance that is dissolving the solute

Question 33

Solute+solvent =

Answer 33

Solution!!!

Question 34

What does hypotonic mean

Answer 34

Less solutes outside of the cell than inside of the cell.

Question 35

What does hypertonic mean

Answer 35

More solutes outside of the cell than inside the cell.

Question 36

What happens if you place a red blood cell in a hypotonic cell

Answer 36

The water will flow in, increasing the risk of lysis( bursting of a cell)

Question 37

What happens if you place a red blood cell in a hypertonic cell

Answer 37

Water will flow out of the cell increasing risk of the cell shriveling

Question 38

Which way does water flow pertaining to solute concentration

Answer 38

Low solute concentration to high solute concentration

Question 39

What is osmolarity

Answer 39

Total concentration of solutes in a solution.

Question 40

What is a solution with low osmolarity

Answer 40

Hypotonic

Question 41

What is a solution with high osmolarity

Answer 41

Hypertonic

Question 42

What is Tonicity?

Answer 42

The ability for an solution outside of the cell to affect the movement of water molecules by osmosis

Question 43

Endocytosis?

Answer 43

Movement of large macromolecule into the cell with vesicles surrounding it, derived from the plasma membrane

Question 44

Exocytosis?

Answer 44

Is the Movement of large macromolecules being secreted outside the cell. This happens when the vesicle binds to the plasma membrane releasing the contents of it.

Question 45

Why can’t small polar molecules pass through the membrane

Answer 45

The hydrophobic part won’t let polar molecules pass through cause it’s scared of water, and charges.

Question 46

So then what can pass through the membrane.

Answer 46

SMALL non polar molecules can pass through. An exception is water which can pass through in small amounts

Question 47

Do hydrophobic substances have a charge

Answer 47

No, they are nonpolar

Question 48

Two types of cells that are essential to life

Answer 48

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Question 49

Why are eukaryotes bigger than prokaryotes

Answer 49

They are big but have small parts that carry out processes that help the cell, and they increase surface area allowing for more chemical reactions to happen

Question 50

What is an example of compartmentalization

Answer 50

The ER. The Rough ER to be specific. The rough er makes proteins that can either help the cell or get secreted out of the cell. And it has folds in its structure allowing for more surface area.

Question 51

What are membrane bound organelle

Answer 51

Organs that have membranes. They each carry out their own processes and don’t disrupt what’s happening in the other organelle. This is because of the membrane.

Question 52

What is the endosymbiosis theory

Answer 52

The theory that there were once prokaryotes that got engulfed by an host cell making membrane bound organelles such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 53

What is the evidence shows that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free living organelles

Answer 53

M and C both have their own DNA in the form of plasmids. They both have a double membrane. They both habe different kind of ribosomes than eukaryotes do.

Question 54

Why is mitochondria technically called a symbiote

Answer 54

They cannot live without us but we have a good relationship with them as they provide cellular energy for the body to use and we provide them a space to use.

Question 55

How do we inherit mitochondria

Answer 55

We get it from our mom, when the sperm fertilizes the egg, the cell divides each with a Mitochondria in it.