unit 5- the self

Question 1

Self-concept

Answer 1

our knowledge about who we are

Question 2

self-awareness

Answer 2

the act of thinking about ourselves

Question 3

Give an example of self-concept

Answer 3

Who am I?

Question 4

Give an example of self esteem

Answer 4

my sense of self worth

Question 5

give an example of self knowledge

Answer 5

how can I explain and predict myself?

Question 6

explain social self

Answer 6

my roles as a student, family member, and friend; my group identity

Question 7

When does self recognition develop?

Answer 7

At around 18 months

Question 8

Self-reference effect

Answer 8

the tendency for people to remember information better if they relate it to themselves

Question 9

Self-schemas

Answer 9

mental structures that people use to organize their knowledge about themselves and that influence what they notice, think about, and remember about themselves

Question 10

Independent view of self

Answer 10

a way of defining oneself in terms of one’s own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not in terms of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of other people

Question 11

Interdependent view of self

Answer 11

A way of defining oneself in terms of one’s relationships to other people; recognizing that one’s behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others

Question 12

Traits of collectivistic cultures:

Answer 12

• social rules focus on promoting selflessness and putting the community needs ahead of individual needs
• working as a group and supporting others is essential
• people are encouraged to do what’s best for society
• families and communities have a central role
• greater emphasis on common goals over individual pursuits

Question 13

Traits of individualistic cultures:

Answer 13

• individual rights take center stage
• independence is highly valued
• being independent is highly valued
• being dependent upon others is often considered shameful or embarrassing
• people tend to be self-reliant
• the rights of individuals tend to take a higher precedence
• people often place a greater emphasis on standing out and being unique

Question 14

The self regulates:

Answer 14

behavior, choices, and future plans

Question 15

Self-regulatory resource model

Answer 15

According to this model, self control is a limited resource, kind of like a muscle that gets tired with frequent use but then rebounds in strength

Question 16

What is introspection?

Answer 16

The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives

Question 17

Self-awareness theory

Answer 17

The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values

Question 18

Self-perception theory

Answer 18

The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

Question 19

Casual theories:

Answer 19

theories about the causes of one’s own feelings and behaviors; often we learn such theories from our culture (ex. absence makes the heart grow fonder)

Question 20

Two factor theory of emotion

Answer 20

Schachter’s idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people:
1. experience psychological arousal
2. seek an appropriate explanation for it

Question 21

Misattribution of arousal

Answer 21

the process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do

Question 22

Residual arousal from one source can…

Answer 22

enhance the intensity of how the person interprets other feelings

Question 23

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 23

the desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures

Question 24

extrinsic motivation

Answer 24

the desire to engage in an activity because of external reasons, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting

Question 25

Give an example of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation:

Answer 25

Kids read because they earn money once they read a certain book (extrinsic motivator)
Kids read the book because they actually enjoy it and like to read (intrinsic motivator)

Question 26

Overjustification effect

Answer 26

the tendency of people to view their behaviors as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons

Question 27

Task-contingent rewards

Answer 27

rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done

Question 28

Performance-contingent rewards

Answer 28

rewards that are based on how well we perform a task

Question 29

Growth mindset

Answer 29

the idea that achievement is the result of working hard, trying new strategies, and seeking input from others

Question 30

Fixed mindest

Answer 30

The idea that we have set amount of ability that cannot change

Question 31

Self determination theory

Answer 31

distinguishes between autonomous (similar to intrinsic) and controlled motivation (similar to extrinsic)

Question 32

What three needs do people have

Answer 32

-competence
-relatedness
-autonomy

Question 33

how do we use others to define ourselves?

Answer 33

measure our own abilities and attitudes by seeing how we stack up against other people

Question 34

Social comparison theory

Answer 34

the idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

Question 35

When do you engage in social comparison?

Answer 35

when there is no objective standard to measure themselves agains and when they measure some uncertainty about themselves in a particular area

Question 36

Upward social comparison:

Answer 36

comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are on a particular ability

Question 37

Downward social comparison:

Answer 37

comparing yourself to people who are worse than you on a particular trait or ability

Question 38

Impression management

Answer 38

the attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen

Question 39

Self-handicapping

Answer 39

the strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves