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WHAP > Unit 5 - Revolutions - Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Revolutions - Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Enlightenment

A
  • A philosophical movement (starting in Europe) in the 1700’s, then spread to the colonies.
  • It emphasized reason and the scientific method.
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2
Q

Nationalism

A

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country.

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3
Q

John Locke

A
  • 17th century English philosopher
  • Opposed the Divine Right
  • Asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property
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4
Q

Social Contract

A

An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed.

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5
Q

Philosophers

A

Writers during the Enlightenment who popularized the new ideas of the time

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6
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

A

Believed the government should have separation of power to prevent corruption and tyranny

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7
Q

Voltaire

A
  • French philosopher
  • He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government
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8
Q

Jean Jacques Rousseau

A
  • French Philosopher
  • Believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts
  • Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy
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9
Q

Adam Smith

A

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations in 1776 (a precursor to modern Capitalism)

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10
Q

Laissez-Faire

A

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy

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11
Q

Capitalism

A

An economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

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12
Q

Thomas Paine

A
  • American Revolutionary leader
  • Writer
  • Deist
  • Wrote “Common Sense” which outlined many reasons for American independence from England
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13
Q

Conservatism

A

A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion

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14
Q

Socialism

A

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

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15
Q

Utopian Socialists

A
  • Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century
  • Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively
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16
Q

Classical Liberalism

A
  • A term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of
    the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power.
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17
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women’s equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 “Vindication of the Rights of Women.”

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18
Q

Abolitionism

A

Movement to end slavery

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19
Q

Zionism

A

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine

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20
Q

Anti-Semitism

A

Prejudice and hatred against Jews

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21
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that
began in the mid-1700s

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22
Q

Industrialization

A

The process of developing machine production of goods

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23
Q

Seed Drill

A
  • Invented by Jethro Tull
  • Allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths
  • This boosted crop yields
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24
Q

Cottage Industry

A
  • Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory
  • Commonly found before the Industrial Revolution
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25
Q

Spinning Jenny

A
  • Invented by James Hargreaves
  • Allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time
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26
Q

Interchangable Parts

A
  • Invented by Eli Whitney
  • If a particular component of a machine were to break, it could be replaced with a new identical component
27
Q

Assembly Line

A

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product

28
Q

Enclosure Movements

A
  • The 18th century privatization of common lands in England
  • Contributed to the
    increase in population and the rise of industrialization
29
Q

Human Capital

A

The skills and knowledge gained by a worker through education and experience

30
Q

Trans-Siberian Railroad

A
  • Constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific
  • Increased the Russian role in Asia
31
Q

Company Rule

A

The rule or dominion of the British East India Company on the Indian subcontinent

32
Q

James Watt

A

Scottish engineer/inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry

33
Q

Coaling stations

A

Seaports where naval ships could fill up with coal

34
Q

Second Industrial Revolution

A
  • Steel
  • Chemicals
  • Electricity
  • The name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s
35
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

Inventor of the telephone

36
Q

Transcontinental Railroad

A
  • Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US
  • Completed in 1869
37
Q

Mamluks

A

Former Turkish slaves of the Ottoman Empire formed a military class who ruled Egypt for 600+ years

38
Q

Muhammad Ali

A
  • Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century
  • Ruled Egypt as an Ottoman emperor, but had imperial ambitions
39
Q

Commodore Mathew Perry

A

Commodore of the US Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the west in 1853

40
Q

Meiji Restoration

A

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate - a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism

41
Q

Zaibatsu

A

Powerful banking and industrial families in Japan

42
Q

Corporations

A

Businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stocks

43
Q

Stockholders

A

People or entities that own stock in a corporation and therefore are its owners

44
Q

Monopoly

A

The exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service

45
Q

Bessemer Process

A

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities

46
Q

Transnational Companies

A

Companies that operated across national boundaries

47
Q

Consumerism

A

The preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods

48
Q

Labor Unions

A

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

49
Q

John Stuart Mill

A

English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism

(1806-1873)

50
Q

Utiliarianism

A

Idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

51
Q

Karl Marx

A

German philosopher who wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848 and is considered to be the “father” of communism

52
Q

Proletariat

A

Marx’s term for the working class

53
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

Marx’s term for the middle class

Merchants, Industrialists, and Professional People

54
Q

Communism

A
  • A political theory derived from Karl Marx
  • Advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned
  • Each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs
55
Q

Mahmud II

A
  • 19th Ottoman Sultan
  • Built a private, professional army
  • Crushed the Janissaries
  • Initiated reform on Western precedents
56
Q

Tanzimat

A

A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model

57
Q

Self-Strengthening Movement

A

A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways

58
Q

Emperor Guangxu

A

Chinese Emperor who (in 1898) implemented a series of reforms such as westernized…
* government
* schools
* military

59
Q

Tenement

A

A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or saftey

60
Q

Slums

A

Poor, run-down urban neighborhoods

61
Q

Working Class

A

A social class broadly composed of people in working blue-collar, or manual, occupations

62
Q

White-Collar Workers

A

One whose work is more mental than physical and involves the handling and processing of information

63
Q

Mass Production

A

Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply

64
Q

Water Frame

A
  • Invented by Richard Arkwright
  • Used water power to drive the spinning wheel

WHAP (6 decks)

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