Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires Flashcards
3 major land-based empires:
In 1450-1750
Manchu/Qing Empire - East Asia
Ottoman Empire - the Middle East
Mughal Empire - South Asia
Gunpowder
in 1450-1750
A transformative military tech. that fueled the rise of land-based empires
What dynasty came before the Manchu Empire in China?
The Ming Dynasty
What’s a similarity between the Ming and Manchu Dynasty?
Confucianism
Imperial/Civil Service Exam
Imperial Dynastic System
Manchu Dynasty = Qing Dynsaty
What’s a difference between the Ming and Qing Dynasty?
Ethnicity - The Ming Dynasty was Han Chinese while the Qing/Manchu Dynasty was ruled by people from the northeastern region of modern-day China (Manchuria)
The Banner System
The Queue Haircut
Manchu Dynasty = Qing Dynsaty
The Banner System
Was used in the Manchu Dynasty
Comprised of households grouped by family and kinship ties
Each household contributed soldiers to the Banner army in times of war
Manchu Dynasty = Qing Dynsaty
The Queue Haircut
Aka - The Manchu queue or pigtail
A distinictive hairstyle men were required to wear in China during the Qing Dynasty
Manchu Dynasty = Qing Dynsaty
The Sacred Edict
A set of 16 instructions from Kangxi Emperor that stressed Confucian ideals
Kangxi was an emperor of the Manchu/Qing Dynasty
How were the Ottomans able to defeate Constantinople?
Gunpowder/Artillery
Constantinople was changed to Istanbul after the Ottomans overtook it.
The Devshirme System
Boys were taken from Eastren European families and forced to convert to Islam
They later joined different military postions within the Ottoman empire (ie. Janissaries, govern. officials, scholars, advisors to the sultant)
They were taken as a “blood tax”
A benefit of the Janissaries
In the Ottoman Empire
Played a large role in expansion
Owed their allegiance directly to the Sultant
Battle of Chaldiran
What as it?
What caused it?
A battle between the Ottomans and the Safavids
Caused by the rivialry between the Ottomans and the Safavids due to the different religous belifs
Tax Farming
In the Ottoman Empire from 1450-1750
People would bid for the rights to collect taxes, which the govern. then sold to them
How did the Spanish Empire’s Alhambra Decree effect the Ottoman Empire?
In 1492
In regards to immigration and population
The Ottoman Empire saw a large number of Jewish immigrates due to their religious tolerance.
Two similarities between the Ottomans and Safavids
Hereditary Rulers
Islamic
Differences between the Ottomans and Sadavids:
Religion
- Safavids - Shi’a
- Ottomans - Sunni
Which two land based empires did the Safavids have religous and political conflicts with?
The Ottomans (to their West)
The Mughals (to their East)
Who did the Mughals defeat at the Battle of Panipat?
The Delhi Sultanate
Babur
Who did he claim descent from?
The founder of the Mughal Empire
Genghis Khan & Tamerlane
One difference between Akbar the Great and Shah Ismali’s relgious policies:
Akbar the Great = Mughal Emperor
Shah Ismali = Safavid Emperor
Akbar = Relgiously tolerant
Shah Ismali = Not relgiously tolerant
Shah Ismali = Shi’a Islamic
Sikhism
A syncretic belif system that emerged in the Mughal Empire with belifs from Islam and Hinduism.
With the teachings of Guru Nanak
Describe the conflict that emerged between the Mughal Empire and the Marthas
At the end of the time period from 1450-1750
The main conflict was over who controlled South Asia and what relgion they were
The Mughals = A Muslim ruling empire over a majority Hindu population
The Marthas = A collection of Hindu groups opposed to the Mughals
Zamindars
Local Hindu princes in the Mughal Empire
They collected taxes for the empire
How did the Qing Empire use imperial portairts to legitimize their rule?
Ehanced the power/prestige of the emperor
A royal residence in Beijing reservered only for the Emperor, his familiy, and staff.
The Forbidden City
The Ming and Qing/Manchu Dynasty
The largest building in Europe for 1000 years after being converted into a Mosque after 1453.
The Hagia Sophia
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire converted it into a mosque after conquering it from the Bysantine Empire
Built by Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his wife in 1631
A Mausoleum = a building designed to hold the remains of the desecesed
The Taj Mahal
The Mughal Empire
What is the difference between Shi’a and Sunni Islam?
Shi’a = Muhammad’s cousin/son-in-law should be the caliph (Ali)
Sunni = Muhammad’s father-in-law (Abu Bakr) should be the Caliph
Shi’as belived it should be a blood relative
Sunnis belived it should be someone appointed
What is the difference between the Protestant’s and the Catholic’s belifs?
Protestants protested against many of the traditions held by the Catholic church.
Sparked the Protestant reformation in 1517
The power of the pope, priest, and relgious tradtions were challenged
How did the Mexica utilize their religious belifs to legitimize their power?
Mexica = Aztecs
They would sacrafice people to make sure the sun would rise again the next day and avoid the end of the world.
Flower Wars
The Mexica would engage in wars to capture more people for human sacrafice.
Mexica = Aztecs
How did many European monarchs use the relgious idea of Divine Right to legitimize their rule?
They would claim the Christian God wanted the kings of Europe in power.
Describe the difference in the treatment of Hindus between Akbar the Great and Aurangzeb
Akbar the Great and Aurangzeb were both Mughal emperors
Akbar the Great
* Relgiously tolerant
* Tried to create a syncretic relgion
Aurangzeb
* Muslim
* Suppressed the relgious belifs of Hundus and Sikhs
Salaried Samurai
Former warriors converted in peacetime into govern. bureaucrats
Bannermen
Leaders from different ethnic groups within the Qing Dynasty
Qing = Mughal
Imperial Exam
Top govern. positions in the Chinese Dynastic system were derived based on this exam
aka Civil Service Exam
The Civil Service Exam was based on Confucianism prinicipals.
