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AP World History > Unit 5 Revolutions (1750-1900) > Flashcards

Unit 5 Revolutions (1750-1900) Flashcards

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1
Q

Which civilizations were most able to pursue a policy of isolation in relation to the maritime West in the period 1450-1750?

A

East Asian

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2
Q

Enlightenment & the American Revolution

A

John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau published ideas on the role of government

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3
Q

France provides support

A
  • France aided the colonists in their rebellion, providing desperately needed supplies, soldiers, and warships
  • In 1783, Britain recognized the independence of the United States of America by signing the Treaty of Paris
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4
Q

Meanwhile, in France…..

A

-Society had been broken up into Three Estates (social class)
1st Estate - Clergy (church)
2nd Estate - Nobility
3rd Estate - Everyone else
*bourgeoisie, or middle class also affiliated with third estate

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5
Q

Louis XVI calls the Estates-General

A
  • Louis XVI summoned the Estates-General in order to raise
  • Third Estate declared themselves the National Assembly
  • Tennis Court Oath vowing to reform the government and create a constitution
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6
Q

France declares independence

A
  • On July 14, 1789 more than 800 Parisians stormed the Bastille (a prison believed to hold weapons)
  • Bastille represented years of abuse by the absolute monarchy
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7
Q

The Declaration of the Rights of Man

A
  • issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen in 1789
  • Olympe de Gouges (lady) wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
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8
Q

France enters the Reign of Terror

A
  • Radicals, known as Jacobins, took over the assembly and began executing traitors to the revolution including the king and queen Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
  • Reign of Terror led by Maximilien of Robespierre saw the execution of 17,000 people by the way of the guillotine (cut off peoples heads)
  • A new constitution set up a five-man Directory, but faced growing discontent
  • Looking for a strong leader to follow, many turned to a popular military hero : Napoleon Bonaparte
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9
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte

A
  • he led French armies against the British and Austrians, who had been threatened by the revolutionary spirit in France
  • By 1799, Napoleon named himself consul for life (Emperor of France)
  • Although, Napoleon held absolute power, he held strong French support, winning the popular vote every time
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10
Q

Napoleon’s Reforms

A
  • Napoleon won support across class lines, by recognizing land rights for peasants, repairing bridges and roads, and making peace with the Catholic Church
  • He encouraged nobles who left the country to return and take an oath of loyalty (emigres)
  • Napoleonic Code- which emphasized Enlightenment principles such as equality of all citizens, religious toleration and the end of feudalism
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11
Q

Napoleon builds an Empire

A
  • Between 1804- 1812, Napoleon expanded French power and domain by annexing (or incorporating) the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany
  • He abolished the Holy Roman Empire
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12
Q

A Rise in Nationalism

A

nationalism-a feeling of pride and devotion to one’s country

-form with distinct boundaries, languages, cultures and traditions

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13
Q

Napoleon Invades Russia

A
  • To avoid battle, the Russians employed a scorched-earth policy - they retreated eastward, burning crops and villages as they went
  • Napoleon’s army froze and starved to death in the Russian winter
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14
Q

Napoleon falls from power

A
  • The Nationalism that had spurred the French Revolution was now spreading to the European nations, who resisted foreign rule
  • Battle of Waterloo (last battle)
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15
Q

The Congress of Vienna

A
  • After Waterloo, diplomats from all over Europe met at the Congress of Vienna to restore stability and order in Europe
  • They restored hereditary monarchies to all the European countries
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16
Q

Which group emerged at the peak of French social status as a result of the French Revolution?

A

c.Bourgeoisie

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17
Q

The Congress of Vienna

A
  • Monarchs of Europe were threatened by revolutionary ideas
  • wanted to preserve the old order, to “Turn Back The Clock”
  • Congress of Vienna, all the monarchs who ruled in 1789 were returned to power
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18
Q

Haiti Is A Successful French Colony

A
  • Haiti was producing 40% of Europe’s sugar and 60% of Europe’s coffee
  • They had the largest population of slaves after Brazil
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19
Q

Enlightenment Ideals Inspire Latin America

A

-They believed that the equal rights the bourgeoisie was fighting for also applied to them

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20
Q

Haitians Fight For Freedom

A
  • Hispaniola revolted against their plantation owners in 1791
  • They were led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, a self-educated former slave
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21
Q

The Slave Revolt Is Successful

A

-In 1804, the island finally declared themselves an independent country, becoming a republic in 1820

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22
Q

Spanish Colonies

A
  • The Spanish Colonies, set up juntas (administrative/political units) and ruled on their own behalf
  • The political confusion and insecurity would lead to the Spanish colonies also pushing for independence from their mother country
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23
Q

Father Miguel Hidalgo

A
  • creoles had no desire for social or economic change and wanted power for themselves
  • Father Miguel rallied the mestizos and mulattos on his side
  • he was eventually captured and executed
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24
Q

Augustin de Iturbide

A
  • a conservative creole named Augustin de Iturbide joined the revolutionary movement
  • Mexico became an independent monarchy
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25
Q

Conservatives Vs. Liberals

A 
Conservatives wanted to maintain many aspects of colonial society, a strong centralized state and strength of the church
Liberals secular (non-religious) society stressed the rights of the individual
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26
Q

Portugal’s Royal Family Flees To Brazil

A
  • The royal family fled the court and sailed to Brazil

- Rio de Janeiro became the capital of the Portuguese Empire

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27
Q

Dom Joao Vi

A
  • After Napoleon was defeated in Europe, the king was recalled back to Portugal
  • He left his son Pedro in Brazil, advising him to fight for the Brazilian independence
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28
Q

Why would the King of Portugal advise his son to fight for the Brazilian Independence?

A

Dom Pedro I, the constitutional emperor of Brazil

-Brazil’s independence did not change the social or political structure

29
Q

Why was the struggle for Brazilian independence distinctive in Latin America history?

A

Brazil remained a monarchy after independence

30
Q

Latin American Independence Struggles

A
  • Creoles in Latin America colonies sought to gain their independence from Peninsulares and the Spanish/Portuguese crowns
  • Many were inspired by Enlightenment ideals and the French and American revolutions
  • Others were afraid that radical rebellion would disrupt the social hierarchy as it did in Haiti
31
Q

Simon Bolivar

A
  • “George Washington” pf South America
  • Creole military officer who won a series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, establishing a new nation called Gran Colombia
  • Wanted to establish a united South America
32
Q

Differing ideologies lead to disunity

A
  • They disagreed on the type of government (representative, monarchy) that should rule, whether they should abolish slavery, and the rights of women
  • By 1830 Bolivar could not prevent the breakup of Gran Colombia unto the separate states of Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador
33
Q

Jose de San Martin

A
  • Jose de San Martin was a Creole who fought for independence in southern South America
  • He liberated Argentina, Chile and Peru by joining forces with revolutionaries such as Bernardo O’Higgins and Simon Bolivar
34
Q

Global Events

A

Mexican-American War (1846-1848): led to the loss of Mexican territory to the US is the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Spanish-American War (1898): resulted in Cuban independence and annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines to the US
-They backed Panama’s independence in order to build the Panama Canal and used the Monroe Doctrine to justify their involvement in Latin America

35
Q

Nationalist movements

A

can unify people who share common bonds, or threaten empires with distinct cultural groups

36
Q

The German Confederation

A

39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation
-most powerful of these states were Prussia

37
Q

Otto von Bismarck

A
  • Prussian King Wilhelm I appointed Otto von Bismarck as his prime minister
  • realpolitik (the politics of reality)
  • unification would be achieved not by speeches but by “blood and iron”
38
Q

Bismarck’s Wars

A

Seven Weeks War-Prussia defeated Austria
Franco-Prussian War-France’s loss of Alsace Lorraine
-By 1871 the unification of Germany was complete

39
Q

The Breakup of the Austrian Empire

A

declare Austria and Hungary to be independent states, known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire

40
Q

Cavour Unites Italy

A
  • the largest and most powerful Italian state, Piedmont-Sardinia, appointed Count Camillo di Cavour as the prime minister
  • Cavour teamed up with a nationalist soldier named Giuseppe Garibaldi and led forces across Italy to unite the separate states into one country
  • Giuseppe Mazzini
41
Q

The status of which of the following provinces served as a longstanding territorial dispute between France and Germany between the Franco-Prussian War and World War II?

A

Alsace and Lorriane

42
Q

Life in 1750

A
  • Most people worked the land using handmade tools
  • second agricultural seed drill made farming sugar
  • enclosure-consolidation smaller farms owned by peasant farmers
43
Q

Migration Patterns

A
  • farm output and profits increased
  • many farm laborers and small farmers were forced off the land because they couldn’t compete
  • farm workers migrated to towns and cities, form a growing labor force for the Industrial Revolution
  • population increase
44
Q

Technology of the Industrial Revolution

A
  • steam engine powered by coal

- new methods of producing iron; less expensive to produce but better in quality

45
Q

Britain Leads the Way

A
  • navigable rivers supplied water power and also made it easy to transport goods
  • abundant in natural resources such as coal and iron
  • trade from their growing overseas empire provided the capital to invest in businesses
46
Q

One things leads to another

A
  • flying shuttle and spinning jenny made it easier to make textiles (cloth) from cotton important from India and the Americas
  • canals, steamships, and eventually steam locomotives (railroads)
47
Q

Social Impact

A 
urbanization-the movement of people to cities
-industrial middle class people who owned and operated the factories, mines and railroads (distinct from working class)
48
Q

Tenements

A

tenements-multistory buildings divided into apartments

-no running water or sewage/sanitation system

49
Q

Life in the Factories and Mines

A
  • working hours were long; 12-16 hours, 6-7 days a week
  • no safety devices and dangerous mining conditions; many workers suffered injuries and constantly breathed polluted air
  • Child labor was also on the rise, as their size and small fingers made them ideal for factories and mines
50
Q

Benefits of Industrialization

A

Labor Unions-betters wages, hours, and working conditions

  • demand for mass-produced goods grew
  • as more people began to earn more wages, more time could be spent on leisure activities
51
Q

Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations

A

Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations
-wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776
-laissez-faire economics – government should
not interfere in the free operation of the economy
- “invisible hand”
-Became the basis of capitalism – trade and industry
controlled by private owners (minimal government
interference)

52
Q

Thomas Malthus and Population Theory

A 
-population would grow faster than food
supply
-the only checks on population growth was war,
disease and famine
-Will be proven wrong
53
Q

Socialist Thought Emerges

A

Some believed industrial capitalism created a gulf between rich and poor
-To end poverty and injustice, socialism was introduced
-Under socialism, the people as whole rather than private
individuals would own and operate the means of
production (farms, factories, railways, etc)

54
Q

Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto

A

Karl Marx was a German
philosopher in the 1840s
- Working with Freidrick Engels, wrote a pamphlet called The Communist Manifesto in 1848
- Argued that history was all about the struggle between the “haves” and the
“have-nots” (class struggle)
- “haves” – bourgeoisie/middle class who owned means of production
-“have-nots” – working class, or proletariat
-would lead to a classless society where all means of production would be owned by the community
-proletariat to rise up against the bourgeoisie
-communism would later refer to a system in which governments led by a small elite controlled all political and economic life

55
Q

The Industrial Revolution is generally considered to

have begun in

A

England

56
Q

Economic Effects

A

Laissez Faire Economics
– Businesses should be allowed to operate without government
interference
– Promoted by Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations
– Capitalism à economy should be governed by natural forces of supply and demand
• Rise of Big Business

57
Q

Social Effects

A

New Class Structure
– Upper Class: rich industrial and business families
– Upper Middle Class: business people and professionals
(doctors, lawyers – high standard of living)
– Lower Middle Class: teachers, office workers, clerks, etc
– Lower Class: factory workers and peasants.

58
Q

Negative Impacts

A
  • Urbanization
  • Working Conditions
  • Child Labor
  • Imperialism
59
Q

Unit 6 Which of the following is a consequence and not a precondition of industrial development?

A

organized labor union movement

60
Q

Unit 6 Dutch and English Companies

A
  • Dutch and English east India companies were granted monopolies to trade with the east
  • These companies were not interested in ruling the territories, they wanted to make a profit
61
Q

Unit 6 The Dutch in Japan

A
  • Java, Indonesia, was the headquarters of the Dutch East India company
  • the Dutch would pay tribute to the sultans eventually got invaded in local struggles for power
62
Q

Unit 6 The British in Japan

A
  • the British East India company began their business in India by collaborating with local princes
  • local Indians to serve as troops in their private arm, known as sepoys
  • Battle at Plassey in 1757
  • The leader of the British Army, Robert Clive, was able to overthrow the local Indian prince and gain control of the territory of Bengal
63
Q

Unit 6 Spread of British Rule

A
  • While India was under rule of the Mughal Empire, British officials began to advance steadily in land
  • The British left the princes of these kingdoms in charge
  • -overtime the British political establishment in India became known as the British Raj
64
Q

Unit 6 Colonial Society

A
  • Europeans slowly adopted the dress, eating and work habits, and styles of the Asian peoples they ruled
  • overtime this tolerance of the “native” culture will diminish
65
Q

Unit 6 Government Intervention

A
  • EIC was full of men who exploited the company and the natives for money
  • men who took advantage of EIC presence in India were known as nabobs
  • British parliament stepped in and passed a series of laws that limited the power of EIC increase British royal power in India
66
Q

Unit 6 Industrial Rivalries

A
  • the use of colonies became a symbol of status and power
  • countries competed with each other to have the most colonies
  • they saw the colonies as potential destinations for migration of their overpopulated cities, as well as employment opportunities and a market for their manufactured goods
  • maxim gun; steams ships and iron ships, telegraph and mass journalism all contributed to the advantage European countries had over Asia and Africa
67
Q

Unit 6 Types of European colonies

A
  • tropical dependencies Africa, Asia and the Soith Pacific
  • Europeans would rule large populations of non-Western people
  • settlement colonies; North America and Australia
  • White settlers outnumbered the natives
  • White dominions Canada and Australia
68
Q

Unit 6 A 3rd Type of Colony

A
  • South Africa
  • Europeans would settle in these colonies, would have to coexist with the indigenous population
  • Lead to clashed over land rights, social status, and cultural differences
69
Q

Unit 6 Social Darwinism

A
  • formed segregated enclaves
  • white racial supremacy, which is later supported by the idea of Social Darwinism
  • Social Darwinists believed that the intellectual and cultural superiority of white European races over non-Europeans, and were used to justify colonization and imperialism

AP World History (6 decks)

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