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AP World History > Unit 3 Land-Based Empires (1450-1750) > Flashcards

Unit 3 Land-Based Empires (1450-1750) Flashcards

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1
Q

The Muslim Empires

A

-Turkish warriors from central Asia would set up 3 empires in the Islamic world: Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, and Mughal Empire
GUNPOWDER EMPIRES

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2
Q

Founding of the Ottoman Empire

A

Osman Bey

-His followers became known as Osmanlis, or Ottomans, and sought to become ghazi, or Muslim religious warriors

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3
Q

Ottoman Slave Troops

A
  • capture young boys to become slaves of the sultan, in a policy called Devshirme
  • received special training, learned Turkish and converted to Islam. Many would join an elite soldier class known as Janissaries
  • These Janissaries would become their own state-within-a-state, with their own political power
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4
Q

Mehmed the Conqueror

A
  • In 1453, Constantinople would fall to Mehmed II, becoming established as the new Ottoman capital *Istanbul
  • Millet System : where each religion other than Sunni Islam had a representative that collected taxes
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5
Q

Suleyman (Suleiman) the Magnificent

A
  • ruled from 1520-1566
  • Baghdad and added the Tigris and Euphrates valley to Ottoman domain
  • launched attacks against the Hasburgs (Austria) but was not successful
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6
Q

Rule of the Ottomans

A
  • Ottoman sultans became more distant from their subjects

- day to day administration was carried out by the Grand Vizier who often had more power than the sultan

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7
Q

Architecture of the Ottoman Empire

A
  • each sultan who ruled attempted to beautify Istanbul
  • Suleyman the Magnificent commissioned the Suleymaniye, one of the greatest engineering achievements of Islamic civilization
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8
Q

Reasons for Ottoman Decline

A
  • too large to maintain; decline in effective administration
  • a weak central government led to the exploitation of peasants by their local rulers, peasant uprisings
  • weak sultans becoming pawns to their viziers
  • the Ottoman also failed to drive the Portuguese out of the Indian Ocean trade network - weakening their control of the region
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9
Q

Attempts to Modernize

A
  • As Western Europe began introducing artillery weapons and firearms to their military, the Ottomans attempted to keep up in their reforms
  • Janissaries saw this as a threat because they were afraid they would become obsolete
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10
Q

The Safavid Empire

A
  • began as frontier warriors who became a military power
  • Shi’a sect of Islam, making them enemies with the Ottoman
  • Sufism; Sufi mystics claimed to have direct personal experiences with Allah
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11
Q

Sail-al-din & Isma-il

A
  • Sufi mystic Sail al-din (or Safi al-Din) established the Safavid dynasty in modern day Iran
  • name of followers were Red Heads
  • Isma’il conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501, and was proclaimed shah or emperor
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12
Q

Twelver Shiism

A

-supported 12 imams (religious leaders) after Mohmmed ; 12th “hidden” imam, had gone into hiding and would return one day

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13
Q

Battle of Chaldiran

A
  • Safavid Empire attempted to challenge Ottoman authority in the West
  • Their defeat at the Battle of Chaldiran put an end to Safavid dreams of westward expansion
  • Safavid dynasty and Shi’ism would remain concentrated in Persia/ modern-day Iran
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14
Q

Abbas the Great

A

Shah Abbas the Great moved the capital of the Safavid Empire to Isfahan

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15
Q

Distinct Persian Culture

A
  • Persian influences began to supplant (override) Turkish influences in the Safavid Empire
  • Persian court rituals and bureaucratic organization were also practiced
  • A Shi’ism continued to spread, it became part of Iranian identity, separating them from their Arab and Turkic neighbors
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16
Q

The decline of the Ottomans can be traced to all of the following EXPECT:

A

The battle of Chaldiran which marked the end of Ottoman military supremacy

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17
Q

India after the Gupta Empire

A
  • India became a patchwork of many small kingdoms

- In the early 1200s, one group of Muslim Turks invaded and stayed, establishing the Delhi Sultanate

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18
Q

Babur and the Mughal Empire

A
  • ruled 1526-1530
  • overthrew the Delhi Sultanate and founded the Mughal Empire
  • Mughal was the Persian pronunciation of “Mongol”
  • traced his lineage back to Genghis Khan and Timur (Tamerlane)
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19
Q

Timur the Lame (Tamerlane)

A
  • nomadic conqueror

- he was a nomadic Turk who is remembered for his brutal military campaign, killing tens of thousands of people

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20
Q

Akbar the Great

A
  • conquer most of northern and central India
  • This made the Mughal Empire the only one of the 3 gunpowder empires in which Muslims were the minority
  • strict central authority
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21
Q

How were Akbar’s policies tolerant of other cultures/religions?

A
  • Akbar grants mansabs, or ranked offices, who received land or cash payments
  • abolished the tax on non-Muslims, passed laws protecting cows, gave influential Hindus key positions in government
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22
Q

Akbar and Religion

A

Din-i-Ilahi combined all the major elements of these religions, including Islam

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23
Q

Social Reform

A

Akbar encouraged widow remarriage, and legally prohibited sati- (burning of Hindu women on their husband’s funeral pyres)

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24
Q

Mughal Art

A
  • Akbar supported the arts with his wealth
  • established miniature painting school in India
  • Respected Safavid culture
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25
Q

Taj Mahal

A
  • would become the epitome (representation) of the Mughal Empire
  • built in the 1630s by Akbar’s grandson Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaz Mahal
  • hired 20,000 workers from India, Persian, the Ottoman Empire and Europe and spent two decades building it
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26
Q

Rule of Aurabgzeb

A
  • Shah Jahan was overthrown and imprisoned by his 3rd son, Aurangzeb, before he could build it
  • Aurangzeb (ruled 1658-1707) believed it was his duty to purify Indian Islam and rid it of Hindu influence
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27
Q

A Change in Mughal Rule

A
  • Under Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire reached its largest size, but its armies and administration were spread too thin
  • Aurangzeb forbade the building of new temples
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28
Q

Sikhs & Decline of Mughal Empire

A
  • Aurangzeb’s religious intolerance made enemies of members of Sikhism, a religious minority
  • Aurangzeb’s persecutions, Sikhism became a fiercely anti-Muslim movement
29
Q

Similarities between the Gunpowder Empires

A
  • large bureaucracies
  • followed traditions of Central Asian steppes
  • powerful rulers garnered public support by providing for their subjects and patronizing the arts
  • created with help from firearms and cannons
30
Q

Differences between the Gunpowder Empires

A

Ottomans-wanted to become ghazis, or warriors of the faith
Safavids-devout religious Shi’a (enemies with Ottoman Sunni)
Mughals-most religiously diverse of the three, with Muslim rulers as the minority

31
Q

Religious tolerance, Hindu-Muslim intermarriage, and abolition of the jizya head tax are all most closely associated with which Mughal ruler?

A

Akbar

32
Q

Rise of the Ming

A
  • following the end of Mongol rule in China, a peasant farmer named Zhu Yuanzhang rose the ranks and became Emperor Hongwu, establishing the Ming Dynasty
  • brought back the civil service exam and scholar-gentry
33
Q

The Forbidden City

A
  • was constructed over the previous palaces of the Yuan Dynasty
  • the expansion of the Great Wall, repairing the Grand Canal, and improving irrigation systems
34
Q

Impact of the Columbian Exchange

A
  • European exploration of the Americas brought goods to Asia such as maize, sweet potatoes and peanuts
  • advances in agriculture and the resilience of these crops led to a population boom
  • Macao and Canton (cities)
35
Q

Chinese Goods

A
  • China’s ethnocentric nature meant that they felt the west had little to offer then in terms of trade
  • Tea, silk, textiles and porcelain were in high demand; European countries paid for these goods with silver
36
Q

Zheng He

A
  • a famous admiral who went on a series of expeditions across the Indian Ocean
  • primarily role was as a tribute collector
37
Q

End of Ming Expedition

A
  • By 1433, Emperor Yongle would halt Zheng He’s voyages
  • reinforcing the northern border of China (Great Wall) to protect from nomadic invaders
  • Confucian scholar-gentry may also have promoted this in an effort to divert the growing power of the merchant class
38
Q

Decline of the Ming Dynasty

A
  • the influx of silver from the West would led to inflation in China
  • Widespread government corruption and local revolts and protests
39
Q

Fall of the Ming

A
  • In 1644, an army of rebellious peasant seized control of the Forbidden City
  • The Manchus sent in troops to end the riots in Beijing, but instead of returning power to the Ming, they proclaimed themselves as the new rulers an established the Qing dynasty
40
Q

Renaissance : A Rebirth

A

The Renaissance, a rebirth of arts and culture, began in Italy during the 14th and 15th centuries
-wealth in Italy had increased due to trading with the Middle East after the Crusades and the Commercial Revolution

41
Q

Renaissance Artists

A
  • Humanist : focusing on every day life and individual achievement
  • moved away from religious themes and moved toward secular (non-religious) thought
  • Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo
42
Q

Literature in the Renaissance

A

-Niccolo Machiavelli : realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power *The Prince (book)
Northern Renaissance : Shakespeare in England and Cervantes in Spain

43
Q

The Protestant Reformation Begins

A
  • objected to things like : sale of indulgences (official pardon from sin), increased churches frees, power-hungry clergy
  • Protestant Reformation : an era of Protest to and Reform of the abuses of the Catholic church
44
Q

Martin Luther

A
  • objects to the sale of indulgences
  • he posted his famous 95 Theses, or arguments, against the corruption of the church on the door of the Wittenberg Church
  • printing press : by Johannes Gutenberg allowed his ideas to spread quickly
45
Q

Other Reformation Leaders

A

John Calvin : established a theocratic society in Switzerland (Calvinism)
King Henry VIII of England : Act of Supremacy - declaring the king the head of the Anglican Church

46
Q

The Renaissance was largely influenced and financed by

A

the urban environment and commercial economy

47
Q

Holy Roman Empire

A
  • ruled by members of the Habsburg family

- Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

48
Q

An Empire in Decline

A
  • the Holy Roman Empire did not have a strong administration; local rulers and regional princes did most of the governing
  • eventually, conflict over the emergence of Lutheranism; led to Charles V abdicating his throne
49
Q

Divine Right & Absolutism

A

Absolute rulers- monarchs whose power was unlimited and unrestrained
divine right- the theory that monarchs were presentative of God on Earth

50
Q

Henry VIII of England

A
  • changed his country from Catholic to Protestant; in doing so, he established the Anglican Church
  • Elizabeth I, would cement England’s power with the defeat of the Spanish Armada
51
Q

Louis XIV of France

A
  • declared himself “Sun King”
  • he moved his court to the Palace of Versailles
  • French nobles served the king and lived a life of luxury- giving them no time to pursue their own power or plan rebellious
  • “L’etat, c’est moi” = I am the state
52
Q

French Huguenots

A
  • Louis exerted power over the Catholic Church by revoking the Edict of Nantes, which promoted religious tolerance
  • French Protestants, called Huguenots
  • chose to leave France instead, bringing their skills with them
53
Q

Philip II of Spain

A
  • expanded this power as well as the power of the Catholic Church
  • using wealth obtained from the Spanish colonies; fleet of ships called Spanish Armada
  • he launched an attack on Elizabeth I, which suffered a devastating defeat as a result of a storm
54
Q

Reasons for Spanish Decline

A
  • massive influx of gold from the Spanish colonies led to inflation-the weakening of the value of gold
  • Reconquista, Spain had expelled Jews and Moors (Muslims) from the Iberian peninsula
55
Q

The Spanish Inquisition

A
  • as part of the Counter Reformation (Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation), the Spanish Inquisition was a period of fanatical anti-heresy (anti-Church) trails beginning in 1478
  • the goal of the Inquisition was to root out those whose beliefs did not match the devout Catholic leaders
56
Q

The Decline of the Absolute Monarchy in England

A
  • the tyrannical rule of Charles I and abuse of power led to the English Civil War; Parliament had the king beheaded
  • Oliver Cromwell (Puritan), James II (Catholic )
  • the struggle between Parliament and the monarchy would end with the Glorious Revolution and the signing of the English Bill of Rights
  • established that the rulers of England be Protestant (Anglican) the superiority of Parliament over the king, constitutional monarchy
57
Q

Which of the following were targets in the Spanish “Reconquista” of the late fifteenth century?

A

Muslims and Jews

58
Q

Mongol Rule in Russia

A
  • the Mongols collected tribute from Russian cities
  • left local princes to rule
  • Moscow became the center of tribute collection
  • isolation from the rest of Europe caused it to be a primarily agricultural economy
59
Q

Ivan the Great / Ivan III

A
  • was the prince of Moscow in 1462 and claimed descent from the founders of the Kievan Rus
  • by 1480, Moscow was no longer considered a vassal of the Khan
60
Q

Rise of Russia

A

-Ivan the Great married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, linking him to the Byzantine Empire and Orthodox Church
-called himself tsar; considered Russia the third Rome
Feudalism was on the rise, as land was granted to nobles known as boyars who controlled the serfs tied to their land

61
Q

Ivan the Terrible

A
  • expand Russian rule and consolidated power, becoming an autocratic ruler
  • frequently killed or exiled Russian boyars who did not support him
62
Q

Romanov Dyansty

A

Russia went through the Times of Troubles (1604-1613) when boyars competed for power

  • eventually the boyars chose a member of the Romanov family as the tsar
  • rule Russia for the next 300 years
63
Q

Peter the Great / Peter I

A

1689-1725

  • autocrat who wanted to westernize Russia
  • used a secret police force. copied Western military organization to travel through Western Europe in disguise
64
Q

Attempts at Reform

A
  • organized law code
  • had Russian boyars cut off their beards
  • abolished practice of passing the bride whip
  • encouraged women to wear Western-style clothing and attend public events
65
Q

St. Petersburg

A
  • window to the West
  • Peter the Great moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg, on the Baltic Sea
  • he now had a largely ice-free port, and modeled the city after Western European cities
66
Q

Catherine the Great

A
  • Prussian princess who married into the Romanov family

- coup to overthrow her husband in 1762 and would be declared sole ruler of Russia

67
Q

Reforms under Catherine

A
  • expand Russian territory and gain a warm water port in Crimea
  • crushed peasant rebellions ruthlessly
  • noble landlords were given absolute power over their serfs
  • although she idolized Western Enlightenment ideas, she was considered an “Enlightened despot” because of her autocratic rule
68
Q

Russia and the World

A
  • exported furs and raw materials to Asia
  • agricultural economy would depend on serfs and coerced labor, grain to the West in exchange for manufactured goods
  • because Russia was behind the West in technological development and exploration, the focused mostly on expansion in Asia and not overseas

AP World History (6 decks)

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