Unit 1 The Global Tapestry (1200-1450) Flashcards
Bedouin Tribes
nomadic pastoralists
Shaykhs (sheik’s)
leader of tribes or clans
Trading Cities (Red Sea)
Mecca- founded by Umayyad clan of Quaraysh
Ka’ba
Medina-previously known as Yathrib
Bedouin Religion
Blend of animism and polytheism
Muhammad(Allah’s Prophet)
Born around 570 CE into Quaraysh tribe
Five Pillars of Faith
- No God by Allah, Muhammad is his prophet
- Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca
- Fast during holy month of Ramadan
- Zakat (tax for charity)
- hajj (pilgrimage to holy city of Mecca)
Hijra
Day of escape/ first day of the Islamic calendar
Muhammad Death (632CE)
Died without naming a successor
Caliph
Political and religious successor to Muhammad
Ali
Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law(considered to young)
Abu Bakr
one of Muhammad’s earliest followers and closest friend
Ridda Wars
religious unity in Islam gave Arab warriors a common cause
Booty
spoils of war/rewards
Jihad (struggle)
Inner struggle - greater jihad
Outer struggle - lesser jihad
Uthman
first caliph chosen from the Umayyad clan (leader of Mecca)
Sunni
backed the Umayyad caliphs
Shi’a
backed Ali as the caliph
Umma
community of the faithful
Hajj
trip to Mecca
Damascus
capital of the Umayyad caliphate
How did the Umayyad Caliphate treat its subjects?
Mawali- non-Arab converts to Islam (had to pay special taxes)
Jizya- tax on nonbelievers (Christians, Jews, etc.)
Dhimmi- people of the book
Mours
name of Muslims in Spain
Women in Umayyad
- did not wear veils, had a variety of occupations
- both male and female could not commit adultery
- Equality
Martyrs
die for faith
Islamic Golden Age
- Greek and Roman philosophers(translated to Arabic)
- Medicine, Algebra, Geometry, Astronomy, anatomy and ethics
- Arabic numerals
Persian Language
Farsi
Abbasid overthrow ?
Umayyads
Baghdad (capital)
Abbasids establish their administrative/political capital
Which Muslim group overthrew the Umayyad dynasty and set up a new caliphate?
Abbasids
Hindus became ?
dhimmi
Egalitarian
equal
Islam
- 5 pillars of faith
- founded by Muhammad
- monotheistic
- mosque
Hiniduism
- caste system
- polytheistic
- worship temple
- dharma/karma
- sacred text (Upanidas (duties in 1st life), vedas reach Nirvana/ next life)
- Reincarnation
Which city become the capital of the Abbasid Empire and a center of what has been termed on Islamic Golden Age?
Baghdad
Which of the following is true for both the Qin and Han dynasties?
Imperial authority was strong in the opening years of each
5 Relationships (Confucianism)
- everyone had a role in society (superior or inferior)
- a peaceful state would naturally develop
- hierarchy, tradition and virtue
Filial Piety (Confucianism)
respect for elders
Civil Service Examination (Confucianism)
receiving government positions based on merit
Analects
Confucius(Kong Fuzi) his philosophies and saying in a book
Legalism
- warning states period and developed by Han Fe Zi
- only concerned themselves with the state
- Qin dynasty and Shi Huangdi
Legalist Doctrine
- strict laws and severe punishment were necessary
- this makes people not commit big crimes
Daoism/Taoism
-founded by Laozi Dao- the way -believes social and political problems were pointless *offered an alternative to Confucianism* -in harmony with nature
How did the Sui, Tang, and Son dynasties restore imperial rule in China?
initially a Chinese government enjoyed prosperity and economic growth, but overtime corruption, internal disasters, and external invasions all eroded a dynasty’s power
Han dynasty (Classical China)
- fell in 220 CE
- split into warring kingdoms (for almost 400 years)
- era of the 6 dynasties
Sui dynasty (589-618)
leader: Wendi
- used alliances, intrigue and warfare to achieve his goal
- lowered taxes, created a reserve food supply to ward off famine and food shortages
Yangdi (Wendi’s sin)
- murdered his father
- return of civil service examination
- began the buildings of a series of great canals
- expansive building projects
Tang Dynasty (618-907)
- Li Yuan founder
- used scholar-gentry to create an effective bureaucracy and check the nobility’s power
Sinify
make Chinese
Capital
Chang’an
Jinshi
top test takers (civil service exam)
Resurgence of Buddhism
Mahayana- pure land Buddhism- popular among the masses of Chinese society
Zen (or Chan)- popular in elite classes (stressed meditation and appreciation for natural and artistic beauty)
Empress Wu (tang)
wanted Buddhism
Emperor Wuzong
did not want Buddhism
Decline of Tang
-Emperor Xuanzong
nomadic people began to assert control in Northern China
Song Dynasty (960- 1279)
Emperor Taizu
unable to regain land ex. Khitan people of Manchuria (Liao Empire)
Pay tribute to nomadic neighbors
Tribute
tax
Neo-Confucianism
rank obligation, traditional rituals, gender distinctions and patriarchy
Golden Age of China
- new patterns of trade and commerce
- new forms of artistic and literary impression, and a series of technological innovations
Women in China
-revival of Confucianism and rapid economic growth tightened patriarchal restrictions on women
Ex. Foot Binding
became a symbol of elite families; spread throughout China; thought to enhance marriage prospects/rite of passage
The high level of Chinese literacy was due to
the invention of movable- type printing and cheap paper
East Asia
China, Korea and Japan
Japan adopted _______ from China
ex. cooking, gardening, drinking tea and hairdressing
- integrated Shinto beliefs and rituals
- Chinese-style bureaucracy and society
Heian Period (794-1185)
- 794: emperor moved the capital from Nara to Heian (modern day Kyoto)
- established a highly refined court society with little social mobility
Decline of Imperial Power
bushi (daimyo)- warriors leaders established mini kingdoms and loyal soldiers called samurai
bakufu
a military government
Kamakura Shogunate Period
- the rise of Shoguns
- Gempei Wars
(Japan) Samurai code of honor
Bushido (just like knights code of chivalry)
Seppuku (harakiri)
ritual suicides used to prove courage and restore their family’s honor
Social class pyramid
Emperor - top of Japanese society but had little power Shogun - actual ruler of Japan Daimyo - wealthy landowners Samurai - Japan's warriors Peasants/Artisans - largest class Merchants
Warlords (warrior lords)
- feud with each other
- broke up Japan into 300 kingdoms
Ashikaga Shogunate
ruled from 1336-1573
replaced the Kamakura regime
Kanji
system of writing
With which early Chinese emperors and dynasties do we most closely associate non-Confucian worldviews?
Empress Wu of the Tang Dynasty and Shi Huangdi of the Qin Dynasty
Vedic (Epic) Age / Formative Period (1500-1000 BCE)
Aryans - Indo- European migrants
Dravidians - native people
Kamikaza
fighter pilots
Indigenous
native
Sanskrit
classical India language
Rig Veda
hymns dedicated to Aryan gods
Upanishads
epic religious poems
Hinduism
no single founder
Caste System
used to define relationship between Aryan and those inferior (Aryan- brahmins; kshatriyas; Vaisyas)
level of varna (caste)
brahmans- priests and scholars
kshatryas- soldiers and warriors
vaisyas- merchants and professionals
Sudras- labourers and servants
Dharma
Karma
- moral path you follow
2. results of your actions in past life
Siddhartha Gautama
-born in 563 BCE (Indian prince in the kshatriya caste)
became known as Buddha, or Enlightened One
Reincarnation
leave the cycle of reincarnation by reaching nirvana (state of enlightenment)
How is Buddhism different to Hinduism?
- reincarnation, karma and dharma
- one with brahman= nirvana
- rejected the Hindu caste system
Changes in Buddhism
-stupas- structures (religious sites)
-Bodhisattvas- spiritual leaders who put off nirvana to teach others
Theravada & Mahayana Buddhism
Major Buddhist text
Tripitaka (Three Baskets)
Spread of Buddhism
Silk road
impacted women’s role in Asia: women could join Buddhist monasteries
Jainism
believed that everything in the universe possessed a soul
-adopted principle of nonviolence (ahimsa)
Increasing contacts between Hindus and Muslims in South Asia led to
the absorption of many Hindu social practices by Muslims in South Asia
Delhi Sultanate
brought Islamic rule to Northern India but was unable to extend their rule southward
Sufi mystics
encouraged personal, emotional and devotional approach to Islam
Bhakti Movement
emerged in Southern India in the 12th century, encouraging traditional piety and devotion to Hindu values
Both Bhaktis and Sufis ______
appealed to people outside the traditional and emphasized mysticism and inner reflection
Sea-Based Kingdoms
Srivijaya Empire (760-1025)- a Buddhist kingdom; on island of Sumatra; built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between India and China Majapahit Kingdom (1293- 1520)- Java
Land-Based Empires
derived most of their wealth from productive agricultural economies
Ex. Khmer Empire (modern day Cambodia; also known as Angkor)
Angkor Thom (Angkor/Khmer Empire)
capital city
- city was designed to look like the Hindu universe
- built along the floodplain of the Tonle Sap and Mekong Rivers
Khmer Empire
(+)kingdom’s complex irrigation and drainage systems led to economic prosperity; allowed farmers to harvest rice crops several times a year
(-) declines when the Thai peoples invaded the capital in 1431 and established the Ayutthaya Empire
- turned to Buddhism; did not take down Hindu structures, instead added Buddhist temples to the complex
Angkor Wat- elaborate but smaller temple
Which choice best describes the eastern and western geographic limits of Islamic rule at its greatest extent during the period of the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates?
Northwest India to Spain and Morocco
Bering Land Bridge
connected North America and Russia (it looks like)
Societies of North America
- Pacific Northwest hunted whaled in the sea and gathered food from the forests on the coast
- Southwest farmed the land (stone and clay)
- East of the Mississippi; Mound Builders; copper and stone tools
Mayas (250 CE to 900 CE)
-built independent cities ruled by a god-king
-farmed maize(corn), beans and squash
-social classes with warriors and priests at the top
-complex religions with many gods
developed knowledge of mathematics (including use of zero), calendar and astronomy
-late 800s, declined with no clear explanation
Teotihuacan (“City of the Gods”)
traded in obsidian, a volcanic glass used to make jewelry or sharp weapons
Toltec Culture
- adopted many features of the Mayans. including a military ethic and cult of sacrifice
- one Toltec leader Topiltzin, worshipped the god Quetzalcoatl
- declined around 1150CE, leaving a power vacuum as city-states vied for control of the lake regions
Aztec rise after Toltec Empire
- also known as Mexica
- built an empire based on military conquest
- collected tribute from conquered peoples
Tenochtitlan (capital city ) built on island in the middle of Lake Texcoco
huge government and religious complex
Chinampas
floating gardens, system of irrigated agriculture
Aztec Culture
- highly militarized society
- divided into calpulli; many expanded from kinships groupings to residential grouping
- human sacrifice to the Aztec gods, which fueled the justification for the nobility’s status
Flower Wars
for human sacrifice
Andean Culture
established regional kingdoms by Chavin (850-250 BCE), Moche (200-700 CE) and Chimor (900- 1465 CE)
Ayllus
Quechua-speaking clans
Inca Rise to Power
- Pachacuti (ruler)
- called themselves Twantinsuyu; which we refer to them as the Inca Empire
Expansion of the Inca Empire
- Cuzco (capital)
- at its height, the Inca empire stretched from what is now Colombia to Chile and East towards Bolivia and Northern Argentina
Split Inheritance
all political power and titles went to the successor, but the palaces, wealth, land and possessions remained in the hands of the previous ruler’s male descendants
Inca culture
- Temple of the Sun
- believed the sun to be the highest deity and the Inca (ruler) to be the sun’s representative on earth
Inca Imperial Rule
- state bureaucracy
- intentionally spread the Quechua language as a means of integration
- move Quechua-speakers to the new territory; move the conquered population to a new home
Quipu
system of knotted strings utilized by Incas in a place of a writing system
Tambos
way stations that served as inns, storehouses and supply centers for the armies
Mita system
demanded labor from their labor
Inca women
parallel descent: women passed rights and property to daughters, and men to sons
Inca socialism
Weakening of the Incas
- royal marriages as a way of forging alliances created rivalries among the Inca leader
- civil wars in the 1520s greatly weakened the Inca Empire just before the Europeans arrived
Sub-Saharan Africa
region in Africa south of the Sahara Desert
West Africa
- In the Sahel, Ghana, Mali and Songhai(Songhay) will emerge
- they traded in gold and salt
Caravan and Camel Trade
pack animals - oxen, donkeys horses
-camels were introduced- causing a huge increase in trade across the desert
Spread of Islam
- most famous Mali king was Mansa Musa
- Mansa Musa left Mali for the hajj to Mecca
Timbuktu
- trading city
- became one of the most important cities of the empire
Ibn Battuta
- traveler
- increased interest in Africa
Bantu Migration
- bantu people- migrated throughout East and Sub-Saharan Africa by the 2nd century CE
- agricultural skill (slash and burn); iron-making technologies (metallurgy)
Political structures in Sub-Saharan Africa
- did not have centralized power
- stateless societies
Hausa Kingdoms
- people of the Hausa ethnic group formed 7 states
- loosely connected through kinship ties, but they also developed a central authority
Swahili Language
blend of Bantu and Arabic words and concepts
Swahili city-states
Lamu, Mombasa, Kilwa, and Sofala - each governed by its own king
Indian Ocean Trade
many Swahili states traded across the Indian Ocean with Arab, Indian and Persian merchants
- traded gold, ivory, quartz, leopard skins and slaves
Madagascar
- settled by people from Indonesia, who brought the banana plant with them (native to Southeast Asia)
- banana cultivation spread inland and led to population growth, agricultural productivity, and growth of chiefdoms and states throughout East Africa
Zimbabwe
- emerged between the Zambesi and Limpopo rivers
- built wood dwellings (called “zimbabwes” in Bantu)
- gold, which they traded with the Swahili coast
Great Zimbabwe
- in the13th century, the capital city of Great Zimbabwe was constructed with a massive wall of stone- the first large wall built on the continent without mortar
- overgrazing and ecological destruction led to the abandonment of the city
Christianity in Africa
- introduced in the 1st century CE
- Coptic Christians = Egyptians
- kingdom of Axum will become Ethiopia
Ethiopia
- built 11 massive churches made entirely of rock
- their religion developed independently and combined traditions such as ancestor veneration and beliefs in spirits
Slavery in Africa
- prisoners of war, debtors, and criminals were often enslaved
- a strong demand in the Middle East for enslaves workers resulted in the Indian Ocean Slave Trade
Which West African leadership figure is best known for his lavish fourteenth-century pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina?
Mansa Kankan Musa
Fall of Rome/ Rise of the Byzantine Empire
Romans set up the eastern capital of their empire in Constantinople
Good: center of Eastern Roman Empire; good for trade and controlled sea route between Mediterranean and Black Sea
Emperor Justinian
-ruled 527-565
married to Empress Theodora, a courtesan
Characteristics of the Byzantine Empire
- autocrat (ruler with absolute power)
- they spoke Greek
- Constantinople became the trading hub of Eastern Europe
- Germanic tribes to the West
- Sassanid Persians to the East
Justinian’s Achievements
- Hagia Sophia (the largest Christian church of its time)
- Justinian’s code
Eastern/Greek Orthodoxy
1054, the Great Schism occured- official break between Eastern and Western Christianity
Roman Catholic Church
- leader: Pope
- Pope has authority over all kings and emperors
- services conducted in Latin
Eastern Orthodox Church
- leader: Patriarch
- Emperor has authority over patriarchs and bishops
- priests could marry
- divorce allowed under certain conditions
- services conducted in Greek
The schism within the Christian church was due to all of these issues EXCEPT:
Muslim influence on the Orthodox branch of Christianity
Spread of Christianity
The Byzantines sent missionaries Cyril and Methodius to spread Orthodox Christianity
-Cyrillic Alphabet
Jews in Eastern Europe
- many migrated away from the Middle East and were fleeing intolerance in Western Europe
- although resented by the Christian majority and barred from agriculture, they continued to maintain cultural and religious traditions
Kiev (trading city)
Trade through the Dnieper River to the Black Sea and beyond led to important trade cities such as Kiev (9th century)
Kievan Rus
predecessor to modern Russia
How did conversion to Christianity lead to an influx of Byzantine influence?
-Prince Vladimir 1 converted to Christianity - Russian Orthodox
Kievan Rus became the largest single state in Europe at the time
Decline of the Byzantine Empire
- late 11th century, Turkish invaders will press into the Byzantine Empire
- Known as Seljuk Turks, they would eventually conquer Constantinople
Kievan Decline
Mongols took control of Russian cities- called Tatars (from Turkish word)
*Tatars preserved Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy
The Byzantine Empire flourished as a crossroads of trade from which regions?
Mediterranean, the Middle East and Asia
Fall of Rome in the West
-era of decentralized power
-local rulers became powerful because they offered protection
600-1450 Middle Ages/Medieval Age/ Dark Age
Manorialism
system of economic and political relations between landlords and serfs
Serfs
peasants working on land in exchange for protection
Feudalism
social system in which lords/kings exchange land for military service/loyalty from knights
Three Field System
1/3 of the land would be left unplanted every year to regain fertility
Voke (horse collar), Stirrups and moldboard plow _____
improve agriculture, leading to population growth
Rise of kingdoms
- Charles Martel defeated the Muslims in Battle of Tours (732)
- Charlemagne (Charles the Great)
England becomes united
- Viking raiders and Germanic tribes (Anglo-Saxons) settled on the Island of Britain
- William the Conqueror won Battle of Hastings (1066)
Henry II
acquired more territory when he married Eleanor of Aquitaine
Magna Carta
confirmed the right of feudal lords against king
Common Law
unified body of law
Parliament
legislative body
three estates were formed
the Church, nobles and urban leaders
Limits of the Monarchy
- knights were loyal to their lords, not the king
- taxation laws
Which of the following regions of Western Europe remained most insulated from the general trend towards disorder following the fall of the Roman Empire?
France
Role of the Church in Medieval Europe
- source of unity
- pope became top authority, even some had more power over monarchs
- Gothic architecture*
Dar al-Islam/ Decline of Abbasids
Seljuk Turks captured Baghdad and ruled in the name of Abbasid caliphs
The Crusades
- series of military engagements between western Christians and Muslims over Holy land (Jerusalem)
- Pope Urban II called for Western European rulers to help defend the Byzantine Empire from Muslims incursions
- Full forgiveness of sins if you died in battle; promise of winning spoils from rich Arab lands
Impact of the Crusades
“most successful failure”
high demand for Middle Eastern goods; rugs. textiles, clothes (taffeta, muslin, damask) foods (dates, coffee, yogurt) as well as weapons and building techniques
Spanish Crusasdes
-Spanish began a long effort to drive out the Moors (Muslims), called the Reconquista
After the consolidation of the Spanish monarchy (Ferdinand and Isabella)
Religion and Philosophy
- Scholasticism
- used reason and logic (Aristotelian) to resolve theological problems and discuss Christian faith
- Thomas Aquinas ; Believed that through reason it was possible to known much about natural order, moral laws and nature of God
- universities
Many scholars in the Middle Ages
attempted to assimilate Christian faith with Greek philosophy and reason
Revival of Towns and Trade
- Cities; center of trade
- Merchants became rich by offering to ferry knights and crusaders to the Holy Land
Hanseatic League
- urban growth led to more commercial activities
- cities in Northern Germany and Southern Scandinavia joined to form the Hanseatic League
Commercial revolution: improved business techniques emerge
banking facilities emerged, with bankers lending money to fund business and trade ventures
Guilds
- associations of people in the same business
- standards for quality of work and wages
Bubonic Plague/Black Death
-struck parts of Asia, Northern Africa and Europe
-carried on fleas and rats
25 million dead in Europe; trade declined and prices rose; decline of manorialism; peasants revolt; church suffered loss of prestige
Hundred Years War
- France and England conflict
- this war marked the end of medieval Europe’s society
- longbow; change warfare weapon innovation
Impact of the Hundred Year War
- idea of nationalism emerged in England and France
- “King” now thought of as a national leader and not just a feudal lord
