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AP World History > Unit 1 The Global Tapestry (1200-1450) > Flashcards

Unit 1 The Global Tapestry (1200-1450) Flashcards

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1
Q

Bedouin Tribes

A

nomadic pastoralists

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2
Q

Shaykhs (sheik’s)

A

leader of tribes or clans

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3
Q

Trading Cities (Red Sea)

A

Mecca- founded by Umayyad clan of Quaraysh
Ka’ba
Medina-previously known as Yathrib

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4
Q

Bedouin Religion

A

Blend of animism and polytheism

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5
Q

Muhammad(Allah’s Prophet)

A

Born around 570 CE into Quaraysh tribe

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6
Q

Five Pillars of Faith

A
  1. No God by Allah, Muhammad is his prophet
  2. Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca
  3. Fast during holy month of Ramadan
  4. Zakat (tax for charity)
  5. hajj (pilgrimage to holy city of Mecca)
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7
Q

Hijra

A

Day of escape/ first day of the Islamic calendar

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8
Q

Muhammad Death (632CE)

A

Died without naming a successor

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9
Q

Caliph

A

Political and religious successor to Muhammad

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10
Q

Ali

A

Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law(considered to young)

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11
Q

Abu Bakr

A

one of Muhammad’s earliest followers and closest friend

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12
Q

Ridda Wars

A

religious unity in Islam gave Arab warriors a common cause

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13
Q

Booty

A

spoils of war/rewards

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14
Q

Jihad (struggle)

A

Inner struggle - greater jihad

Outer struggle - lesser jihad

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15
Q

Uthman

A

first caliph chosen from the Umayyad clan (leader of Mecca)

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16
Q

Sunni

A

backed the Umayyad caliphs

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17
Q

Shi’a

A

backed Ali as the caliph

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18
Q

Umma

A

community of the faithful

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19
Q

Hajj

A

trip to Mecca

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20
Q

Damascus

A

capital of the Umayyad caliphate

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21
Q

How did the Umayyad Caliphate treat its subjects?

A

Mawali- non-Arab converts to Islam (had to pay special taxes)
Jizya- tax on nonbelievers (Christians, Jews, etc.)
Dhimmi- people of the book

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22
Q

Mours

A

name of Muslims in Spain

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23
Q

Women in Umayyad

A
  • did not wear veils, had a variety of occupations
  • both male and female could not commit adultery
  • Equality
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24
Q

Martyrs

A

die for faith

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25
Q

Islamic Golden Age

A
  • Greek and Roman philosophers(translated to Arabic)
  • Medicine, Algebra, Geometry, Astronomy, anatomy and ethics
  • Arabic numerals
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26
Q

Persian Language

A

Farsi

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27
Q

Abbasid overthrow ?

A

Umayyads

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28
Q

Baghdad (capital)

A

Abbasids establish their administrative/political capital

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29
Q

Which Muslim group overthrew the Umayyad dynasty and set up a new caliphate?

A

Abbasids

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30
Q

Hindus became ?

A

dhimmi

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31
Q

Egalitarian

A

equal

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32
Q

Islam

A
  • 5 pillars of faith
  • founded by Muhammad
  • monotheistic
  • mosque
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33
Q

Hiniduism

A
  • caste system
  • polytheistic
  • worship temple
  • dharma/karma
  • sacred text (Upanidas (duties in 1st life), vedas reach Nirvana/ next life)
  • Reincarnation
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34
Q

Which city become the capital of the Abbasid Empire and a center of what has been termed on Islamic Golden Age?

A

Baghdad

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35
Q

Which of the following is true for both the Qin and Han dynasties?

A

Imperial authority was strong in the opening years of each

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36
Q

5 Relationships (Confucianism)

A
  • everyone had a role in society (superior or inferior)
  • a peaceful state would naturally develop
  • hierarchy, tradition and virtue
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37
Q

Filial Piety (Confucianism)

A

respect for elders

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38
Q

Civil Service Examination (Confucianism)

A

receiving government positions based on merit

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39
Q

Analects

A

Confucius(Kong Fuzi) his philosophies and saying in a book

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40
Q

Legalism

A
  • warning states period and developed by Han Fe Zi
  • only concerned themselves with the state
  • Qin dynasty and Shi Huangdi
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41
Q

Legalist Doctrine

A
  • strict laws and severe punishment were necessary

- this makes people not commit big crimes

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42
Q

Daoism/Taoism

A 
-founded by Laozi
Dao- the way
-believes social and political problems were pointless
*offered an alternative to Confucianism*
-in harmony with nature
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43
Q

How did the Sui, Tang, and Son dynasties restore imperial rule in China?

A

initially a Chinese government enjoyed prosperity and economic growth, but overtime corruption, internal disasters, and external invasions all eroded a dynasty’s power

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44
Q

Han dynasty (Classical China)

A
  • fell in 220 CE
  • split into warring kingdoms (for almost 400 years)
  • era of the 6 dynasties
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45
Q

Sui dynasty (589-618)

A

leader: Wendi
- used alliances, intrigue and warfare to achieve his goal
- lowered taxes, created a reserve food supply to ward off famine and food shortages

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46
Q

Yangdi (Wendi’s sin)

A
  • murdered his father
  • return of civil service examination
  • began the buildings of a series of great canals
  • expansive building projects
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47
Q

Tang Dynasty (618-907)

A
  • Li Yuan founder

- used scholar-gentry to create an effective bureaucracy and check the nobility’s power

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48
Q

Sinify

A

make Chinese

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49
Q

Capital

A

Chang’an

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50
Q

Jinshi

A

top test takers (civil service exam)

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51
Q

Resurgence of Buddhism

A

Mahayana- pure land Buddhism- popular among the masses of Chinese society
Zen (or Chan)- popular in elite classes (stressed meditation and appreciation for natural and artistic beauty)

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52
Q

Empress Wu (tang)

A

wanted Buddhism

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53
Q

Emperor Wuzong

A

did not want Buddhism

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54
Q

Decline of Tang

A

-Emperor Xuanzong

nomadic people began to assert control in Northern China

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55
Q

Song Dynasty (960- 1279)

A

Emperor Taizu
unable to regain land ex. Khitan people of Manchuria (Liao Empire)
Pay tribute to nomadic neighbors

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56
Q

Tribute

A

tax

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57
Q

Neo-Confucianism

A

rank obligation, traditional rituals, gender distinctions and patriarchy

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58
Q

Golden Age of China

A
  • new patterns of trade and commerce

- new forms of artistic and literary impression, and a series of technological innovations

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59
Q

Women in China

A

-revival of Confucianism and rapid economic growth tightened patriarchal restrictions on women
Ex. Foot Binding
became a symbol of elite families; spread throughout China; thought to enhance marriage prospects/rite of passage

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60
Q

The high level of Chinese literacy was due to

A

the invention of movable- type printing and cheap paper

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61
Q

East Asia

A

China, Korea and Japan

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62
Q

Japan adopted _______ from China

A

ex. cooking, gardening, drinking tea and hairdressing
- integrated Shinto beliefs and rituals
- Chinese-style bureaucracy and society

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63
Q

Heian Period (794-1185)

A
  • 794: emperor moved the capital from Nara to Heian (modern day Kyoto)
  • established a highly refined court society with little social mobility
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64
Q

Decline of Imperial Power

A

bushi (daimyo)- warriors leaders established mini kingdoms and loyal soldiers called samurai

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65
Q

bakufu

A

a military government

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66
Q

Kamakura Shogunate Period

A
  • the rise of Shoguns

- Gempei Wars

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67
Q

(Japan) Samurai code of honor

A

Bushido (just like knights code of chivalry)

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68
Q

Seppuku (harakiri)

A

ritual suicides used to prove courage and restore their family’s honor

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69
Q

Social class pyramid

A 
Emperor - top of Japanese society but had little power
Shogun - actual ruler of Japan
Daimyo - wealthy landowners
Samurai - Japan's warriors
Peasants/Artisans - largest class
Merchants
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70
Q

Warlords (warrior lords)

A
  • feud with each other

- broke up Japan into 300 kingdoms

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71
Q

Ashikaga Shogunate

A

ruled from 1336-1573

replaced the Kamakura regime

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72
Q

Kanji

A

system of writing

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73
Q

With which early Chinese emperors and dynasties do we most closely associate non-Confucian worldviews?

A

Empress Wu of the Tang Dynasty and Shi Huangdi of the Qin Dynasty

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74
Q

Vedic (Epic) Age / Formative Period (1500-1000 BCE)

A

Aryans - Indo- European migrants

Dravidians - native people

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75
Q

Kamikaza

A

fighter pilots

76
Q

Indigenous

A

native

77
Q

Sanskrit

A

classical India language

78
Q

Rig Veda

A

hymns dedicated to Aryan gods

79
Q

Upanishads

A

epic religious poems

80
Q

Hinduism

A

no single founder

81
Q

Caste System

A

used to define relationship between Aryan and those inferior (Aryan- brahmins; kshatriyas; Vaisyas)

82
Q

level of varna (caste)

A

brahmans- priests and scholars
kshatryas- soldiers and warriors
vaisyas- merchants and professionals
Sudras- labourers and servants

83
Q

Dharma

Karma

A
  1. moral path you follow

2. results of your actions in past life

84
Q

Siddhartha Gautama

A

-born in 563 BCE (Indian prince in the kshatriya caste)

became known as Buddha, or Enlightened One

85
Q

Reincarnation

A

leave the cycle of reincarnation by reaching nirvana (state of enlightenment)

86
Q

How is Buddhism different to Hinduism?

A
  • reincarnation, karma and dharma
  • one with brahman= nirvana
  • rejected the Hindu caste system
87
Q

Changes in Buddhism

A

-stupas- structures (religious sites)
-Bodhisattvas- spiritual leaders who put off nirvana to teach others
Theravada & Mahayana Buddhism

88
Q

Major Buddhist text

A

Tripitaka (Three Baskets)

89
Q

Spread of Buddhism

A

Silk road

impacted women’s role in Asia: women could join Buddhist monasteries

90
Q

Jainism

A

believed that everything in the universe possessed a soul

-adopted principle of nonviolence (ahimsa)

91
Q

Increasing contacts between Hindus and Muslims in South Asia led to

A

the absorption of many Hindu social practices by Muslims in South Asia

92
Q

Delhi Sultanate

A

brought Islamic rule to Northern India but was unable to extend their rule southward

93
Q

Sufi mystics

A

encouraged personal, emotional and devotional approach to Islam

94
Q

Bhakti Movement

A

emerged in Southern India in the 12th century, encouraging traditional piety and devotion to Hindu values

95
Q

Both Bhaktis and Sufis ______

A

appealed to people outside the traditional and emphasized mysticism and inner reflection

96
Q

Sea-Based Kingdoms

A 
Srivijaya Empire (760-1025)-  a Buddhist kingdom; on island of Sumatra; built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between India and China
Majapahit Kingdom (1293- 1520)- Java
97
Q

Land-Based Empires

A

derived most of their wealth from productive agricultural economies
Ex. Khmer Empire (modern day Cambodia; also known as Angkor)

98
Q

Angkor Thom (Angkor/Khmer Empire)

A

capital city

  • city was designed to look like the Hindu universe
  • built along the floodplain of the Tonle Sap and Mekong Rivers
99
Q

Khmer Empire

A

(+)kingdom’s complex irrigation and drainage systems led to economic prosperity; allowed farmers to harvest rice crops several times a year
(-) declines when the Thai peoples invaded the capital in 1431 and established the Ayutthaya Empire
- turned to Buddhism; did not take down Hindu structures, instead added Buddhist temples to the complex
Angkor Wat- elaborate but smaller temple

100
Q

Which choice best describes the eastern and western geographic limits of Islamic rule at its greatest extent during the period of the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates?

A

Northwest India to Spain and Morocco

101
Q

Bering Land Bridge

A

connected North America and Russia (it looks like)

102
Q

Societies of North America

A
  • Pacific Northwest hunted whaled in the sea and gathered food from the forests on the coast
  • Southwest farmed the land (stone and clay)
  • East of the Mississippi; Mound Builders; copper and stone tools
103
Q

Mayas (250 CE to 900 CE)

A

-built independent cities ruled by a god-king
-farmed maize(corn), beans and squash
-social classes with warriors and priests at the top
-complex religions with many gods
developed knowledge of mathematics (including use of zero), calendar and astronomy
-late 800s, declined with no clear explanation

104
Q

Teotihuacan (“City of the Gods”)

A

traded in obsidian, a volcanic glass used to make jewelry or sharp weapons

105
Q

Toltec Culture

A
  • adopted many features of the Mayans. including a military ethic and cult of sacrifice
  • one Toltec leader Topiltzin, worshipped the god Quetzalcoatl
  • declined around 1150CE, leaving a power vacuum as city-states vied for control of the lake regions
106
Q

Aztec rise after Toltec Empire

A
  • also known as Mexica
  • built an empire based on military conquest
  • collected tribute from conquered peoples
107
Q

Tenochtitlan (capital city ) built on island in the middle of Lake Texcoco

A

huge government and religious complex

108
Q

Chinampas

A

floating gardens, system of irrigated agriculture

109
Q

Aztec Culture

A
  • highly militarized society
  • divided into calpulli; many expanded from kinships groupings to residential grouping
  • human sacrifice to the Aztec gods, which fueled the justification for the nobility’s status
110
Q

Flower Wars

A

for human sacrifice

111
Q

Andean Culture

A

established regional kingdoms by Chavin (850-250 BCE), Moche (200-700 CE) and Chimor (900- 1465 CE)

112
Q

Ayllus

A

Quechua-speaking clans

113
Q

Inca Rise to Power

A
  • Pachacuti (ruler)

- called themselves Twantinsuyu; which we refer to them as the Inca Empire

114
Q

Expansion of the Inca Empire

A
  • Cuzco (capital)
  • at its height, the Inca empire stretched from what is now Colombia to Chile and East towards Bolivia and Northern Argentina
115
Q

Split Inheritance

A

all political power and titles went to the successor, but the palaces, wealth, land and possessions remained in the hands of the previous ruler’s male descendants

116
Q

Inca culture

A
  • Temple of the Sun

- believed the sun to be the highest deity and the Inca (ruler) to be the sun’s representative on earth

117
Q

Inca Imperial Rule

A
  • state bureaucracy
  • intentionally spread the Quechua language as a means of integration
  • move Quechua-speakers to the new territory; move the conquered population to a new home
118
Q

Quipu

A

system of knotted strings utilized by Incas in a place of a writing system

119
Q

Tambos

A

way stations that served as inns, storehouses and supply centers for the armies

120
Q

Mita system

A

demanded labor from their labor

121
Q

Inca women

A

parallel descent: women passed rights and property to daughters, and men to sons
Inca socialism

122
Q

Weakening of the Incas

A
  • royal marriages as a way of forging alliances created rivalries among the Inca leader
  • civil wars in the 1520s greatly weakened the Inca Empire just before the Europeans arrived
123
Q

Sub-Saharan Africa

A

region in Africa south of the Sahara Desert

124
Q

West Africa

A
  • In the Sahel, Ghana, Mali and Songhai(Songhay) will emerge

- they traded in gold and salt

125
Q

Caravan and Camel Trade

A

pack animals - oxen, donkeys horses

-camels were introduced- causing a huge increase in trade across the desert

126
Q

Spread of Islam

A
  • most famous Mali king was Mansa Musa

- Mansa Musa left Mali for the hajj to Mecca

127
Q

Timbuktu

A
  • trading city

- became one of the most important cities of the empire

128
Q

Ibn Battuta

A
  • traveler

- increased interest in Africa

129
Q

Bantu Migration

A
  • bantu people- migrated throughout East and Sub-Saharan Africa by the 2nd century CE
  • agricultural skill (slash and burn); iron-making technologies (metallurgy)
130
Q

Political structures in Sub-Saharan Africa

A
  • did not have centralized power

- stateless societies

131
Q

Hausa Kingdoms

A
  • people of the Hausa ethnic group formed 7 states

- loosely connected through kinship ties, but they also developed a central authority

132
Q

Swahili Language

A

blend of Bantu and Arabic words and concepts

133
Q

Swahili city-states

A

Lamu, Mombasa, Kilwa, and Sofala - each governed by its own king

134
Q

Indian Ocean Trade

A

many Swahili states traded across the Indian Ocean with Arab, Indian and Persian merchants
- traded gold, ivory, quartz, leopard skins and slaves

135
Q

Madagascar

A
  • settled by people from Indonesia, who brought the banana plant with them (native to Southeast Asia)
  • banana cultivation spread inland and led to population growth, agricultural productivity, and growth of chiefdoms and states throughout East Africa
136
Q

Zimbabwe

A
  • emerged between the Zambesi and Limpopo rivers
  • built wood dwellings (called “zimbabwes” in Bantu)
  • gold, which they traded with the Swahili coast
137
Q

Great Zimbabwe

A
  • in the13th century, the capital city of Great Zimbabwe was constructed with a massive wall of stone- the first large wall built on the continent without mortar
  • overgrazing and ecological destruction led to the abandonment of the city
138
Q

Christianity in Africa

A
  • introduced in the 1st century CE
  • Coptic Christians = Egyptians
  • kingdom of Axum will become Ethiopia
139
Q

Ethiopia

A
  • built 11 massive churches made entirely of rock

- their religion developed independently and combined traditions such as ancestor veneration and beliefs in spirits

140
Q

Slavery in Africa

A
  • prisoners of war, debtors, and criminals were often enslaved
  • a strong demand in the Middle East for enslaves workers resulted in the Indian Ocean Slave Trade
141
Q

Which West African leadership figure is best known for his lavish fourteenth-century pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina?

A

Mansa Kankan Musa

142
Q

Fall of Rome/ Rise of the Byzantine Empire

A

Romans set up the eastern capital of their empire in Constantinople
Good: center of Eastern Roman Empire; good for trade and controlled sea route between Mediterranean and Black Sea

143
Q

Emperor Justinian

A

-ruled 527-565

married to Empress Theodora, a courtesan

144
Q

Characteristics of the Byzantine Empire

A
  • autocrat (ruler with absolute power)
  • they spoke Greek
  • Constantinople became the trading hub of Eastern Europe
  • Germanic tribes to the West
  • Sassanid Persians to the East
145
Q

Justinian’s Achievements

A
  • Hagia Sophia (the largest Christian church of its time)

- Justinian’s code

146
Q

Eastern/Greek Orthodoxy

A

1054, the Great Schism occured- official break between Eastern and Western Christianity

147
Q

Roman Catholic Church

  • leader: Pope
  • Pope has authority over all kings and emperors
  • services conducted in Latin
A

Eastern Orthodox Church

  • leader: Patriarch
  • Emperor has authority over patriarchs and bishops
  • priests could marry
  • divorce allowed under certain conditions
  • services conducted in Greek
148
Q

The schism within the Christian church was due to all of these issues EXCEPT:

A

Muslim influence on the Orthodox branch of Christianity

149
Q

Spread of Christianity

A

The Byzantines sent missionaries Cyril and Methodius to spread Orthodox Christianity
-Cyrillic Alphabet

150
Q

Jews in Eastern Europe

A
  • many migrated away from the Middle East and were fleeing intolerance in Western Europe
  • although resented by the Christian majority and barred from agriculture, they continued to maintain cultural and religious traditions
151
Q

Kiev (trading city)

A

Trade through the Dnieper River to the Black Sea and beyond led to important trade cities such as Kiev (9th century)

152
Q

Kievan Rus

A

predecessor to modern Russia

153
Q

How did conversion to Christianity lead to an influx of Byzantine influence?

A

-Prince Vladimir 1 converted to Christianity - Russian Orthodox
Kievan Rus became the largest single state in Europe at the time

154
Q

Decline of the Byzantine Empire

A
  • late 11th century, Turkish invaders will press into the Byzantine Empire
  • Known as Seljuk Turks, they would eventually conquer Constantinople
155
Q

Kievan Decline

A

Mongols took control of Russian cities- called Tatars (from Turkish word)
*Tatars preserved Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy

156
Q

The Byzantine Empire flourished as a crossroads of trade from which regions?

A

Mediterranean, the Middle East and Asia

157
Q

Fall of Rome in the West

A

-era of decentralized power
-local rulers became powerful because they offered protection
600-1450 Middle Ages/Medieval Age/ Dark Age

158
Q

Manorialism

A

system of economic and political relations between landlords and serfs

159
Q

Serfs

A

peasants working on land in exchange for protection

160
Q

Feudalism

A

social system in which lords/kings exchange land for military service/loyalty from knights

161
Q

Three Field System

A

1/3 of the land would be left unplanted every year to regain fertility

162
Q

Voke (horse collar), Stirrups and moldboard plow _____

A

improve agriculture, leading to population growth

163
Q

Rise of kingdoms

A
  • Charles Martel defeated the Muslims in Battle of Tours (732)
  • Charlemagne (Charles the Great)
164
Q

England becomes united

A
  • Viking raiders and Germanic tribes (Anglo-Saxons) settled on the Island of Britain
  • William the Conqueror won Battle of Hastings (1066)
165
Q

Henry II

A

acquired more territory when he married Eleanor of Aquitaine

166
Q

Magna Carta

A

confirmed the right of feudal lords against king

167
Q

Common Law

A

unified body of law

168
Q

Parliament

A

legislative body

169
Q

three estates were formed

A

the Church, nobles and urban leaders

170
Q

Limits of the Monarchy

A
  • knights were loyal to their lords, not the king

- taxation laws

171
Q

Which of the following regions of Western Europe remained most insulated from the general trend towards disorder following the fall of the Roman Empire?

A

France

172
Q

Role of the Church in Medieval Europe

A
  • source of unity
  • pope became top authority, even some had more power over monarchs
  • Gothic architecture*
173
Q

Dar al-Islam/ Decline of Abbasids

A

Seljuk Turks captured Baghdad and ruled in the name of Abbasid caliphs

174
Q

The Crusades

A
  • series of military engagements between western Christians and Muslims over Holy land (Jerusalem)
  • Pope Urban II called for Western European rulers to help defend the Byzantine Empire from Muslims incursions
  • Full forgiveness of sins if you died in battle; promise of winning spoils from rich Arab lands
175
Q

Impact of the Crusades

A

“most successful failure”

high demand for Middle Eastern goods; rugs. textiles, clothes (taffeta, muslin, damask) foods (dates, coffee, yogurt) as well as weapons and building techniques

176
Q

Spanish Crusasdes

A

-Spanish began a long effort to drive out the Moors (Muslims), called the Reconquista
After the consolidation of the Spanish monarchy (Ferdinand and Isabella)

177
Q

Religion and Philosophy

A
  • Scholasticism
  • used reason and logic (Aristotelian) to resolve theological problems and discuss Christian faith
  • Thomas Aquinas ; Believed that through reason it was possible to known much about natural order, moral laws and nature of God
  • universities
178
Q

Many scholars in the Middle Ages

A

attempted to assimilate Christian faith with Greek philosophy and reason

179
Q

Revival of Towns and Trade

A
  • Cities; center of trade

- Merchants became rich by offering to ferry knights and crusaders to the Holy Land

180
Q

Hanseatic League

A
  • urban growth led to more commercial activities

- cities in Northern Germany and Southern Scandinavia joined to form the Hanseatic League

181
Q

Commercial revolution: improved business techniques emerge

A

banking facilities emerged, with bankers lending money to fund business and trade ventures

182
Q

Guilds

A
  • associations of people in the same business

- standards for quality of work and wages

183
Q

Bubonic Plague/Black Death

A

-struck parts of Asia, Northern Africa and Europe
-carried on fleas and rats
25 million dead in Europe; trade declined and prices rose; decline of manorialism; peasants revolt; church suffered loss of prestige

184
Q

Hundred Years War

A
  • France and England conflict
  • this war marked the end of medieval Europe’s society
  • longbow; change warfare weapon innovation
185
Q

Impact of the Hundred Year War

A
  • idea of nationalism emerged in England and France

- “King” now thought of as a national leader and not just a feudal lord

AP World History (6 decks)

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