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AP World History > Unit 2 Network of Exchange (1200-1450) > Flashcards

Unit 2 Network of Exchange (1200-1450) Flashcards

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1
Q

The only indigenous aspect of Japanese culture during the Heian era was

A

Shinto

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2
Q

Heian

A

capital of Japan during feudalism artistic culture 1200-1450

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3
Q

Asian Steppes

A
  • steppes are vast belts of dry grassland
  • Eastern Steppe: (present-day Mongolia) was home to the Huns, Turks and Mongols
  • Marked by little rainfall and short, hardy grasses
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4
Q

Pastoralists

A

def- herders of domesticated animals

  • they lived in portable tents called yurts
  • depended on their animals for food, clothing and housing
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5
Q

Nomads Vs. Settled Societies

A

The steppe nomads always lived near settled societies for purposes of trade

  • they traded animal products in exchange for grain, metal cloth, and tea
  • weakened cities were targets for them to plunder and raid
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6
Q

Rise of Genghis Khan (Temuijn)

A

elected khagan (supreme leader) at a kuriltari (meeting of all Mongol chieftains)

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7
Q

Conquests under Genghis Khan

A

he moved west toward the Kara Khitai Empire (Mongolian-speaking people) and the Khwarazm Empire
Mongol capital at Karakorum

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8
Q

What made Genghis so successful?

A
  • trained from youth to ride, hunt and fight
  • fire bows with accuracy while riding horseback
  • military promotion was based on skill and leadership
  • adapted battle techniques
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9
Q

Genghis Khan Brutal Ways

A

-all conquered territories were required to pay tribute to the Mongol conquerors

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10
Q

Genghis Khan Tolerant Ways

A
  • spared the lives of famous scholars, and artisans with useful skills
  • employ these people as advisors and administrators
  • since their religion was connected to their land (Shamanistic), they were tolerant of other religions
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11
Q

Death of Genghis Khan

A

his sons and grandsons continued the campaign of conquest and divided the empire into khanates which are regional Mongol kingdoms

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12
Q

4 Khanates

A
  • Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia & China)
  • Khanate of Chagatai (Central Asia)
  • The Ilkhanate (Persia)
  • Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia)
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13
Q

Fall of Baghdad

A
  • By the 1200s the Abbasid Caliphate had no real power outside of its capital in Baghdad
  • In 1258 Hulagu Khan attacked Baghdad mosques, hospitals. libraries and palaces
  • the end of the Islamic Golden Age
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14
Q

Peace under the Mongol Empire

A
  • trade routes were made safe and secure, including the Silk Road
  • Pax Mongolica
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15
Q

The Mongol Assault on the Middle East

A

led to the conversion of the Mongols in the area to Nestorian Christianity

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16
Q

Mongols in Russia

A
  • Russian called the Mongols Tatars (or Tartars) meaning “people from hell”
  • the Mongols carried out only successful winter invasion in Russian history
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17
Q

The Golden Horde

A

Batu (Genghis Khan son)

  • in 1240, the Mongols destroyed the city of Kiev
  • Novgorod agreed the Mongol demands for tribute, and the city was spared
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18
Q

Russian Isolation from Europe

A
  • Mongols dominated Russia for 2 and a half centuries
  • Russian princes served as vassals and paid tribute to the Golden Horde
  • Rise of serfdom
  • the Mongols protected Russia from European kingdoms but also isolated it so it developed a culture separate from Western Europe
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19
Q

Rise of Moscow

A
  • By 1328 it served as tribute collector for the Mongols khans and benefitted from increased trade
  • Moscow soon became the seat of the Russian Orthodox Church
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20
Q

Why would Christians in Western Europe initially support the Mongol khans?

A

According to legend, Prester John was a mythical Christian monarch whose kingdoms was cut off from Europe by Muslims conquests

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21
Q

Mongols turn their eye toward Europe

A
  • Mongol attack on Muslim states convinced European Christians that Genghis Khan might be Prester John
  • Batu Khan attempted to invade Hungary and fought against Christians knights in 1240
22
Q

Retreat from Europe

A
  • The death of the khagan Ogedei in 1241 forced Batu to withdraw in preparation for the struggle for succession
  • The conquest of Europe was never resumed
23
Q

Mongols in the Islamic Heartland

A 
Hulegu Khan (another grandson)- the ruler of the Ilkhanate in Persia
-a Mongol victory over the Seljuk Turks in 1242 opened Asia Minor to conquest by a different Turkic-speaking people - the Ottomans
24
Q

Egypt

A
  • Mamluks: Muslim slaves who rebelled and placed their own ruler on the throne in 1254
  • The Mamluk resistance to Mongol invasion received Christian support and ultimately prevented Mongol spread to Africa
25
Q

Ottoman Turks

A
  • a Turkish chieftain named Osman would a campaign against the Seljuk Turks
  • his descendants would call themselves Osmanlis
  • By 1453 the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II would capture the Byzantine capital of Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul
  • they would control all of Greece and the Balkan region
26
Q

Russia’s defeat by the Mongols

A

led to 250 years of Mongol dominance

27
Q

Mongols in China

A

the Mongols began their campaign in China from 1235 to 1279

-demanded tribute from the Song dynasty rulers

28
Q

Rise of Kublai Khan

A

Kublai (or Kubilai) Khan : Genghis Khan grandson

-he gave the Mongol regime in China a Chinese dynastic title, calling it the Yuan Dynasty

29
Q

The Imperial City

A
  • unlike previous Mongol rulers, Kublai moved into the settled areas under his control
  • capital of the Yuan Dynasty at Dadu (present-day Beijing)
  • Chinese advisors (Buddhists, Daoist, and Confucian), as well as nomadic and Muslim allies (Persians/Turks)
30
Q

Why would Kublai establish the policies below?

A

-Mongols were forbidden to marry ethic Chinese
-Mongol military forces remained separate from the Chinese
Although he respected Chinese culture, Kublai attempted to preserve the distinction between Mongol and Chinese to prevent assimilation

31
Q

Admission under the Mongols

A
  • a Mongol encampment of yurts was set up outside the city where the Mongols would live
  • the Yuan Dynasty got rid of the civil service system and ended the privileges of the Confucian scholars
32
Q

Chabi

A
  • close advisor to Kublai and promoted Buddhist interests in China
  • he refused to adopt the social customs of Chinese women
33
Q

Marco Polo

A
  • There he invited to Kublai Khan’s court and served as an administrator for 17 years
  • enhanced European interest in Asia
34
Q

Mongol Expansion in Asia

A

Kublai launched several invasions of Vietnam, Cambodia and Burma- however Mongol forces did not adapt to the humid. tropical jungles of southeast Asia

35
Q

Decline of the Yuan

A
  • In the 1350s, the government could not protect locals from a widespread famine, and corrupt administrators continued to raise higher taxes, which enraged the peasant class
  • White Lotus Society
36
Q

Rise of the Ming

A

Zhu Yuanzhang became a military commander and forced the Mongols out establishing the Ming Dynasty

37
Q

Which of the following is true of commerce in the Indian Ocean during the time period 600-1450 CE?

A

Indian Ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern. and East African merchants

38
Q

Silk Road Revival

A
  • by the 8th and 9th centuries, Arab merchants from the Abbasid Empire revived the land route of the Silk Road as well as sea routes in the Indian Ocean
  • Tang China exported the compass, paper, gunpowder, porcelain, tea and silk
  • they imported cotton, precious stones, pomegranates, dates, horses and grapes
39
Q

Impact of Mongol Empire

A
  • the most significant cause for the revival of the Silk Road trade network was the rise of the Mongol Empire
  • this trade network was unified under one system for the first time
  • the Mongols improved roads and punished bandits, and established new trade channels between Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Europe
40
Q

New Transportation Technologies

A
  • travelling with others in caravans was sager than traveling alone
    -saddles for camels
    -used magnetic compass, improved rudder to help ship control
    Junk ships- similar to the Southwest Asian dhow
41
Q

Effects of Growth of Exchange Networks

A
  • cities along Silk Road became thriving centers of trade
  • Kashgar, Samarkand
  • Caravanserai- inns built for travelers often 100 miles apart
42
Q

Commercial Innovations

A

flying cash - allowed merchants to deposit paper money in one location and withdraw the same amount in another location
bills of exchange - document stating the holder was legally promised payment later in the future

43
Q

Which of the following factors helps explain the rise of urban centers and the increase in trade in Afro-Eurasia during the second half of the thirteenth century?

A

the availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes

44
Q

Trans-Saharan Trade Network

A
  • had become famous throughout Europe and Asia
  • introduction of camels and different types of saddles
  • gold was the most precious commodity
  • in exchange for gold, ivory and slaves, foreign traders brought salt, textiles, and horses
  • also led to spread of Islam
45
Q

Expanding Role of States

A
  • growth of trade led to the rise of the Ghana and Mali empires
  • Founder of Mali, Sundiata
  • By the late 1400s, the Songhai Kingdom had taken over the weakening Mali Empire
46
Q

Griot

A

West African storytellers tasked with passing down oral histories through poems or music

47
Q

Spread of Cultural Traditions

A

As merchants traded along the various networks of exchange, they spread religious beliefs, some of which combined with local traditions

48
Q

EXAMPLES

A

Buddhism- spread to East Asia (Tang Dynasty)
Neo-Confucianism to Japan , Vietnam and Korea
Hinduism and Buddhism spread to Southeast Asia (Khmer Empire)
Islam spread to sub-Saharan Africa/Asia

49
Q

Technological Innovations

A
  • Islamic scholars translated Greek literary classics into Arabic
  • Gunpowder will spread throughout Asia/Middle East/Europe
  • Improvements in agriculture spread from India to Vietnam and China leads to population growth
  • Papermaking leads to rise of literary
50
Q

Travelers within Afro-Eurasia

A 
Marco Polo- wrote about high levels of urbanization & trade-related matters (merchants point of view)
Ibn Battuta- wrote from Muslim point of view
Margery Kempe- English mystic; described pilgrimages to Jerusalem, Rome, Germany and Spain and firsthand account of middle-class medieval woman's life
51
Q

Diffusion of Crops

A

Champa rice- grown in Southeast Asia, offered to Chinese as tribute; drought and flood resistant, yielded 2 crops a year, led to people migrating southward
Bananas- cultivation of sugar, cotton & citrus crops

52
Q

Spread of Epidemic Diseases

A
  • Bubonic plaque
  • some historians believed the caravanserai may have contributed to the spread of disease
  • Europe : population declined, led to end of feudalism, demand for higher wages
  • 25 million Chinese and other Asians died between 1332-1347
  • South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa spared because there were few trading ports in those regions

AP World History (6 decks)

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