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Anatomy And Physiology > Unit 5 Nervous > Flashcards

Unit 5 Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord (inside dorsal bodycavity)

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

12 cranial nerves, 31 spinal nerves

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3
Q

Glial cells

A

‘Glue’ = support cells of neurons

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4
Q

Neuron

A

Major functional cell, main communicator

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5
Q

Soma

A

Cell body of neuron ( w/ nucleus etc.)

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6
Q

Process

A

Extensions from soma

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7
Q

Axon

A

Processes that connects neuron to its target

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8
Q

Dendrite

A

Processes that receive info. (Mainly from other neurons)

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9
Q

Gray matter

A

.neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

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10
Q

White matter

A

Axons W/ fatty coatings (myelin), myelinated axons

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

Found in CNS

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12
Q

Ganglion

A

Cluster of cell bodies in PNS

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13
Q

Node of ranvier

A

Gap in myelin sheath

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14
Q

Axon hillock

A

Initial segment

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15
Q

Axoplasm

A

Cytoplasm inside axon

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16
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Highly developed rough Er of soma

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17
Q

Unipolar(type of neuron)

A

1 process from soma (most sensory neurons)

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18
Q

Bipolar(type of neuron)

A

2 processes, rare (retina, olfaction)

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19
Q

Multipolar (type of neuron)

A

Several processes, most common by far(allmotor and association neurons)

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20
Q

How many glial cells in CNS?

A

4

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21
Q

Astrocytes (glial)

A

Maintain extracellular fluid (mop up ions, neurotransmitters); help from blood-brain barrier, least permeable

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22
Q

Ollgodendrocytes (glial)

A

Provides myelin of CNS

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23
Q

Migroglial cells (glial)

A

Resident macrophages- gobble up debris

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24
Q

Ependymal (glial)

A

Help form cerebral spinal fluid from blood plasma; line ventricles and cover each choroid plexus

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25
Q

Ventricles

A

Fluid filled cavities of CNS

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26
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Knot of capillaries w/ wehtricles

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27
Q

How many glial cells in PNS?

A

2

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28
Q

Satellite cells (glial/PNS)

A

Similar to astrocytes (no blood barrier though)

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29
Q

Schwann cells (glial/PNS)

A

Myelin sheath of PNS

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30
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles axons of PNS

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31
Q

Tracts

A

Bundled axons in CNS

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32
Q

Nervous system functions

A

Sensory, integration, response

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33
Q

Sensory ( nervous func.)

A

Sense changes/ stimuli in the env’t (internaland external)

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34
Q

Integration (nervous func.)

A

Associate stimuli and memories/learning/ emotion to determine responses

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35
Q

Response (nervous func.)

A

Send response instructions to effectors (glands/muscles) = motor function

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36
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Conscious perception and voluntary response, effectors = skeletal muscle

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37
Q

Automatic nervous system

A

Involuntary control of most organ systems; effectors = smooth + cardiac muscle and glands

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38
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest and digest

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39
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight

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40
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Autonomous func. Of digestive tract, can operate independent of CNS, contains more neurons of spinal cord

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41
Q

Transmembrane proteins and APs

A

To separate Lons and generate action potentials, transmembrane proteins required

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42
Q

What is pumped into sodium-potassium pump?

A

3 na+ pumped out of cell; 2k pumped in

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43
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Responsible for na+ as major extracellular cation, k+ major intracellular cation,ATP required, required to maintain restingmembrane potential

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44
Q

Ion channels

A

Ion flow by diffusion

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45
Q

Electrochemical exclusion ( ion channels)

A

Channels allow cations or anions,not both

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46
Q

Size exclusion (ion channels)

A

Pore size can exclude some ions

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47
Q

Nonspecific channels (ion channels)

A

Allow multiple ions to diffuse

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48
Q

Gated channels (ion channels)

A

Must be unlinked to open

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49
Q

Ligand - gated channels

A

Gated channels, molecules/neurotransmitter binds to channel, channel open, allow diffuse

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50
Q

Mechanically gated channels

A

Distortion of membrane opens channel, pressure, temp.

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51
Q

Voltage gated channel

A

Local depolarization (change in voltage)opens

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52
Q

Leakage channels

A

Open and close at random, neurons have both k+ and na+ leakage channels, Na and K must work constantly

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53
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Build up of Na + ions outside, large anions ( proteins, phosphates) inside cell, k+ leaks out, attracts anions too big and wrong charge to pass, na-k pump maintains gradients

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54
Q

AP step 1 and 2

A

① stimulus causes gated Na channels to open, membrane depolarizes
② if enough Na enters @axon hillock, threshol is reached

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55
Q

Depolarize

A

Voltage moves closer to zero,membrane becomes ↓ polarized

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56
Q

AP step 3 and 4

A

③ voltage gated Na channels open
④ Na floods into cell, depolarization continues to + 30mv

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57
Q

AP steps 5 and 6

A

⑤ voltage gated Na channels close / inactivate
⑥ voltage gated k channels open and K floods out of the cell

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58
Q

Repolarize

A

Voltage moves back toward RMP

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59
Q

AP steps 7 and 8

A

⑦ membrane repolarizes
⑧ voltage gated K channels close

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60
Q

AP steps 9 and 10

A

⑨ membrane hyperpolarizes
10. Voltage gated k channels close

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61
Q

Hyperpolarize

A

Voltage goes below RMP, membrane over polarized

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62
Q

Refectory periods

A

AP only occur 1 at a time,

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63
Q

Absolute refectory period

A

No new AP can be initiated

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64
Q

Relative refectory period

A

AP possible, but stimulus> than normal threshold

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65
Q

Voltage gated Na channels have 2 gates

A

Activation/inactivation gate
- both gates must ‘reset’ before next AP possible
-Absolute refectory period = activation

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66
Q

① activation gate

A

Opens at threshold, Na floods in=depolarization

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67
Q

② inactivation gale

A

Closes immediately after, Na blocked,k channels open, k floods out= repolarization
- stop ion flow

68
Q

Un myelinated neurons ( AP propagation )

A

Continuous conduction
- Na entering triggers adjacent Na gates to open

69
Q

Myelinated neurons (ap propagation)

A

Saltatory conduction
- Na gates at nodes of ranvier,myelin prevents ion leakage, ap’s leap between segments
- saltatory 10X faster than continuous

70
Q

Speed ↑ w/ axon diameter =

A

Less resistance

71
Q

Graded potentials

A

Depend on stimulus strength, AP’S are all or none and all the same, changes in membrane potential that vary m size

72
Q

Strong stimulus =

A

↑ graded potential

73
Q

Generator potentials

A

Graded potentials or unipolar sensory neuron dendrites

74
Q

Receptor potentials

A

Graded potentials of special sensory cells (like rods and cones) that communicate W/ sensory neurons

75
Q

What do neurotransmitters generate?

A

Post synaptic potentials ( PSPs)

76
Q

Excitatory post synaptic potentials(EPSPs)

A
  • Depolarizing (closer to threshold) Na or ca enters
  • depolarize membrane
77
Q

Inhibitory post synaptic potentials (IPSP)

A

Hyperpolarizes (away from threshold) K exits or Cl enters

78
Q

Where does graded potential summate?

A

At axon hillock(initial segment)
- If graded potentials summate to threshold, AP generated

79
Q

Summation

A

Graded potentials ‘added up’ @ axon hillock,
Combine to reach threshold of AP

80
Q

Temporal summation

A

Rapid succession of excitatory potentials lead to threshold

81
Q

Spinal summation

A

Excitatory potential

82
Q

The synapse - “connection’ between cells
2 types:

A

Electrical and chemical synapse

83
Q

Electrical synapse

A

Gap junctions directly connect neurons (rare)

84
Q

Chemical synapse

A

Junction between neurons where signals are transmitted vid the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters

85
Q

Synapse steps 1,2,3

A

① AP arrives at synaptic end bulb
② voltage -gated ca channels open - Ca enters
③ synapse vesicles motor to presynaptic membrane

86
Q

Synapse steps 4 and 5

A

④ neurotransmitters ↑ into synapse cleft via exocytosis
⑤ neurotransmitters diffuse across cleft, bind to receptors on post synaptic membrane

87
Q

Synapse steps 6 and 7

A

⑥ receptors change conformation
⑦ neurotransmitters break↓ or re-uptake

88
Q

Ionotropic receptor ( ligand gated)

A

Neurotransmitter binds, channel opens, ions flow

89
Q

Metabotropic receptor

A

Neurotransmitter binds-metabolism changes ensue
- G protein coupled receptors that active second messenger systems

90
Q

What is G protein activated by?

A

By GTP and moves to effector protein

91
Q

What does effector protein generate?

A

Generates 2nd messenger (like camp)

92
Q

What does 2nd messenger cause?

A

Cause changes (open or close ion channels, activate or deactivate enzymes, change gene transcription)

93
Q

Where does nervous system develop?

A

Develop from ectoderm

94
Q

Remnants of hollow center of neural tube =

A

CSF filled w/ventricles and central canal

95
Q

Spinal bitida

A

Failure of neural tube to close

96
Q

Occulata(spinal bifida)

A

‘Hidden’ - vert. Fail to fuse

97
Q

Meningocele (spinal bitida)

A

Meninges (protective membranes) protrude

98
Q

Myelomeningocele ( spinal bifida)

A

Meninges + spinal nerve

99
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest region of brain
- frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital, and major landmarks like central sulcus and lateral sulcus

100
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Wrinkly outer few mm of grey matter
- primary sensory, association, integration

101
Q

Central hemisphere

A

Right and left symmetrical regions connected by corpus callous

102
Q

Cortex divided into 4 (or 5) lobes

A
  • Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal, occipital
103
Q

Gyri and sulci (sulcus )

A

Gyros = ridges, sulcus = grooves
Lobes defined by prominent gyro and sulcus

104
Q

Central sulcus

A

Frontal lobe anterior, parietal lobe posterior

105
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Temporal lobe inferior, occipital lobe posterior

106
Q

5th lobe: deep to lateral sulcus

A

Insult

107
Q

Cerebral contains 3 types of processing regions:

A

Primary, association, and integration

108
Q

Primary cortical areas

A

Sensory info initially processed, or motor commands emerge

109
Q

Association cortical areas

A

Adjacent primary areas further process medically

110
Q

Multimodal integration cortical areas

A

Found where modality- specific regions meet; process multiple modalities to unify experience

111
Q

Broadman’S areas =

A

Specialized cortex regions

112
Q

Primary motor cortex (broadman’s)

A

Final motor commands, originate here (precentral gyros)

113
Q

Primary somatosensory (broadmans)

A

Perception of general senses

114
Q

Primary visual (broadmans)

A

Visual perception (posterior - medial occipital lobe)

115
Q

Premotor cortex (broadmans)

A

Muscle memory, planned movements.

116
Q

Somatosensory association cortex (broadmans)

A

Sensory memories

117
Q

Visual association (broadmans)

A

Visual memories

118
Q

Primary auditory (broadmans)

A

Sound perception

119
Q

Auditory association(broadmans)

A

Sound memories

120
Q

Broca’S area (broadman’s)

A

Language production,muscles for speech

121
Q

Wernicke’S area (broadmans)

A

Understanding speech, learning vocab.

122
Q

Prefrontal cortex (broadmans)

A

Logic, personality, consciousness, short-term memory (anterior integration area)

123
Q

Frontal eye field (broadmans)

A

Eye movement

124
Q

Subcortical nuclei of the cerebrum

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, basal forebrain

125
Q

Hippocampus and amygdala

A

Emotional response, long-term, memory, major components of lambic system( links autonomic to consciousness motivation)

126
Q

Basal forebralh

A

Produces ACH-moderates overall activity of cortex wakefulness

127
Q

Conus medullaris (spinal cord)

A

End of cord (=L1 - L2)

128
Q

Caudal equine (spinal cord)

A

Roots of lower lumbar, sacral, coccygeal nerves

129
Q

Filum terminala (spinal cord)

A

Extension of pla mater, anchors cord

130
Q

Spinal cord: gray matter

A

Dorsal (posterior) horn, ventral (anterior) horn, lateral horn

131
Q

Dorsal (posterior) horn

A

Entering sensory axons and processing

132
Q

Ventral (anterior) horn

A

Somatic motor neuron cell bodies

133
Q

Lateral horn and sacral lateral horn

A

Autonomic motor neurons ( T 1- L2 = sympathetic motor,
Sacral lateral horn= parasympathetic motor (autonomic)

134
Q

Spinal cord: whole matter

A

Posterior (dorsal) columns, lateral columns, anterior (ventral) columns

135
Q

Posterior (dorsal) columns

A

All ascending (sensory) tracts

136
Q

Lateral columns

A

Ascending + descending (motor)

137
Q

Anterior (ventral) columns

A

Ascending + descending

138
Q

Dorsal column system (ascending sensory pathways)

A

( Aka dorsal column) - medial leminscus pathway

139
Q

What does 1st order neuron ascend w/? (Ascending sensory pathways)

A

Ascends via fascicles cune atussupper trunk, arms, neck) or fascicles gracilis (lower trunk, legs)

140
Q

Synapse w/ 2nd order neuron? (Ascending sensory pathways)

A

WI 2nd order neuron in medulla and decussates (crosses overs

141
Q

2nd order ascends? (Ascending sensors pathways)

A

Ascends via medial lemnisces synapses WI 3rd neuron in thalamus

142
Q

3rd order to cortex? (Ascending sensors pathways)

A

Fine touch and proprocopion (body position)

143
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

1st order neuron synapses w/ 2nd order neuron in dorsal horn and decessates
- 2nd order ascends via spinothalamic (ventral or lateral)

144
Q

Sensory homunculus

A

Contralateral ‘map’ of cortex projection n primary
- Perception depends on where cortex is stimulated-.

145
Q

Spinocerebellar tract (sensory homunculus)

A

1st order neuron synapses w/ 2nd order neuron in dorsal horn
- 2nd order ascends, synapses on same Side (spilateral) in cerebellum
- no 3rd neuron

146
Q

Corticosinal tract (descending pathway)

A

Large upper motor neurons of primary motor cortex descend to brain stem(canal motor) or spinal cord
- synapse w/ ventral horn

147
Q

Subcortical nuclei of the cerebrum basal nuclei
3 nuclei:

A

Caudate nucleus, putamon, globus pallidus
Caudate nucleus + putamen= striatum

148
Q

Main processing nuclei

A

. Receive info from various regions, cluster of neuron cell bodies in CNS

149
Q

Globus pallidas

A

Main efferent path, excites or inhibits movements
- internal and external segment

150
Q

Ganglia

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

151
Q

Types of transmembrane protein involved in generating AP

A

Voltage gated sodium,voltage gated potassium, sodium-potassium pump

152
Q

Types of gated channels

A

Voltage-gated, ligand-gated,mechanically gated channels
- leakage channels are always open

153
Q

Simple steps of AP

A

Depolarization, depolarization, hyper polarization
- occur do to opening and closing of voltage gated Lon channels

154
Q

When do active gates open?

A

Open in response to depolarization

155
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Rapid transmission of AP along myelinated axons, where the impulse jumps from 1 node of ranvier to the next

156
Q

Threshold

A

Membrane potential at which an AP is trigged

157
Q

Basic parts of a chemical synapse

A

Presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, and post synaptic membrane
- they function to transmit signals via neurotransmitters

158
Q

Types of spina bifida

A

Occult, meningocele, myclomeningocele

159
Q

Major subcortical nuclei

A

Basal nuclei which are involved n movement regulation

160
Q

Direct pathway of basal nuclei and indnect

A

Direct: encourage movement, indirect: discourages it

161
Q

Major neurotransmitters of basal nuclei

A

Dopamine, GABA, glutamate

162
Q

Major regions of diencepharon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus,and epithalamus

163
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

Coordinates movement and balance

164
Q

Function of cerebella peduncle

A

Transmits specific types of info,

165
Q

Major arteries of function of circle of Willis

A

Internal carotid and basilar artery
- provides collateral blood flow to brain

166
Q

Major venous return vessels

A

Include internal jugular veins

167
Q

What is arachnoid villi associated w/?

A

Return of CSF to venous system

Anatomy And Physiology (7 decks)

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