Unit 2 Test Flashcards
Nervous Tissue
Rapid detection and communication
Muscle Tissue
Movement (voluntary and involuntary)
Connective Tissue
Binds,supports (+blood)
Epithelial Tissue
Linings, coverings, glands
Mucous Membranes
-‘Wet’ membranes that can open to the exterior
-Include digestive,respiratory, reproductive tracts
Sereous Membranes
-line cavities that do not open to exterior
-pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
Tissue Membranes
Sheets that cover or line body/organs
Tight junctions
Water-tight, sewn together, banner between epithelial cells
Anchoring Junctions
Strong and flexible, like rivets/buttons -connect cytoskeleton to extracellular matrix
Gap junctions
Tiny tubes, allows small molecules and ions to pass btwn cells
Goblet Cell
-Simple columnar, single celled glands
-Secrete mucous
Glandular Epithelium
- gland
- 1 or more cells that secrete aqueous fluid
Endocrine gland
- Glandular epi
- Secrete hormones directly to blood
Exocrine gland
- Glandular epi
- secrete into ducts, sweat glands for example
Tubular Glands
Secretory cells form straight or coiled tubes
Exocrine gland structure
Alveolar Glands
Secretory cells form pockets and acini
Branched
Multiple secretory units empty into single duct
Merocrine
Exocytosis (most common)
Apocrine
Apical portion of cell ‘pinches off’ (sweat glands at armpits)
Holocrine
Cell ruptures and is destroyed ( sebaceous/oil glands of skin)
Function of CT
Binds tissues together, support, protection, insulation
CT Proper
Loose and dense
Fibers with viscous ground substance
Fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal
Supportive CT
Bone and cartilage
Fluid CT
Blood and lymph
Fibroblasts
Make fibers and ground substance
Adipocytes
Store lipids
Mesenchymal cells
Stem cells
Migrating cells of immune system
Macrophages, phagocytes, plasma cells
Collagen Fiber
Great tensile strength, principle component of tendons and ligaments
Elastic Fiber
Recoil due to protein elastic abundant in skin and vertebral ligaments
Reticular Fiber
Similar to collagen but thinner and branched, abundant in spleen, lymph, liver
Skeletal muscle
Long fibers, striped, many nuclei
Attach to bones, around mouth, anus
Smooth muscle
Short spindle shaped cells, look pressure
Walls of major organs/vessels
Cardiac muscle
Branched, striated cells w/ I nucleus , inter calculated discs
Involuntary pumps blood
Heart
Dermis
Dense irregular c.t. (Mainly), houses blood vessels
Hypodermic
Mainly adipose C.t., not technically part of skin, good site for injections
Layers of epidermis (5)
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucid, stratum corneum
Stratum basale (or germanitivum)
1rst deepest layers (mainly stern cells)
Stratum spinosum
Desmosomes link cells
Stratum granulosum
Lamellar granules = keratin and keratonyalin
Stratum lucrdum
Dead, flattened curs of eleiden (water - resistant keratonyalin derivative) thick skin only
Stratum corneum
Heavily keratinized; abrasion, microbe and hydration resistance
Thick skin
Palms and soles
Layers of dermis
Papillary layer, reticular layer
Papillary layer
Aerolar ct, touch and pain receptors, phagocytes & capillaries
Reticular layer
Dense irregular et, interwoven collagen + elastic fibers, rich in blood vessels and sensory receptors
Eumelanin
Most common, black and brown types
Phenomelanin
Red, produced by melanocytes
Melanosomes
Taken up by keratinocytes, protects from UV damage
Moles B freckles
Irregular, concentrated melanocytes
Cyanosis (blood)
A poorly oxygenated blood
Juandice-yellow cast
Possible liver disorder
Addi sons disease
Hyposecretion of cortex hormones
Addi sons disease
Hyposecretion of cortex hormones
Vitiligo
Patches where melanin not produced
Albinoism
Melanocytes fail to produce melanin
Characteristics of epithelial
Avascular, apical surface, basal surface, basement membrane, connective tissue, and cilia
Characteristics of connective tissue
Cells, amorphous ground substance, and protein fibers
Characteristics of muscle tissue
Respond to stimuli, contractility, stretch, involuntary control,
Characteristics of nervous tissue
Send and receive electrochemical signals that provide body with information
Epithelial cell types
Stratified, cubical, columnar, psuedostratified, transitional
Connective cell types
Fibroblasts,adipocytes,mast cells, macrophages, monocytes, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes
Muscle cell types
Cardiac, smooth, skeletal
Nervous cell types
Sensory neurons
Ground substance
Mix of proteoglycans and glycoproteins and it occupies space between dermal structure
Fibers
Individual muscle cells that make up muscle tissue
Matrix
Material or tissue that exists between cells
Function of ground substance
Protein synthesis, break down of nutrients and movement of organelles
Function of fibers
Help to control the physical forces within the body
Function of matrix
Contains growth factors that let the cell know when to divide and not
Proteoglycans
Structural development, organization, hydration, functional properties of tissue
Proteoglycans
Structural development, organization, hydration, functional properties of tissue
Gag’s
Regulation of cell growth, promotion of cell adhesion, wound repair
Basement membrane
Layer of extracellular matrix that separates and supports tissues in the body
Layers of basement membrane (2)
- Basal Latina and reticular lemma
Cutaneous membrane
Protection of body against trauma, and also prevents excessive water loss
Synovial membrane
Protect joints they surround
Microvilli
Increase the cells surface area to allow for more absorption or secretion
Cilia
Move together to sweep out dust and mucus
Lucunae
Spaces between bones, provide 9 home for cells it contains while also keeping them alive and functional
Lucunae
Spaces between bones, provide 9 home for cells it contains while also keeping them alive and functional
Connective tissue membranes
Synovial membrane, surround kidney
Epithelial membrane
Mucous, serious, cutaneous
Arrector pili
. Smooth muscle attached to follicle, papillary causes goosebumps
Glassy membrane
Thick, clear basement membrane between epidermal and dermis layers of root shaft
Eccrine sweat gland
Most common) = coiled tubular glands, release sweat
Apocrine sweat glands location
Maxillary & genetial, active at puberty
Sebum
Mix of lipids /fatty acids
Function of integumentary system
Protection, sensory, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis
Hair root plexus
Sensory, free nerve endings around hair bulb, Terkel cells
Messiness tactile corpuscle)
Light touch
Pacinian (lamented) corpuscle
Deep pressure /vibration
Homeostatic imbalance
Cancer, UV exposure (1 in 5)
Basal cell carcinoma
Arise from stratum basale, easily treated
Squamous cell carcinoma
12 in 10), arise from stratum spinosum, more dangerous than basal cell
Melanoma
Arise from melanocytes, least commons most dangerous
Blister
Epidermis and dermis separate
How do nutrients get to epithelia al tissue
Since t is avascular, nutrients enter by diffusion or absorption from underlying tissues or the surface
How are hairs formed?
Cells multiply and make keratin to harden the structure, they are pushed ud the follicle and through the skins surface as a shaft of hair
Merle cells
Touch sensation
Longer Han cells
Immune cells
1rst step of tissue repair
Inflammation, hours to days, initiated by necrosis = accidental cell death
- vasodilation occurs due to mast cells
- clot forms to bind wound, prevent infection
2nd step of tissue repair
Waste removal and angiogenesis, days to weeks
- granulation tissue=temporary capillaries grow into wound
- replaced by scartissue (collagen fibers)
- macrophages remove/digest debris
3rd step of tissue repair
Remodeling, regeneration and scar tissue
- epithelial tissue regenerates
- granulation tissue replaced with scar tissue
-regenerates under lying scar
