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Anatomy And Physiology > Unit 2 Test > Flashcards

Unit 2 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Rapid detection and communication

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2
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Movement (voluntary and involuntary)

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3
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Binds,supports (+blood)

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4
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Linings, coverings, glands

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5
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

-‘Wet’ membranes that can open to the exterior
-Include digestive,respiratory, reproductive tracts

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6
Q

Sereous Membranes

A

-line cavities that do not open to exterior
-pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

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7
Q

Tissue Membranes

A

Sheets that cover or line body/organs

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8
Q

Tight junctions

A

Water-tight, sewn together, banner between epithelial cells

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9
Q

Anchoring Junctions

A

Strong and flexible, like rivets/buttons -connect cytoskeleton to extracellular matrix

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10
Q

Gap junctions

A

Tiny tubes, allows small molecules and ions to pass btwn cells

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11
Q

Goblet Cell

A

-Simple columnar, single celled glands
-Secrete mucous

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12
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A
  • gland
  • 1 or more cells that secrete aqueous fluid
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13
Q

Endocrine gland

A
  • Glandular epi
  • Secrete hormones directly to blood
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14
Q

Exocrine gland

A
  • Glandular epi
  • secrete into ducts, sweat glands for example
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15
Q

Tubular Glands

A

Secretory cells form straight or coiled tubes
Exocrine gland structure

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16
Q

Alveolar Glands

A

Secretory cells form pockets and acini

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17
Q

Branched

A

Multiple secretory units empty into single duct

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18
Q

Merocrine

A

Exocytosis (most common)

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19
Q

Apocrine

A

Apical portion of cell ‘pinches off’ (sweat glands at armpits)

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20
Q

Holocrine

A

Cell ruptures and is destroyed ( sebaceous/oil glands of skin)

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21
Q

Function of CT

A

Binds tissues together, support, protection, insulation

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22
Q

CT Proper

A

Loose and dense
Fibers with viscous ground substance
Fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal

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23
Q

Supportive CT

A

Bone and cartilage

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24
Q

Fluid CT

A

Blood and lymph

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25
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Make fibers and ground substance

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26
Q

Adipocytes

A

Store lipids

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27
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Stem cells

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28
Q

Migrating cells of immune system

A

Macrophages, phagocytes, plasma cells

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29
Q

Collagen Fiber

A

Great tensile strength, principle component of tendons and ligaments

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30
Q

Elastic Fiber

A

Recoil due to protein elastic abundant in skin and vertebral ligaments

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31
Q

Reticular Fiber

A

Similar to collagen but thinner and branched, abundant in spleen, lymph, liver

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32
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Long fibers, striped, many nuclei
Attach to bones, around mouth, anus

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33
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Short spindle shaped cells, look pressure
Walls of major organs/vessels

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34
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Branched, striated cells w/ I nucleus , inter calculated discs
Involuntary pumps blood
Heart

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35
Q

Dermis

A

Dense irregular c.t. (Mainly), houses blood vessels

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36
Q

Hypodermic

A

Mainly adipose C.t., not technically part of skin, good site for injections

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37
Q

Layers of epidermis (5)

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucid, stratum corneum

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38
Q

Stratum basale (or germanitivum)

A

1rst deepest layers (mainly stern cells)

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39
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Desmosomes link cells

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40
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Lamellar granules = keratin and keratonyalin

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41
Q

Stratum lucrdum

A

Dead, flattened curs of eleiden (water - resistant keratonyalin derivative) thick skin only

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42
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Heavily keratinized; abrasion, microbe and hydration resistance

43
Q

Thick skin

A

Palms and soles

44
Q

Layers of dermis

A

Papillary layer, reticular layer

45
Q

Papillary layer

A

Aerolar ct, touch and pain receptors, phagocytes & capillaries

46
Q

Reticular layer

A

Dense irregular et, interwoven collagen + elastic fibers, rich in blood vessels and sensory receptors

47
Q

Eumelanin

A

Most common, black and brown types

48
Q

Phenomelanin

A

Red, produced by melanocytes

49
Q

Melanosomes

A

Taken up by keratinocytes, protects from UV damage

50
Q

Moles B freckles

A

Irregular, concentrated melanocytes

51
Q

Cyanosis (blood)

A

A poorly oxygenated blood

52
Q

Juandice-yellow cast

A

Possible liver disorder

53
Q

Addi sons disease

A

Hyposecretion of cortex hormones

54
Q

Addi sons disease

A

Hyposecretion of cortex hormones

55
Q

Vitiligo

A

Patches where melanin not produced

56
Q

Albinoism

A

Melanocytes fail to produce melanin

57
Q

Characteristics of epithelial

A

Avascular, apical surface, basal surface, basement membrane, connective tissue, and cilia

58
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A

Cells, amorphous ground substance, and protein fibers

59
Q

Characteristics of muscle tissue

A

Respond to stimuli, contractility, stretch, involuntary control,

60
Q

Characteristics of nervous tissue

A

Send and receive electrochemical signals that provide body with information

61
Q

Epithelial cell types

A

Stratified, cubical, columnar, psuedostratified, transitional

62
Q

Connective cell types

A

Fibroblasts,adipocytes,mast cells, macrophages, monocytes, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes

63
Q

Muscle cell types

A

Cardiac, smooth, skeletal

64
Q

Nervous cell types

A

Sensory neurons

65
Q

Ground substance

A

Mix of proteoglycans and glycoproteins and it occupies space between dermal structure

66
Q

Fibers

A

Individual muscle cells that make up muscle tissue

67
Q

Matrix

A

Material or tissue that exists between cells

68
Q

Function of ground substance

A

Protein synthesis, break down of nutrients and movement of organelles

69
Q

Function of fibers

A

Help to control the physical forces within the body

70
Q

Function of matrix

A

Contains growth factors that let the cell know when to divide and not

71
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Structural development, organization, hydration, functional properties of tissue

72
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Structural development, organization, hydration, functional properties of tissue

73
Q

Gag’s

A

Regulation of cell growth, promotion of cell adhesion, wound repair

74
Q

Basement membrane

A

Layer of extracellular matrix that separates and supports tissues in the body

75
Q

Layers of basement membrane (2)

A
  • Basal Latina and reticular lemma
76
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Protection of body against trauma, and also prevents excessive water loss

77
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Protect joints they surround

78
Q

Microvilli

A

Increase the cells surface area to allow for more absorption or secretion

79
Q

Cilia

A

Move together to sweep out dust and mucus

80
Q

Lucunae

A

Spaces between bones, provide 9 home for cells it contains while also keeping them alive and functional

81
Q

Lucunae

A

Spaces between bones, provide 9 home for cells it contains while also keeping them alive and functional

82
Q

Connective tissue membranes

A

Synovial membrane, surround kidney

83
Q

Epithelial membrane

A

Mucous, serious, cutaneous

84
Q

Arrector pili

A

. Smooth muscle attached to follicle, papillary causes goosebumps

85
Q

Glassy membrane

A

Thick, clear basement membrane between epidermal and dermis layers of root shaft

86
Q

Eccrine sweat gland

A

Most common) = coiled tubular glands, release sweat

87
Q

Apocrine sweat glands location

A

Maxillary & genetial, active at puberty

88
Q

Sebum

A

Mix of lipids /fatty acids

89
Q

Function of integumentary system

A

Protection, sensory, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis

90
Q

Hair root plexus

A

Sensory, free nerve endings around hair bulb, Terkel cells

91
Q

Messiness tactile corpuscle)

A

Light touch

92
Q

Pacinian (lamented) corpuscle

A

Deep pressure /vibration

93
Q

Homeostatic imbalance

A

Cancer, UV exposure (1 in 5)

94
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Arise from stratum basale, easily treated

95
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

12 in 10), arise from stratum spinosum, more dangerous than basal cell

96
Q

Melanoma

A

Arise from melanocytes, least commons most dangerous

97
Q

Blister

A

Epidermis and dermis separate

98
Q

How do nutrients get to epithelia al tissue

A

Since t is avascular, nutrients enter by diffusion or absorption from underlying tissues or the surface

99
Q

How are hairs formed?

A

Cells multiply and make keratin to harden the structure, they are pushed ud the follicle and through the skins surface as a shaft of hair

100
Q

Merle cells

A

Touch sensation

101
Q

Longer Han cells

A

Immune cells

102
Q

1rst step of tissue repair

A

Inflammation, hours to days, initiated by necrosis = accidental cell death
- vasodilation occurs due to mast cells
- clot forms to bind wound, prevent infection

103
Q

2nd step of tissue repair

A

Waste removal and angiogenesis, days to weeks
- granulation tissue=temporary capillaries grow into wound
- replaced by scartissue (collagen fibers)
- macrophages remove/digest debris

104
Q

3rd step of tissue repair

A

Remodeling, regeneration and scar tissue
- epithelial tissue regenerates
- granulation tissue replaced with scar tissue
-regenerates under lying scar

Anatomy And Physiology (4 decks)

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