Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
Different level of structural organization
A
Atoms, molecules, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
- chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal level
2
Q
Integumentary
A
Protects body, regulates temp
3
Q
Skeletal
A
Supports body, protects organs
4
Q
Muscular
A
Allow movement, maintains posture
5
Q
Nervous
A
Controls body activities, respond to stimuli
6
Q
Endocrine
A
Regulates body functions through hormones
7
Q
Cardiovascular
A
Transports nutrients and waste
8
Q
Lymphatic
A
Defends against infection
9
Q
Respiratory
A
Supplies oxygen, removes carbon dioxide
10
Q
Digestive
A
Breaks ↓ food, absorbs nutrients
11
Q
Urinary
A
Eliminates waste, regulates water balance
12
Q
Reproductive
A
Produce offspring
13
Q
Home stasis
A
Maintenance of a stable internal env’t despite changes in external conditions
14
Q
Negative feedback
A
Reduce output or activity to return to a set point (body temp.)
15
Q
Positive feedback
A
↑ the output or activity (blood clotting)
16
Q
Anatomical position
A
Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward
17
Q
Distal
A
Farther from the point of attachment
18
Q
Superior
A
Above or higher
19
Q
Inferior
A
Below or lower
20
Q
Anterior and posterior
A
Anterior: front, posterior: back
21
Q
Medial and lateral
A
Medial: towards midline, lateral: away from midline
22
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to point of attachment
23
Q
Sagittal:
Frontal:
Transverse:
A
Sagittal- divides body into left and right
Frontal - divides body into anterior and posterior
Transverse - divides body into superior and inferior
24
Q
Dorsal cavity
A
Contains brain and spinal cord
25
Ventral cavity
Contains thoracic and abdominopeltic cavities
26
Thoracic cavity
Contains heart and lungs
27
Abdommopelvic cavity
Digestive organs, kidneys, bladder
28
Smallest unit of any element
Atom
29
Where are protons and neutrons found?
Nucleus
30
Where are electrons found?
Orbit the nucleus
31
Major elements of the human body?
Oxygen, Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
32
Electron shells
Energy levels where electrons orbit
33
Rule of 8
Atoms are stable with 8 electrons in their outer shell
34
What do electrons determine?
Bond formation
35
Ionic bonds
Involve the transfer of electrons
36
Covalent bonds
Involve the sharing of electrons
37
What are negative/positive ions called?
- Anions
+ cations
38
Non-polar/ polar covalent bonds
Non-polar = share electrons equally
Polar = share electrons unequally
39
Single/ double bonds
Single =share one pair of electrons
Double = share 2 pairs
40
Hydrogen bonds
Weak bonds between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom
41
What do hydrogen bonds affect?
Shape and properties of molecules
42
Acid and base pH
Acid= ↓ than 7
Base =↑ than 7
43
What do strong acids/bases dissociate completely in?
In water; weak acids/bases don't
44
4 major categories of organic molecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nuclei acids
45
Carbohydrates
Provide energy (glucose)
46
Lipids
Store energy, form cell membranes (fats)
47
Proteins
Catalyze reactions, provide structure (enzymes)
48
Nuclei acids
Store genetic info (dna,rna)
49
Building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
50
What enzymes catalyze?
Biochemical reactions
51
Forming of protein shape:
Folding and bonding of amino acids
52
Desaturation
Loss of shape due to external stress (heat)
53
Cells
Basic unit of life
54
Cell theory
All living things are composed of cells; and all cells come from pre-existing cells
55
Basic parts of a cell:
Plasma membrane,cytoplasm,nucleus
56
Plasma membrane
Regulates the movement of substances in and out the cell
57
Components of cell membrane:
Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates
58
Integral proteins
Span the membrane and assist in transport and communication
59
Sodium- potassium pump
Protein that pumps out of cells and potassium into cells, using ATP
60
Cilia
Hair-like structures that move fluid across cell surfaces
61
Flagella
Tail-like structures that propel cells
62
Nucleus
Contains genetic material
63
Mitochondria
Produce energy (ATP)
64
Ribosomes
Synthesize proteins
65
Endoplasmic reticular
Synthesize proteins and lipids
66
Golgi apparatus
Modifies and packaging proteins
67
Lysosomes
Digest cellular waste
68
Peroxisones
Break ↓ fatty acids
69
Cytoskeleton
Provides structure and support
70
Passive transport
Movement of substances w/o energy (diffusion and osmosis)
71
Active transport
Movement of substances w/ energy
(Sodium potassium, endocytosis, exoctosis)
72
Phase of cell cycle:
Interphase: cell growth and DNA replication
Mitosis: division of nucleus
Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm
73
Where is DNA replicated?
During the S phase of interphase, it's necessary for cell division
74
Enzymes involved n DNA replication?
DNA polymerase.
75
Semi conservative replication
Each new DNA molecule has one old and one new strand
76
Steps of protein synthesis
Transcription: DNA to mRNA in the nucleus
Translation: mRNA to protein in cytoplasm
77
DNA
Double - stranded and contains deoxyribose
78
RNA
Single-stranded and contains ribose
79
Enzymes and molecules involved n protein syntheses
. RNA, polymerase, ribosomes, tRNA,mRNA
80
Introns
Non-coding regions of RNA
81
Exons
Coding regions
82
Tissues
Groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function
83
4 categories of tissues
Epithelial, connective, muscles and nervous tissues
84
Function of epithelial
Covers body surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands: protection, absorption, secretion
85
Function of connective
Supports, protects, binds other tissues; includes bone, blood, adipose
86
Function of muscle
Produces movement; includes skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle
87
Function of nervous
Transmits impulses; includes neurons and glial cells
88
Location of epithelial
Skin, lining of GI tract, glands
89
Location of connective
Bone, blood, tehdohs, fat
90
Location of muscle
Heart, skeletal muscles, walls of hollow organs
91
Location of nervous
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
92
Different cell types of epithelial
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar cells, protection, absorption
93
Different cell types of connective
Fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, support, defense, storage
94
Different cell types of muscle
Myocytes; contraction
95
Different cell types of nervous
Neurons, glial cells, signal transmission, support
96
Ground-substance
Gel-like material in ct.; supports cells
97
Fibers
Collagen, elastic, reticular; provide strength, elasticity
98
Matrix
Combo, of ground substance and fibers; supports tissue structure
99
Matrix
Combo, of ground substance and fibers; supports tissue structure
100
Types of cell-to-cell junctions
Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
101
Basic types of body membranes
Mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial
102
Types of glands;
Exocrine (secrete via ducts), endocrine (secrete hormones into blood)
103
Lacunae
Small spaces in bone/cartilage housing cells
104
Basic steps of tissue repair
Inflammation, proliferation, remodeling
105
Functions of skin
Protection, regulation, sensation
106
Layers of skin
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermic
107
Structures in epidermis
Keratinocytes, melanocytes
108
Strectuks in dermis
Blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, glands
109
Structures in hypodermic
Adipose tissue
110
What is the hypodermic?
Subcutaneous layer; insulates, cushions
111
Func of epidermis
Barrier, UV protection
112
Func of dermis
Supports nourishment
113
Func. Of hypodermic
Insulation, shock absorption
114
Why are burns dangerous ?
Due to fluid loss, infection risk
115
Types of skim cancer
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cull caremoma, melanoma
116
Hair/nails formation
Keratinization; derivatives of epidermis
117
Different cells m skin tissues
Keratinocytes (protection), melanocyte (pigment), langerhans cells immune response)
118
Axial skeleton
Skull, vertebral column, rib cabe,
Appendicular: limbs, girdles
119
Func of bone
' Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation
120
Structure of long bone
Diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphases, medullary cavity
121
Periosteum
Outer layer: protection, nourishment
122
Endosteum
Inner layer: bone growth, repair
123
Cells in bone formation / remodeling
Osteoblasts (build bone), osteoclasts (break ↓ bone), osteocytes (maintain bone)
124
Microscopic anatomy of compact bone
Osteons, lamellar, canaliculi, central canal
125
How does stress affect bone remodeling
↑ bone density; lack of stress leads to bone loss
126
Basic steps of fracture repair
Hematoma formation, fibrocartilinagaus callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling
127
Locations and features of vertebrae
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
128
Axis/atlas
First 2 cervical vert.: support skull, allow head movement
129
Basic articulations and bones of appendicular skeleton
Shoulder, hip, limbs
130
Functional categories of joints
Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly moveable) diarthroses (freely moveable)
131
Structural categories of joints
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial; sub-categories include sutures, symphyses
132
Anatomy of synovial joint
Particular cartilage, synovial membrane, joint cavity, ligaments; all are alarthroses
133
Stability of synovial joints
Ligaments, muscle tone, joint capsule
134
3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal: voluntary and striated
Cardiac: involuting and striated
Smooth: involuntary and non -striated
135
Ct. Sheaths include:
Epimysium ( surrounds entire muscle)
Perimysium (su rrounds fascicle)
Endomystem surrounds indluual muscle fibers
136
Fascicles
Bundle of muscle fibers
137
Tendons (dense regular ct.)
Strong, fibrous connectin tissues that connect muscle to bone
138
Aponeuroses (dense regular ct.)
Flat, broad tendons
139
Aponeuroses (dense regular ct.)
Flat, broad tendons
140
Origin
Fixed attachments point of muscle
141
Insertion
Moveable attachment point
142
Fibroblasts
cells that create and maintain connective tissue, which supports and connects organs and tissues in the body
