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Anatomy And Physiology > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Different level of structural organization

A

Atoms, molecules, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
- chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal level

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2
Q

Integumentary

A

Protects body, regulates temp

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3
Q

Skeletal

A

Supports body, protects organs

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4
Q

Muscular

A

Allow movement, maintains posture

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5
Q

Nervous

A

Controls body activities, respond to stimuli

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6
Q

Endocrine

A

Regulates body functions through hormones

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7
Q

Cardiovascular

A

Transports nutrients and waste

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8
Q

Lymphatic

A

Defends against infection

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9
Q

Respiratory

A

Supplies oxygen, removes carbon dioxide

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10
Q

Digestive

A

Breaks ↓ food, absorbs nutrients

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11
Q

Urinary

A

Eliminates waste, regulates water balance

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12
Q

Reproductive

A

Produce offspring

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13
Q

Home stasis

A

Maintenance of a stable internal env’t despite changes in external conditions

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14
Q

Negative feedback

A

Reduce output or activity to return to a set point (body temp.)

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15
Q

Positive feedback

A

↑ the output or activity (blood clotting)

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16
Q

Anatomical position

A

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward

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17
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the point of attachment

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18
Q

Superior

A

Above or higher

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19
Q

Inferior

A

Below or lower

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20
Q

Anterior and posterior

A

Anterior: front, posterior: back

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21
Q

Medial and lateral

A

Medial: towards midline, lateral: away from midline

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22
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to point of attachment

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23
Q

Sagittal:
Frontal:
Transverse:

A

Sagittal- divides body into left and right
Frontal - divides body into anterior and posterior
Transverse - divides body into superior and inferior

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24
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

Contains brain and spinal cord

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25
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Contains thoracic and abdominopeltic cavities

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26
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Contains heart and lungs

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27
Q

Abdommopelvic cavity

A

Digestive organs, kidneys, bladder

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28
Q

Smallest unit of any element

A

Atom

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29
Q

Where are protons and neutrons found?

A

Nucleus

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30
Q

Where are electrons found?

A

Orbit the nucleus

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31
Q

Major elements of the human body?

A

Oxygen, Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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32
Q

Electron shells

A

Energy levels where electrons orbit

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33
Q

Rule of 8

A

Atoms are stable with 8 electrons in their outer shell

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34
Q

What do electrons determine?

A

Bond formation

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35
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Involve the transfer of electrons

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36
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Involve the sharing of electrons

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37
Q

What are negative/positive ions called?

A
  • Anions
    + cations
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38
Q

Non-polar/ polar covalent bonds

A

Non-polar = share electrons equally
Polar = share electrons unequally

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39
Q

Single/ double bonds

A

Single =share one pair of electrons
Double = share 2 pairs

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40
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak bonds between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom

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41
Q

What do hydrogen bonds affect?

A

Shape and properties of molecules

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42
Q

Acid and base pH

A

Acid= ↓ than 7
Base =↑ than 7

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43
Q

What do strong acids/bases dissociate completely in?

A

In water; weak acids/bases don’t

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44
Q

4 major categories of organic molecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nuclei acids

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45
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Provide energy (glucose)

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46
Q

Lipids

A

Store energy, form cell membranes (fats)

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47
Q

Proteins

A

Catalyze reactions, provide structure (enzymes)

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48
Q

Nuclei acids

A

Store genetic info (dna,rna)

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49
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

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50
Q

What enzymes catalyze?

A

Biochemical reactions

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51
Q

Forming of protein shape:

A

Folding and bonding of amino acids

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52
Q

Desaturation

A

Loss of shape due to external stress (heat)

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53
Q

Cells

A

Basic unit of life

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54
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are composed of cells; and all cells come from pre-existing cells

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55
Q

Basic parts of a cell:

A

Plasma membrane,cytoplasm,nucleus

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56
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Regulates the movement of substances in and out the cell

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57
Q

Components of cell membrane:

A

Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates

58
Q

Integral proteins

A

Span the membrane and assist in transport and communication

59
Q

Sodium- potassium pump

A

Protein that pumps out of cells and potassium into cells, using ATP

60
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like structures that move fluid across cell surfaces

61
Q

Flagella

A

Tail-like structures that propel cells

62
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material

63
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produce energy (ATP)

64
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesize proteins

65
Q

Endoplasmic reticular

A

Synthesize proteins and lipids

66
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies and packaging proteins

67
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digest cellular waste

68
Q

Peroxisones

A

Break ↓ fatty acids

69
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides structure and support

70
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement of substances w/o energy (diffusion and osmosis)

71
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of substances w/ energy
(Sodium potassium, endocytosis, exoctosis)

72
Q

Phase of cell cycle:

A

Interphase: cell growth and DNA replication
Mitosis: division of nucleus
Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm

73
Q

Where is DNA replicated?

A

During the S phase of interphase, it’s necessary for cell division

74
Q

Enzymes involved n DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase.

75
Q

Semi conservative replication

A

Each new DNA molecule has one old and one new strand

76
Q

Steps of protein synthesis

A

Transcription: DNA to mRNA in the nucleus
Translation: mRNA to protein in cytoplasm

77
Q

DNA

A

Double - stranded and contains deoxyribose

78
Q

RNA

A

Single-stranded and contains ribose

79
Q

Enzymes and molecules involved n protein syntheses

A

. RNA, polymerase, ribosomes, tRNA,mRNA

80
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding regions of RNA

81
Q

Exons

A

Coding regions

82
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function

83
Q

4 categories of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscles and nervous tissues

84
Q

Function of epithelial

A

Covers body surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands: protection, absorption, secretion

85
Q

Function of connective

A

Supports, protects, binds other tissues; includes bone, blood, adipose

86
Q

Function of muscle

A

Produces movement; includes skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle

87
Q

Function of nervous

A

Transmits impulses; includes neurons and glial cells

88
Q

Location of epithelial

A

Skin, lining of GI tract, glands

89
Q

Location of connective

A

Bone, blood, tehdohs, fat

90
Q

Location of muscle

A

Heart, skeletal muscles, walls of hollow organs

91
Q

Location of nervous

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

92
Q

Different cell types of epithelial

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar cells, protection, absorption

93
Q

Different cell types of connective

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, support, defense, storage

94
Q

Different cell types of muscle

A

Myocytes; contraction

95
Q

Different cell types of nervous

A

Neurons, glial cells, signal transmission, support

96
Q

Ground-substance

A

Gel-like material in ct.; supports cells

97
Q

Fibers

A

Collagen, elastic, reticular; provide strength, elasticity

98
Q

Matrix

A

Combo, of ground substance and fibers; supports tissue structure

99
Q

Matrix

A

Combo, of ground substance and fibers; supports tissue structure

100
Q

Types of cell-to-cell junctions

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

101
Q

Basic types of body membranes

A

Mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial

102
Q

Types of glands;

A

Exocrine (secrete via ducts), endocrine (secrete hormones into blood)

103
Q

Lacunae

A

Small spaces in bone/cartilage housing cells

104
Q

Basic steps of tissue repair

A

Inflammation, proliferation, remodeling

105
Q

Functions of skin

A

Protection, regulation, sensation

106
Q

Layers of skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermic

107
Q

Structures in epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes

108
Q

Strectuks in dermis

A

Blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, glands

109
Q

Structures in hypodermic

A

Adipose tissue

110
Q

What is the hypodermic?

A

Subcutaneous layer; insulates, cushions

111
Q

Func of epidermis

A

Barrier, UV protection

112
Q

Func of dermis

A

Supports nourishment

113
Q

Func. Of hypodermic

A

Insulation, shock absorption

114
Q

Why are burns dangerous ?

A

Due to fluid loss, infection risk

115
Q

Types of skim cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cull caremoma, melanoma

116
Q

Hair/nails formation

A

Keratinization; derivatives of epidermis

117
Q

Different cells m skin tissues

A

Keratinocytes (protection), melanocyte (pigment), langerhans cells immune response)

118
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull, vertebral column, rib cabe,
Appendicular: limbs, girdles

119
Q

Func of bone

A

’ Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation

120
Q

Structure of long bone

A

Diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphases, medullary cavity

121
Q

Periosteum

A

Outer layer: protection, nourishment

122
Q

Endosteum

A

Inner layer: bone growth, repair

123
Q

Cells in bone formation / remodeling

A

Osteoblasts (build bone), osteoclasts (break ↓ bone), osteocytes (maintain bone)

124
Q

Microscopic anatomy of compact bone

A

Osteons, lamellar, canaliculi, central canal

125
Q

How does stress affect bone remodeling

A

↑ bone density; lack of stress leads to bone loss

126
Q

Basic steps of fracture repair

A

Hematoma formation, fibrocartilinagaus callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

127
Q

Locations and features of vertebrae

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx

128
Q

Axis/atlas

A

First 2 cervical vert.: support skull, allow head movement

129
Q

Basic articulations and bones of appendicular skeleton

A

Shoulder, hip, limbs

130
Q

Functional categories of joints

A

Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly moveable) diarthroses (freely moveable)

131
Q

Structural categories of joints

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial; sub-categories include sutures, symphyses

132
Q

Anatomy of synovial joint

A

Particular cartilage, synovial membrane, joint cavity, ligaments; all are alarthroses

133
Q

Stability of synovial joints

A

Ligaments, muscle tone, joint capsule

134
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal: voluntary and striated
Cardiac: involuting and striated
Smooth: involuntary and non -striated

135
Q

Ct. Sheaths include:

A

Epimysium ( surrounds entire muscle)
Perimysium (su rrounds fascicle)
Endomystem surrounds indluual muscle fibers

136
Q

Fascicles

A

Bundle of muscle fibers

137
Q

Tendons (dense regular ct.)

A

Strong, fibrous connectin tissues that connect muscle to bone

138
Q

Aponeuroses (dense regular ct.)

A

Flat, broad tendons

139
Q

Aponeuroses (dense regular ct.)

A

Flat, broad tendons

140
Q

Origin

A

Fixed attachments point of muscle

141
Q

Insertion

A

Moveable attachment point

142
Q

Fibroblasts

A

cells that create and maintain connective tissue, which supports and connects organs and tissues in the body

Anatomy And Physiology (7 decks)

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