Unit 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Diaphysis
A
Bone shaft, walls of compact bone, hollow medullary cavity, w/ yellow marrow in adults
2
Q
Epiphysis
A
Enlarged ends, spongy bone w/ red marrow
3
Q
Spongy (cancellous) bone
A
lightens load + maintains strength
4
Q
Compact bone
A
Resists compression + provides more resistance
5
Q
Medullary cavity
A
Hollow space in center of long bones that store bone marrow and allows blood vessels to pass through
6
Q
Red marrow
A
Soft, spongy tissue found in the cavities of bones that produce blood cells
7
Q
Yellow marrow
A
Made up of fat and found in the cavities of large bones, produce cartinge fat and bone
8
Q
Endosteum
A
Line spongy bone and medullary cavity
9
Q
Periosteum
A
Surrounds bone (except particular cartilage of epiphyses) entry of blood, lymph vessels + nerves
10
Q
Epiphany seal plate
A
. Disc of cartilage that’s located at the ends of long bones in children and teen growth
11
Q
What are the 2 types of bone formation?
A
Intramembranous and endochondral ossification
12
Q
Zone of resting (reserve) cartilage
A
Inactive chodrocytes on epiphysis side
13
Q
② zone of proliferation (growth zone)
A
Cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from diaphysis
14
Q
③ zone of hypertrophy
A
Older cells enlarge
15
Q
④ zone of calcification (destruction)
A
Matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, matrix begins to detoriate
16
Q
⑤ zone of bone formation (osteogende)
A
New bone formation occurs by osteoblasts (subsequently eroded by osteoblasts oblasts form medullary cavity)
17
Q
Skeletal system function
A
Support, movement,protection, mineral/fat storage, hemotopolesis
18
Q
Orthopedist
A
Muscle skeletal specialist
19
Q
Long bones
A
Longer than wide, levers for muscle, (femur, radius, phalanges, meta carpals, etc.)
20
Q
Short-cube like bones
A
Stability, support, gliding movements, (carpals and tarsals)
21
Q
Flat thin and curved bone
A
Anchor muscles, protection (sternum,ribs, scapulae, cranial)
22
Q
Irregular bone
A
Protection (vertebrae, facial bones)
23
Q
Sesamoid
A
. Small and round, imbedded intends, protects tendons agal pression (patella)
24
Q
Articulations
A
Site where bone meets bone (joints)
25
Projections
Attachment points for tendons/ligaments
26
Holes
Opening or groove for vessel/nerve passage
27
Osteocyte (bone cell)
Form osteoblast trapped in mature matrix
28
Osteoblast
Actively secretes matrix = bone makers
29
Osteogenic
Stem cells (mesenchyme in bones) - divide to produce osteoblasts
30
Bone matrix
Collagen fibers surrounded by hardened calcium salts (hydroxyapatite’s) mainly
31
Where is osteogenic found?
Cellular layer of periosteum
32
Osteon
Unit of compact bone
33
Lamellar
Layers of matrix b/h osteocytes
34
Central canal
Center of osteon , path for vessels/nerves '
35
Percolating canal
Path for vessels/nerves to adjacent
36
What is spongy bone composed of?
Trabecular (struts) = aligned along stress lines
37
Endochondral ossification
Most of skeleton starts as hyaline cartilage model w/perichondrium
38
Closed fracture
Skin intact
39
Open fracture
. Bone tears skin
40
Transverse
Straight across
41
Spiral
Result of twist, sports
42
Commented
Small
43
Closed reduction
Set w/o surgery
44
① step EO
Most of skeleton starts as hyaline cartilage model w/ perichondrium
45
② step of EO
Deep chodrocytes enlarge, matrix calcifies, cell die, matrix erodes
46
③ step of EO.
Capillaries penetrate cartilages/ bring osteogenic cells. Perichondrum->speriosteum
47
④ step of EO
Cartilage and chondrocytescontinue to grow at ends
48
⑤ step of EO
After birth, secondary ossification centers develop in epiphyses-remain spongy bone
49
⑥ step of EO
Cartilage remains at epiphyses (growth) plate
50
Fracture repairs stages (4)
Inflammation and hematoma, ② fibrocartilagenous internal callus formation, ③ bony callus formation ,④ healed fracture
51
Explain ① inflammation and hematoma (6-8hrs)
Inflammation followed by fracture hematoma (internal clot)
52
Explain ② fibrocartilagenous internal callus formation (48hrs after injury)
Chord oblasts and fibroblasts form endosteum connect bone internally w/ fibrocart., periosteal chondro. + osteoblasts form external callus of hyAline cartilage and bone
53
Explain ③ bony calves formation (several weeks)
Osteoclasts resort dead-bone, osteoblasts convert celli to spongy bone via endochonaral ossification
54
Explain ④ healed fracture (6-8wks)
Internal and external call unite, compact bone replaces songy on outer surface, remodeling continues
55
Nutrition and bone tissue
Calcium; calcium phosphate +ca carbonate = mineralized bone
56
What does exercise (stress) do to bones?
Bones become ideal size to handle stress, stimulates bone deposition, prevent osteoporosis
57
2nd nutrition and bone tissue
Vitamin D, needed to absorb ca, synthesized by skin w/uv
58
3rd nutrition and bone tissue
, Vitamin K, synergism w/ vitamin D
59
4th nutrition and bone tissue
Magnesium and fluoride, imbedded in matrix
60
Growth hormone
Responsible for growth before puberty
61
Thyroid hormone
Required for GH to work properly, stimulate growth
62
Sex hormones
Growth spurt at puberty, closure of epiphany seal plates
63
Calcitrol hormones
Fully activated vitamin D -ce absorption
64
Parathyroid hormone
Increase ca in blood, stimulate osteoblasts
65
What does PTH control?
Main control of blood calcium
66
Hypocalcemia (essay)
. Low Ca levels = poor blood clotting,❤️ stops, muscle failure, overactive nerves
67
If ca levels ↓... (Essay)
PTH release ↑ - osteoclasts reabsorb bone, kidney reabsorbs more ca, intestines increase absorption, Ca levels ↑
68
If ca levels ↑... (Essay)
- PTH release ↓ - all of the above reversed, ca levels decline
69
Bone density
Declines w/ age, bone density peaks at about 25-30 yrs of age
70
Osteoporosis
Bone thinning - make bones fragile and fracture, affects former
71
Axial
Skull and vertebral column, thoracic cage (rubs and sternum)
72
Appendicular
Pectoral girdle = (scapulae + clavicles,)'. Pelvic girdle
73
Human skull - 22 bones
Brain case (8 bones) surrounds brain, facial (14), parts of orbit and nasal cavity
74
Cranial fossa e
- Inside skull
75
Nasal septum ( vomer and perpendicular plate, ethnoid)
Perpendicular plate of ethnic, septal cartilage (hyaline), lateral wall of nasal cavity = nasal conchae (mostly)
76
Orbital cavity -7 bones
Frontal, sphenoid,zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine
77
Paradisal sinuses -hollow portions of skull
Lighten skull, amplify voice, mucosa continuity w/nasal cavity= sinus infections, (frontal, sphenoid maxillary)
78
Hyoid bone
Only bone w/ no bone articulations, moveable base for tongue, aids in swallowing and speech
79
Vertebral column
Vertebrae +intervertebral discs
80
# Of cervical?
7 (neck)
81
# Of thoracic?
12 (articulate w/ribs
82
# Of lumbar?
5 (lowerback)
83
Sacrum?
5 fused vertebrae
84
Coccyx?
4 fused vertebras
85
Primary curvature
Birth (remain in thoracic + sacrococcygeas regions)
86
Secondary curvature
Between birth and walking
87
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvatures
88
Kyphosis
Excessive curvature of thoracic
89
Lordosis
. Excessive curvature of lumbar
90
Intervertebral foreman =
Formed between adjacentvertebrae
91
What is typical vertebrae?
Intervertebral foreman
92
What is interveretrabel vertebrae?
Annulus fibrosis
93
Annulus fibrosis =
Outer ring, fibrocartilage
94
What is herniated disc?
Annulus fibrosis rupture, posterior of disc
95
Where does herniated disc occur?
Posterior of disc= weakest point nucleus pulposus hernates, peripheries spinal nerve
96
What does C1 lack?
Lacks body and spinous process
97
What does C1 articulate with?
Occipital condoles
98
What is C2 distinguished by?
By dens, articulates w/ anterior arch of the atlas
99
What do all cervical vertebrae have?
Transverse vertebra = path for nerves arteries
100
Extra of thoracic vertebrae?
Extra facets for ribs, long spinous process
101
Lumbar vertebrae characteristic
Large, thick bodies
102
What do vertebral ligaments stabilize?
Column, span length both anterior and posterior side, between laminas of vertebral, elastic CT /dense regular
103
Thoracic cage =
Sternum and ribs
104
# And link of true ribs
. 1-7 direct link via cartilage
105
# And link of false ribs
8 - 12 = no direct link via cartilage
106
#And link of floating ribs
11-12 = no cartilage
107
What do fontanelles provide?
(Soft spots ) allow flexibility during birth, rapid grow per, disappear by
2 years, sutures remain
108
Carpal tunnel
Flexor retinaculum, passage for a tendons +1 major nerve, inflammation pinches nerve
109
What metacarpals are immovable?
3 and 4, help strength grip
110
Parts of os coxa
Ilium, ischium, pubis
111
What is sacrum anchored by?
Iigaments, sacrophous ligament- sacrum to ischium
112
Difference of female pelvis
Adapted for child birth, broader/wider/ shallower w/ rounder and larger supubic angle
113
Difference of female pelvis
Adapted for child birth, broader/wider/ shallower w/ rounder and larger supubic angle
114
Difference of male pelvis
Narrow length, sacrum protrudes
115
What do falls / direct blows often do to arms?
. Fracture surgicalneck/shaft of humerus
116
What happens to falls on elbows?
Distal humerus fracture
117
Most common carpal fracture
Scaphoid
118
Most common forearm fracture
Collet fracture of distal radius
119
Q- angle
Lateral deviation of femur from vertical tibia, femur is angled
120
Adult females have _q-angle
Larger angle, wider pelvis
121
Most common deformity of lower limb
Clubfoot 1/ 1000 births
122
What is clubfoot?
Congenital (present at birth) - foot twisted medially
123
What movement do articulations (joints) have?
Little movement = very stable, lots of movement = less stable, vulnerable to dislocation
124
What are articulations (joints) classified by?
Structure
125
What is synarthrosis?
Immobile ( no movement allowed), very stable- provide protection
126
Amphiarthrosis?
Limited movement, remain quite stable, invertebrate discs
127
Diarthrosis?
Freely moveable, unaxial = 1 plane of movement, biaxial=2 planes, multiaxial=all 8
128
Structural classifications: fibrous?
Bones held together by collagen fibers, no joint cavity
129
3 types of fibrous joints
Sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis
130
Fibrous joint suture💀
Found in skull, fibers bridge
131
Fibrous joint suture
Found in skull, fibers bridge
132
Fibrous joint syndesmosis
Forearm/ lower leg, fibers bridge wide gap
133
Fibrous joint syndesmosis
Forearm/ lower leg, fibers bridge wide gap
134
Fibrous joint gomphosis
Peg and socket joint of teeth, held in place by periodontal
135
What is structural class: synovial joints?
Article ar/joint capsule, joint cavity, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, ligaments
136
Purpose of joint cavity
Lubricates/nourishes cartilage, contains synovial fluid
137
Purpose of synovial membrane
Secretes synovial fluid
138
Intrinsic ligament
Fuse w/in capsule
139
Extrinsic ligament
Outside capsule
140
Intracapsular ligaments
Inside capsule
141
Articular discs (synovial joint)
Oval fibrocartiage pad, unite bones, absorb shock
142
Meniscus (synovial joint)
C-shaped fibrocartilage pad
143
Bursae (synovial joint)
Friction reducing sac'ks of synovial fluid, b/n skin, tendons or ligaments and bone
144
Tendon sheaths (synovial joint)
Reduce friction around tendons
145
Pivot joint (synovial)
Rotation around an axis, C1-C2, all un axial
146
Hinge joint (synovial)
Door hinge, elbow, all unaxial
147
Saddle joint (synovial)
Saddle-shaped, trapezium
148
Plane joint (synovial)
Gliding movements, between tarsal / carpal, multiaxial
149
Condyloid joint (synovial)
Rounded end in shallow depression
150
Ball-and-socket joints (synovial)
Hips and shoulder, multi axial
151
Arthritis - joint inflammation and degradation types (3)
Osteoarthritis, gout, rheumatoid
152
Arthritis - joint inflammation and degradation types (3)
Osteoarthritis, gout, rheumatoid
153
Osteoarthritis
#1 ( out of 100 types), due to aging, cartilage thin, develops irregularities, no cure
154
Gout (arthritis)
Unit acid crystals in joint cavity, big toe, knee, ankle, cause = meats + seafood, alcohol, fructose
155
Rheumatoid (arthritis)
Auto immune disorder, joint capsule +synoviol membrane attached
156
Body movements
Flexion, extension, hyper extension, hyper flexion, abduction, addiction, circumlocution, rotation, pronation, supination, dorisflexion, plantar flexion, inversion
157
Flexion
↓ joint angle
158
Extension
OPP. Of flexion, ↑ joint angle
159
Hyper extension and hyperflexion
Excessive movement beyond normal range
160
Abduction
Lateral movement away from body (w/in coronal plane) limbs, fingers, toes
161
Addiction
OPP. Of abduction, adding back to body
162
Circumduction
, Circular motion
163
Rotation
Rotation around long axis, vertebral column, divot joints, ball-and-socket joints
164
Pronation
Palms face posterior, radius crosses ulna
165
Supination
Palms anterior, anatomical position
166
Dorisflexion
Toes toward shin
167
Plantar flexion
Pointed Joes
168
Protraction
Anterior motion (+ lateral for scapula)
169
Retraction
Posterior, medial for scapula
170
Superior rotation
Glenoid cavity moves up
171
Opposition
Tip o thumb contacts tip of other fingers
172
Reposition
Return thumb to anatomical position
173
What is perichondrium?
CT located around cartilaginous tissue
174
What molecules give cartilage its gooey matrix?
Proteoglycans
175
Layers of periosteum?
Outer fibrous layer, inner cambium laver
176
Where does hematopoiesis occur in infants and children?
Long bones, spleen, liver
177
Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults?
Bone marrow of spine, hips, ribs, skull, and breast bone
178
Canaliculi
Narrow canals that are found between lacunae
179
Lucanae
Spaces in which bone cells are present
180
Osteold
Unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, collagen
181
What hormones affect epiphyseal zone and how?
Th: promote hypertrophic and cell proliferation
Gh: prechondrocytes and I gf's
182
What are remodeling units?
Group of bone cells that remove and replace on bone structural unit (osteon)
183
What stimulates bone remodeling?
Gh, PTH.,
184
Functional categories of joints? (3)
Synarthrosis( sutures), amphiafthrosis (between vertebrae), diarthrosis (ball and socket)
185
What are structural categories of joints? (3)
Fibrous (suture). Cartilinagous (pelvic symphysis), synovial
186
What movements are allowed by synovial joints?
Flexion, extension, abduction, addiction, rotation, circumlocution, gliding
