Unit 3 Flashcards
Diaphysis
Bone shaft, walls of compact bone, hollow medullary cavity, w/ yellow marrow in adults
Epiphysis
Enlarged ends, spongy bone w/ red marrow
Spongy (cancellous) bone
lightens load + maintains strength
Compact bone
Resists compression + provides more resistance
Medullary cavity
Hollow space in center of long bones that store bone marrow and allows blood vessels to pass through
Red marrow
Soft, spongy tissue found in the cavities of bones that produce blood cells
Yellow marrow
Made up of fat and found in the cavities of large bones, produce cartinge fat and bone
Endosteum
Line spongy bone and medullary cavity
Periosteum
Surrounds bone (except particular cartilage of epiphyses) entry of blood, lymph vessels + nerves
Epiphany seal plate
. Disc of cartilage that’s located at the ends of long bones in children and teen growth
What are the 2 types of bone formation?
Intramembranous and endochondral ossification
Zone of resting (reserve) cartilage
Inactive chodrocytes on epiphysis side
② zone of proliferation (growth zone)
Cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from diaphysis
③ zone of hypertrophy
Older cells enlarge
④ zone of calcification (destruction)
Matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, matrix begins to detoriate
⑤ zone of bone formation (osteogende)
New bone formation occurs by osteoblasts (subsequently eroded by osteoblasts oblasts form medullary cavity)
Skeletal system function
Support, movement,protection, mineral/fat storage, hemotopolesis
Orthopedist
Muscle skeletal specialist
Long bones
Longer than wide, levers for muscle, (femur, radius, phalanges, meta carpals, etc.)
Short-cube like bones
Stability, support, gliding movements, (carpals and tarsals)
Flat thin and curved bone
Anchor muscles, protection (sternum,ribs, scapulae, cranial)
Irregular bone
Protection (vertebrae, facial bones)
Sesamoid
. Small and round, imbedded intends, protects tendons agal pression (patella)
Articulations
Site where bone meets bone (joints)
Projections
Attachment points for tendons/ligaments
Holes
Opening or groove for vessel/nerve passage
Osteocyte (bone cell)
Form osteoblast trapped in mature matrix
Osteoblast
Actively secretes matrix = bone makers
Osteogenic
Stem cells (mesenchyme in bones) - divide to produce osteoblasts
Bone matrix
Collagen fibers surrounded by hardened calcium salts (hydroxyapatite’s) mainly
Where is osteogenic found?
Cellular layer of periosteum
Osteon
Unit of compact bone
Lamellar
Layers of matrix b/h osteocytes
Central canal
Center of osteon , path for vessels/nerves ‘
Percolating canal
Path for vessels/nerves to adjacent
What is spongy bone composed of?
Trabecular (struts) = aligned along stress lines
Endochondral ossification
Most of skeleton starts as hyaline cartilage model w/perichondrium
Closed fracture
Skin intact
Open fracture
. Bone tears skin
Transverse
Straight across
Spiral
Result of twist, sports
Commented
Small
Closed reduction
Set w/o surgery
① step EO
Most of skeleton starts as hyaline cartilage model w/ perichondrium
② step of EO
Deep chodrocytes enlarge, matrix calcifies, cell die, matrix erodes
③ step of EO.
Capillaries penetrate cartilages/ bring osteogenic cells. Perichondrum->speriosteum
④ step of EO
Cartilage and chondrocytescontinue to grow at ends
⑤ step of EO
After birth, secondary ossification centers develop in epiphyses-remain spongy bone
⑥ step of EO
Cartilage remains at epiphyses (growth) plate
Fracture repairs stages (4)
Inflammation and hematoma, ② fibrocartilagenous internal callus formation, ③ bony callus formation ,④ healed fracture
Explain ① inflammation and hematoma (6-8hrs)
Inflammation followed by fracture hematoma (internal clot)
Explain ② fibrocartilagenous internal callus formation (48hrs after injury)
Chord oblasts and fibroblasts form endosteum connect bone internally w/ fibrocart., periosteal chondro. + osteoblasts form external callus of hyAline cartilage and bone
Explain ③ bony calves formation (several weeks)
Osteoclasts resort dead-bone, osteoblasts convert celli to spongy bone via endochonaral ossification
Explain ④ healed fracture (6-8wks)
Internal and external call unite, compact bone replaces songy on outer surface, remodeling continues
Nutrition and bone tissue
Calcium; calcium phosphate +ca carbonate = mineralized bone
What does exercise (stress) do to bones?
Bones become ideal size to handle stress, stimulates bone deposition, prevent osteoporosis
2nd nutrition and bone tissue
Vitamin D, needed to absorb ca, synthesized by skin w/uv
3rd nutrition and bone tissue
, Vitamin K, synergism w/ vitamin D
4th nutrition and bone tissue
Magnesium and fluoride, imbedded in matrix
Growth hormone
Responsible for growth before puberty
Thyroid hormone
Required for GH to work properly, stimulate growth
Sex hormones
Growth spurt at puberty, closure of epiphany seal plates
Calcitrol hormones
Fully activated vitamin D -ce absorption
Parathyroid hormone
Increase ca in blood, stimulate osteoblasts
What does PTH control?
Main control of blood calcium
Hypocalcemia (essay)
. Low Ca levels = poor blood clotting,❤️ stops, muscle failure, overactive nerves
If ca levels ↓… (Essay)
PTH release ↑ - osteoclasts reabsorb bone, kidney reabsorbs more ca, intestines increase absorption, Ca levels ↑
If ca levels ↑… (Essay)
- PTH release ↓ - all of the above reversed, ca levels decline
Bone density
Declines w/ age, bone density peaks at about 25-30 yrs of age
Osteoporosis
Bone thinning - make bones fragile and fracture, affects former
Axial
Skull and vertebral column, thoracic cage (rubs and sternum)
Appendicular
Pectoral girdle = (scapulae + clavicles,)’. Pelvic girdle
Human skull - 22 bones
Brain case (8 bones) surrounds brain, facial (14), parts of orbit and nasal cavity
Cranial fossa e
- Inside skull
Nasal septum ( vomer and perpendicular plate, ethnoid)
Perpendicular plate of ethnic, septal cartilage (hyaline), lateral wall of nasal cavity = nasal conchae (mostly)
Orbital cavity -7 bones
Frontal, sphenoid,zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine
Paradisal sinuses -hollow portions of skull
Lighten skull, amplify voice, mucosa continuity w/nasal cavity= sinus infections, (frontal, sphenoid maxillary)
Hyoid bone
Only bone w/ no bone articulations, moveable base for tongue, aids in swallowing and speech
Vertebral column
Vertebrae +intervertebral discs
Of cervical?
7 (neck)
Of thoracic?
12 (articulate w/ribs
Of lumbar?
5 (lowerback)
Sacrum?
5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx?
4 fused vertebras
Primary curvature
Birth (remain in thoracic + sacrococcygeas regions)
Secondary curvature
Between birth and walking
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvatures
Kyphosis
Excessive curvature of thoracic
Lordosis
. Excessive curvature of lumbar
Intervertebral foreman =
Formed between adjacentvertebrae
What is typical vertebrae?
Intervertebral foreman
What is interveretrabel vertebrae?
Annulus fibrosis
Annulus fibrosis =
Outer ring, fibrocartilage
What is herniated disc?
Annulus fibrosis rupture, posterior of disc
Where does herniated disc occur?
Posterior of disc= weakest point nucleus pulposus hernates, peripheries spinal nerve
What does C1 lack?
Lacks body and spinous process
What does C1 articulate with?
Occipital condoles
What is C2 distinguished by?
By dens, articulates w/ anterior arch of the atlas
What do all cervical vertebrae have?
Transverse vertebra = path for nerves arteries
Extra of thoracic vertebrae?
Extra facets for ribs, long spinous process
Lumbar vertebrae characteristic
Large, thick bodies
What do vertebral ligaments stabilize?
Column, span length both anterior and posterior side, between laminas of vertebral, elastic CT /dense regular
Thoracic cage =
Sternum and ribs
And link of true ribs
. 1-7 direct link via cartilage
And link of false ribs
8 - 12 = no direct link via cartilage
And link of floating ribs
11-12 = no cartilage
What do fontanelles provide?
(Soft spots ) allow flexibility during birth, rapid grow per, disappear by
2 years, sutures remain
Carpal tunnel
Flexor retinaculum, passage for a tendons +1 major nerve, inflammation pinches nerve
What metacarpals are immovable?
3 and 4, help strength grip
Parts of os coxa
Ilium, ischium, pubis
What is sacrum anchored by?
Iigaments, sacrophous ligament- sacrum to ischium
Difference of female pelvis
Adapted for child birth, broader/wider/ shallower w/ rounder and larger supubic angle
Difference of female pelvis
Adapted for child birth, broader/wider/ shallower w/ rounder and larger supubic angle
Difference of male pelvis
Narrow length, sacrum protrudes
What do falls / direct blows often do to arms?
. Fracture surgicalneck/shaft of humerus
What happens to falls on elbows?
Distal humerus fracture
Most common carpal fracture
Scaphoid
Most common forearm fracture
Collet fracture of distal radius
Q- angle
Lateral deviation of femur from vertical tibia, femur is angled
Adult females have _q-angle
Larger angle, wider pelvis
Most common deformity of lower limb
Clubfoot 1/ 1000 births
What is clubfoot?
Congenital (present at birth) - foot twisted medially
What movement do articulations (joints) have?
Little movement = very stable, lots of movement = less stable, vulnerable to dislocation
What are articulations (joints) classified by?
Structure
What is synarthrosis?
Immobile ( no movement allowed), very stable- provide protection
Amphiarthrosis?
Limited movement, remain quite stable, invertebrate discs
Diarthrosis?
Freely moveable, unaxial = 1 plane of movement, biaxial=2 planes, multiaxial=all 8
Structural classifications: fibrous?
Bones held together by collagen fibers, no joint cavity
3 types of fibrous joints
Sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis
Fibrous joint suture💀
Found in skull, fibers bridge
Fibrous joint suture
Found in skull, fibers bridge
Fibrous joint syndesmosis
Forearm/ lower leg, fibers bridge wide gap
Fibrous joint syndesmosis
Forearm/ lower leg, fibers bridge wide gap
Fibrous joint gomphosis
Peg and socket joint of teeth, held in place by periodontal
What is structural class: synovial joints?
Article ar/joint capsule, joint cavity, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, ligaments
Purpose of joint cavity
Lubricates/nourishes cartilage, contains synovial fluid
Purpose of synovial membrane
Secretes synovial fluid
Intrinsic ligament
Fuse w/in capsule
Extrinsic ligament
Outside capsule
Intracapsular ligaments
Inside capsule
Articular discs (synovial joint)
Oval fibrocartiage pad, unite bones, absorb shock
Meniscus (synovial joint)
C-shaped fibrocartilage pad
Bursae (synovial joint)
Friction reducing sac’ks of synovial fluid, b/n skin, tendons or ligaments and bone
Tendon sheaths (synovial joint)
Reduce friction around tendons
Pivot joint (synovial)
Rotation around an axis, C1-C2, all un axial
Hinge joint (synovial)
Door hinge, elbow, all unaxial
Saddle joint (synovial)
Saddle-shaped, trapezium
Plane joint (synovial)
Gliding movements, between tarsal / carpal, multiaxial
Condyloid joint (synovial)
Rounded end in shallow depression
Ball-and-socket joints (synovial)
Hips and shoulder, multi axial
Arthritis - joint inflammation and degradation types (3)
Osteoarthritis, gout, rheumatoid
Arthritis - joint inflammation and degradation types (3)
Osteoarthritis, gout, rheumatoid
Osteoarthritis
1 ( out of 100 types), due to aging, cartilage thin, develops irregularities, no cure
Gout (arthritis)
Unit acid crystals in joint cavity, big toe, knee, ankle, cause = meats + seafood, alcohol, fructose
Rheumatoid (arthritis)
Auto immune disorder, joint capsule +synoviol membrane attached
Body movements
Flexion, extension, hyper extension, hyper flexion, abduction, addiction, circumlocution, rotation, pronation, supination, dorisflexion, plantar flexion, inversion
Flexion
↓ joint angle
Extension
OPP. Of flexion, ↑ joint angle
Hyper extension and hyperflexion
Excessive movement beyond normal range
Abduction
Lateral movement away from body (w/in coronal plane) limbs, fingers, toes
Addiction
OPP. Of abduction, adding back to body
Circumduction
, Circular motion
Rotation
Rotation around long axis, vertebral column, divot joints, ball-and-socket joints
Pronation
Palms face posterior, radius crosses ulna
Supination
Palms anterior, anatomical position
Dorisflexion
Toes toward shin
Plantar flexion
Pointed Joes
Protraction
Anterior motion (+ lateral for scapula)
Retraction
Posterior, medial for scapula
Superior rotation
Glenoid cavity moves up
Opposition
Tip o thumb contacts tip of other fingers
Reposition
Return thumb to anatomical position
What is perichondrium?
CT located around cartilaginous tissue
What molecules give cartilage its gooey matrix?
Proteoglycans
Layers of periosteum?
Outer fibrous layer, inner cambium laver
Where does hematopoiesis occur in infants and children?
Long bones, spleen, liver
Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults?
Bone marrow of spine, hips, ribs, skull, and breast bone
Canaliculi
Narrow canals that are found between lacunae
Lucanae
Spaces in which bone cells are present
Osteold
Unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, collagen
What hormones affect epiphyseal zone and how?
Th: promote hypertrophic and cell proliferation
Gh: prechondrocytes and I gf’s
What are remodeling units?
Group of bone cells that remove and replace on bone structural unit (osteon)
What stimulates bone remodeling?
Gh, PTH.,
Functional categories of joints? (3)
Synarthrosis( sutures), amphiafthrosis (between vertebrae), diarthrosis (ball and socket)
What are structural categories of joints? (3)
Fibrous (suture). Cartilinagous (pelvic symphysis), synovial
What movements are allowed by synovial joints?
Flexion, extension, abduction, addiction, rotation, circumlocution, gliding