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Anatomy And Physiology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Diaphysis

A

Bone shaft, walls of compact bone, hollow medullary cavity, w/ yellow marrow in adults

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2
Q

Epiphysis

A

Enlarged ends, spongy bone w/ red marrow

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3
Q

Spongy (cancellous) bone

A

lightens load + maintains strength

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4
Q

Compact bone

A

Resists compression + provides more resistance

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5
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow space in center of long bones that store bone marrow and allows blood vessels to pass through

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6
Q

Red marrow

A

Soft, spongy tissue found in the cavities of bones that produce blood cells

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7
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Made up of fat and found in the cavities of large bones, produce cartinge fat and bone

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8
Q

Endosteum

A

Line spongy bone and medullary cavity

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9
Q

Periosteum

A

Surrounds bone (except particular cartilage of epiphyses) entry of blood, lymph vessels + nerves

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10
Q

Epiphany seal plate

A

. Disc of cartilage that’s located at the ends of long bones in children and teen growth

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of bone formation?

A

Intramembranous and endochondral ossification

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12
Q

Zone of resting (reserve) cartilage

A

Inactive chodrocytes on epiphysis side

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13
Q

② zone of proliferation (growth zone)

A

Cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from diaphysis

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14
Q

③ zone of hypertrophy

A

Older cells enlarge

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15
Q

④ zone of calcification (destruction)

A

Matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, matrix begins to detoriate

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16
Q

⑤ zone of bone formation (osteogende)

A

New bone formation occurs by osteoblasts (subsequently eroded by osteoblasts oblasts form medullary cavity)

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17
Q

Skeletal system function

A

Support, movement,protection, mineral/fat storage, hemotopolesis

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18
Q

Orthopedist

A

Muscle skeletal specialist

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19
Q

Long bones

A

Longer than wide, levers for muscle, (femur, radius, phalanges, meta carpals, etc.)

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20
Q

Short-cube like bones

A

Stability, support, gliding movements, (carpals and tarsals)

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21
Q

Flat thin and curved bone

A

Anchor muscles, protection (sternum,ribs, scapulae, cranial)

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22
Q

Irregular bone

A

Protection (vertebrae, facial bones)

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23
Q

Sesamoid

A

. Small and round, imbedded intends, protects tendons agal pression (patella)

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24
Q

Articulations

A

Site where bone meets bone (joints)

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25
Q

Projections

A

Attachment points for tendons/ligaments

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26
Q

Holes

A

Opening or groove for vessel/nerve passage

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27
Q

Osteocyte (bone cell)

A

Form osteoblast trapped in mature matrix

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28
Q

Osteoblast

A

Actively secretes matrix = bone makers

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29
Q

Osteogenic

A

Stem cells (mesenchyme in bones) - divide to produce osteoblasts

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30
Q

Bone matrix

A

Collagen fibers surrounded by hardened calcium salts (hydroxyapatite’s) mainly

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31
Q

Where is osteogenic found?

A

Cellular layer of periosteum

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32
Q

Osteon

A

Unit of compact bone

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33
Q

Lamellar

A

Layers of matrix b/h osteocytes

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34
Q

Central canal

A

Center of osteon , path for vessels/nerves ‘

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35
Q

Percolating canal

A

Path for vessels/nerves to adjacent

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36
Q

What is spongy bone composed of?

A

Trabecular (struts) = aligned along stress lines

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37
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Most of skeleton starts as hyaline cartilage model w/perichondrium

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38
Q

Closed fracture

A

Skin intact

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39
Q

Open fracture

A

. Bone tears skin

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40
Q

Transverse

A

Straight across

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41
Q

Spiral

A

Result of twist, sports

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42
Q

Commented

A

Small

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43
Q

Closed reduction

A

Set w/o surgery

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44
Q

① step EO

A

Most of skeleton starts as hyaline cartilage model w/ perichondrium

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45
Q

② step of EO

A

Deep chodrocytes enlarge, matrix calcifies, cell die, matrix erodes

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46
Q

③ step of EO.

A

Capillaries penetrate cartilages/ bring osteogenic cells. Perichondrum->speriosteum

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47
Q

④ step of EO

A

Cartilage and chondrocytescontinue to grow at ends

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48
Q

⑤ step of EO

A

After birth, secondary ossification centers develop in epiphyses-remain spongy bone

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49
Q

⑥ step of EO

A

Cartilage remains at epiphyses (growth) plate

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50
Q

Fracture repairs stages (4)

A

Inflammation and hematoma, ② fibrocartilagenous internal callus formation, ③ bony callus formation ,④ healed fracture

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51
Q

Explain ① inflammation and hematoma (6-8hrs)

A

Inflammation followed by fracture hematoma (internal clot)

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52
Q

Explain ② fibrocartilagenous internal callus formation (48hrs after injury)

A

Chord oblasts and fibroblasts form endosteum connect bone internally w/ fibrocart., periosteal chondro. + osteoblasts form external callus of hyAline cartilage and bone

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53
Q

Explain ③ bony calves formation (several weeks)

A

Osteoclasts resort dead-bone, osteoblasts convert celli to spongy bone via endochonaral ossification

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54
Q

Explain ④ healed fracture (6-8wks)

A

Internal and external call unite, compact bone replaces songy on outer surface, remodeling continues

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55
Q

Nutrition and bone tissue

A

Calcium; calcium phosphate +ca carbonate = mineralized bone

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56
Q

What does exercise (stress) do to bones?

A

Bones become ideal size to handle stress, stimulates bone deposition, prevent osteoporosis

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57
Q

2nd nutrition and bone tissue

A

Vitamin D, needed to absorb ca, synthesized by skin w/uv

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58
Q

3rd nutrition and bone tissue

A

, Vitamin K, synergism w/ vitamin D

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59
Q

4th nutrition and bone tissue

A

Magnesium and fluoride, imbedded in matrix

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60
Q

Growth hormone

A

Responsible for growth before puberty

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61
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Required for GH to work properly, stimulate growth

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62
Q

Sex hormones

A

Growth spurt at puberty, closure of epiphany seal plates

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63
Q

Calcitrol hormones

A

Fully activated vitamin D -ce absorption

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64
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increase ca in blood, stimulate osteoblasts

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65
Q

What does PTH control?

A

Main control of blood calcium

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66
Q

Hypocalcemia (essay)

A

. Low Ca levels = poor blood clotting,❤️ stops, muscle failure, overactive nerves

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67
Q

If ca levels ↓… (Essay)

A

PTH release ↑ - osteoclasts reabsorb bone, kidney reabsorbs more ca, intestines increase absorption, Ca levels ↑

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68
Q

If ca levels ↑… (Essay)

A
  • PTH release ↓ - all of the above reversed, ca levels decline
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69
Q

Bone density

A

Declines w/ age, bone density peaks at about 25-30 yrs of age

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70
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone thinning - make bones fragile and fracture, affects former

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71
Q

Axial

A

Skull and vertebral column, thoracic cage (rubs and sternum)

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72
Q

Appendicular

A

Pectoral girdle = (scapulae + clavicles,)’. Pelvic girdle

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73
Q

Human skull - 22 bones

A

Brain case (8 bones) surrounds brain, facial (14), parts of orbit and nasal cavity

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74
Q

Cranial fossa e

A
  • Inside skull
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75
Q

Nasal septum ( vomer and perpendicular plate, ethnoid)

A

Perpendicular plate of ethnic, septal cartilage (hyaline), lateral wall of nasal cavity = nasal conchae (mostly)

76
Q

Orbital cavity -7 bones

A

Frontal, sphenoid,zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine

77
Q

Paradisal sinuses -hollow portions of skull

A

Lighten skull, amplify voice, mucosa continuity w/nasal cavity= sinus infections, (frontal, sphenoid maxillary)

78
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Only bone w/ no bone articulations, moveable base for tongue, aids in swallowing and speech

79
Q

Vertebral column

A

Vertebrae +intervertebral discs

80
Q

Of cervical?

A

7 (neck)

81
Q

Of thoracic?

A

12 (articulate w/ribs

82
Q

Of lumbar?

A

5 (lowerback)

83
Q

Sacrum?

A

5 fused vertebrae

84
Q

Coccyx?

A

4 fused vertebras

85
Q

Primary curvature

A

Birth (remain in thoracic + sacrococcygeas regions)

86
Q

Secondary curvature

A

Between birth and walking

87
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvatures

88
Q

Kyphosis

A

Excessive curvature of thoracic

89
Q

Lordosis

A

. Excessive curvature of lumbar

90
Q

Intervertebral foreman =

A

Formed between adjacentvertebrae

91
Q

What is typical vertebrae?

A

Intervertebral foreman

92
Q

What is interveretrabel vertebrae?

A

Annulus fibrosis

93
Q

Annulus fibrosis =

A

Outer ring, fibrocartilage

94
Q

What is herniated disc?

A

Annulus fibrosis rupture, posterior of disc

95
Q

Where does herniated disc occur?

A

Posterior of disc= weakest point nucleus pulposus hernates, peripheries spinal nerve

96
Q

What does C1 lack?

A

Lacks body and spinous process

97
Q

What does C1 articulate with?

A

Occipital condoles

98
Q

What is C2 distinguished by?

A

By dens, articulates w/ anterior arch of the atlas

99
Q

What do all cervical vertebrae have?

A

Transverse vertebra = path for nerves arteries

100
Q

Extra of thoracic vertebrae?

A

Extra facets for ribs, long spinous process

101
Q

Lumbar vertebrae characteristic

A

Large, thick bodies

102
Q

What do vertebral ligaments stabilize?

A

Column, span length both anterior and posterior side, between laminas of vertebral, elastic CT /dense regular

103
Q

Thoracic cage =

A

Sternum and ribs

104
Q

And link of true ribs

A

. 1-7 direct link via cartilage

105
Q

And link of false ribs

A

8 - 12 = no direct link via cartilage

106
Q

And link of floating ribs

A

11-12 = no cartilage

107
Q

What do fontanelles provide?

A

(Soft spots ) allow flexibility during birth, rapid grow per, disappear by
2 years, sutures remain

108
Q

Carpal tunnel

A

Flexor retinaculum, passage for a tendons +1 major nerve, inflammation pinches nerve

109
Q

What metacarpals are immovable?

A

3 and 4, help strength grip

110
Q

Parts of os coxa

A

Ilium, ischium, pubis

111
Q

What is sacrum anchored by?

A

Iigaments, sacrophous ligament- sacrum to ischium

112
Q

Difference of female pelvis

A

Adapted for child birth, broader/wider/ shallower w/ rounder and larger supubic angle

113
Q

Difference of female pelvis

A

Adapted for child birth, broader/wider/ shallower w/ rounder and larger supubic angle

114
Q

Difference of male pelvis

A

Narrow length, sacrum protrudes

115
Q

What do falls / direct blows often do to arms?

A

. Fracture surgicalneck/shaft of humerus

116
Q

What happens to falls on elbows?

A

Distal humerus fracture

117
Q

Most common carpal fracture

A

Scaphoid

118
Q

Most common forearm fracture

A

Collet fracture of distal radius

119
Q

Q- angle

A

Lateral deviation of femur from vertical tibia, femur is angled

120
Q

Adult females have _q-angle

A

Larger angle, wider pelvis

121
Q

Most common deformity of lower limb

A

Clubfoot 1/ 1000 births

122
Q

What is clubfoot?

A

Congenital (present at birth) - foot twisted medially

123
Q

What movement do articulations (joints) have?

A

Little movement = very stable, lots of movement = less stable, vulnerable to dislocation

124
Q

What are articulations (joints) classified by?

A

Structure

125
Q

What is synarthrosis?

A

Immobile ( no movement allowed), very stable- provide protection

126
Q

Amphiarthrosis?

A

Limited movement, remain quite stable, invertebrate discs

127
Q

Diarthrosis?

A

Freely moveable, unaxial = 1 plane of movement, biaxial=2 planes, multiaxial=all 8

128
Q

Structural classifications: fibrous?

A

Bones held together by collagen fibers, no joint cavity

129
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

Sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis

130
Q

Fibrous joint suture💀

A

Found in skull, fibers bridge

131
Q

Fibrous joint suture

A

Found in skull, fibers bridge

132
Q

Fibrous joint syndesmosis

A

Forearm/ lower leg, fibers bridge wide gap

133
Q

Fibrous joint syndesmosis

A

Forearm/ lower leg, fibers bridge wide gap

134
Q

Fibrous joint gomphosis

A

Peg and socket joint of teeth, held in place by periodontal

135
Q

What is structural class: synovial joints?

A

Article ar/joint capsule, joint cavity, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, ligaments

136
Q

Purpose of joint cavity

A

Lubricates/nourishes cartilage, contains synovial fluid

137
Q

Purpose of synovial membrane

A

Secretes synovial fluid

138
Q

Intrinsic ligament

A

Fuse w/in capsule

139
Q

Extrinsic ligament

A

Outside capsule

140
Q

Intracapsular ligaments

A

Inside capsule

141
Q

Articular discs (synovial joint)

A

Oval fibrocartiage pad, unite bones, absorb shock

142
Q

Meniscus (synovial joint)

A

C-shaped fibrocartilage pad

143
Q

Bursae (synovial joint)

A

Friction reducing sac’ks of synovial fluid, b/n skin, tendons or ligaments and bone

144
Q

Tendon sheaths (synovial joint)

A

Reduce friction around tendons

145
Q

Pivot joint (synovial)

A

Rotation around an axis, C1-C2, all un axial

146
Q

Hinge joint (synovial)

A

Door hinge, elbow, all unaxial

147
Q

Saddle joint (synovial)

A

Saddle-shaped, trapezium

148
Q

Plane joint (synovial)

A

Gliding movements, between tarsal / carpal, multiaxial

149
Q

Condyloid joint (synovial)

A

Rounded end in shallow depression

150
Q

Ball-and-socket joints (synovial)

A

Hips and shoulder, multi axial

151
Q

Arthritis - joint inflammation and degradation types (3)

A

Osteoarthritis, gout, rheumatoid

152
Q

Arthritis - joint inflammation and degradation types (3)

A

Osteoarthritis, gout, rheumatoid

153
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

1 ( out of 100 types), due to aging, cartilage thin, develops irregularities, no cure

154
Q

Gout (arthritis)

A

Unit acid crystals in joint cavity, big toe, knee, ankle, cause = meats + seafood, alcohol, fructose

155
Q

Rheumatoid (arthritis)

A

Auto immune disorder, joint capsule +synoviol membrane attached

156
Q

Body movements

A

Flexion, extension, hyper extension, hyper flexion, abduction, addiction, circumlocution, rotation, pronation, supination, dorisflexion, plantar flexion, inversion

157
Q

Flexion

A

↓ joint angle

158
Q

Extension

A

OPP. Of flexion, ↑ joint angle

159
Q

Hyper extension and hyperflexion

A

Excessive movement beyond normal range

160
Q

Abduction

A

Lateral movement away from body (w/in coronal plane) limbs, fingers, toes

161
Q

Addiction

A

OPP. Of abduction, adding back to body

162
Q

Circumduction

A

, Circular motion

163
Q

Rotation

A

Rotation around long axis, vertebral column, divot joints, ball-and-socket joints

164
Q

Pronation

A

Palms face posterior, radius crosses ulna

165
Q

Supination

A

Palms anterior, anatomical position

166
Q

Dorisflexion

A

Toes toward shin

167
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Pointed Joes

168
Q

Protraction

A

Anterior motion (+ lateral for scapula)

169
Q

Retraction

A

Posterior, medial for scapula

170
Q

Superior rotation

A

Glenoid cavity moves up

171
Q

Opposition

A

Tip o thumb contacts tip of other fingers

172
Q

Reposition

A

Return thumb to anatomical position

173
Q

What is perichondrium?

A

CT located around cartilaginous tissue

174
Q

What molecules give cartilage its gooey matrix?

A

Proteoglycans

175
Q

Layers of periosteum?

A

Outer fibrous layer, inner cambium laver

176
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur in infants and children?

A

Long bones, spleen, liver

177
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults?

A

Bone marrow of spine, hips, ribs, skull, and breast bone

178
Q

Canaliculi

A

Narrow canals that are found between lacunae

179
Q

Lucanae

A

Spaces in which bone cells are present

180
Q

Osteold

A

Unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, collagen

181
Q

What hormones affect epiphyseal zone and how?

A

Th: promote hypertrophic and cell proliferation
Gh: prechondrocytes and I gf’s

182
Q

What are remodeling units?

A

Group of bone cells that remove and replace on bone structural unit (osteon)

183
Q

What stimulates bone remodeling?

A

Gh, PTH.,

184
Q

Functional categories of joints? (3)

A

Synarthrosis( sutures), amphiafthrosis (between vertebrae), diarthrosis (ball and socket)

185
Q

What are structural categories of joints? (3)

A

Fibrous (suture). Cartilinagous (pelvic symphysis), synovial

186
Q

What movements are allowed by synovial joints?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, addiction, rotation, circumlocution, gliding

Anatomy And Physiology (4 decks)

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