Unit 5- Mental and Physical Health Flashcards
Health Psychology
a branch of psychology that explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical health, examining how behaviors, emotions, and social factors influence the development, maintenance, and treatment of illnesses
Bulimia Nervosa
Emotional disorder with an obsessive desire to lose weight in which overeating is followed by depression, vomiting, and purging
Positive Psychology
The science and applications related to the study of psychological strengths and positive emotions
Anorexia Nervosa
An emotional disorder with a desire to lose weight by refusing to eat
Unconditional Positive Regard
attitude of grace, an attitude that values us even knowing our failings
Internal Locus of Control
These people believe that they are responsible for their own success.
External locus of control
these people believe that external forces, like luck, determine their outcomes.
Mania
A characteristic of BiPolar Disorder. Extreme enthusiasm, elation, over active, little need for sleep, risky and poor decisions
Hallucinations
Sensations without stimuli. Hearing voices, seeing, smelling, tasting, and feelings things that are not actually there
Delusions of Persecution
Being paranoid that harm is occurring or will occur. Believes they are being persecuted
Delusions of Grandeur
A false belief that one possesses superior qualities such as genius, fame, omnipotence, or wealth.
Dopamine Hypothesis
A theory that the positive symptoms (hallucinations and delusions) associated with schizophrenia can be explained by excess dopamine receptors in the brain
Tardive Dyskinesia
Caused by long-term use if neuroleptic drugs. Causes involuntary movements, such as grimacing and eye blinking
Panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
Obsessive-complusive disorder(OCD)
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts(obsessions) and/or actions(compulsions)
Obsession
Inability of a person to stop thinking about a particular topic or feeling a certain emotion without a high amount of anxiety.
Compulsion
Repetitive, rule-based behavior that a person feels they must perform in order to feel normal and in some cases to prevent negative consequences from happening.
Phobias
An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
Social Phobias(social anxiety disorder)
-An intense fear of being scrutinized by other -Avoid potentially embarrassing social situations, such as speaking up, eating out, or going to parties
Agoraphobia
Fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes -Given such fear, people may avoid being outside the home, in a crowd, on a bus, or on an elevator
Major depressive disorder
A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in a absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
Autism Spectrum Disorder ASD
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of minds.
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)
A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Dissociative Identity Disorder
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.
Dissociative Fugue Disorder
A rare disorder where someone loses their identity often in response to an overwhelming or stressful situation
Dissociative disorders
Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous thoughts, feelings, and memories.
Borderline personality disorder
a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and emotions. People with borderline personality disorder are also usually very impulsive. This disorder occurs in most by early adulthood.
Histrionic personality disorder
A disorder where a person seeks attention, talks dramatically with strong opinions, is easily influenced, has rapidly changing emotions, and thinks relationships are closer than they are.
Narcissistic personality disorder
Symptoms include an excessive need for admiration, disregard for others’ feelings, an inability to handle any criticism, and a sense of entitlement.
Antisocial personality disorder
The person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward family and friends. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
Paranoid personality disorder
A mental condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of distrust and suspicion of others. The person does not have a full-blown psychotic disorder, such as schizophrenia.
Personality disorder types
Cluster A- odd or eccentric behavior is considered to be central. Ex: schizotypal, schizoid and paranoid personality disorders Cluster B- dramatic and erratic emotional responses are common. Ex: borderline, antisocial, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders Cluster C- anxious and fearful behaviour are central Ex: avoidant, dependent and obsessive compulsive personality disorders.
Psychological disorder
Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
Anxiety disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
An anxiety disorder in which person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
Active listening
Echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what a person expresses and acknowledging the expressed feelings
Exposure therapies
Behavioral techniques that treat anxiety by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid
Systematic desensitization
Type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with a gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Often used to treat a phobia.
Aversive conditioning
Type of Counterconditioning that associates and unpleasant state (nausea) with an unwanted behavior (drinking alcohol)
Token economy
An operate conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the token for various treats
Behavior modification
Reinforcing desired behavior, and withholding reinforcement or enacting punishment for an undesired behavior
Humanistic approach
Psychologists look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer but through the the eyes of the person doing the behaving. Study of the whole person
Deinstitutionalization
Process of replacing long-stay psychiatric hospitals with less isolated community mental health services for those diagnosed with a mental disorder or developmental disability
Free Association
Technique used in psychoanalysis and developed by Freud. It is when the patient is relaxed and says whatever comes to mind. Is supposed to uncover the unconscious thoughts and feelings that had been repressed
Psychodynamic Therapy
Therapy deriving from the psychoanalyst if tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences and that seeks to enhance self insight
Lithium
Mood stabilizing drug used for bipolar disorder
Antidepressants
Drugs used to treat depression, also used for anxiety Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters
Prefrontal lobotomy
A now rare surgery once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients Cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotional-controlling enters of the inner brain
Anxiolytics
medication that inhibits anxiety
Group Therapy
Just as effective as individual therapy Costs less Provides support because you know others are going through what you are
Meta-Analysis
A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
Form of cognitive behavior therapy Developed by Dr. Albert Ellis Action-oriented approach to managing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disturbances. Largely based on our thinking about events that leads to emotional and behavioral upset.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
A form of brain stimulation therapy Uses magnetic pulses instead of electricity to activate parts of the brain. Possible therapy for depression
Electroconvulsive shock treatment
A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
General Adaptation Syndrome
Describes the general response people have to a stressful event. Includes the Alarm Reaction phase, the Resistance phase, and the Exhaustion phase.
Stress
the process of perceiving and responding to a challenging or threatening event. It’s your body’s reaction to an external challenge, and while often perceived as negative, it can also be a motivating force.
Stressor
an event or situation that is perceived as challenging or threatening, triggering a stress response. It’s the trigger for the body’s physical and mental changes in response to a perceived threat.
Eustress
a positive, motivating form of stress that can be beneficial for health, motivation, and performance. It’s often associated with challenging but achievable tasks that are enjoyable or worthwhile,
Distress
the negative, debilitating, and often unpleasant experience of stress. It’s the kind of stress that is perceived as harmful and can negatively impact mental and physical well-being. Distress is the opposite of “eustress,” which is positive and motivating stress
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
potentially traumatic events that occur during childhood (0-17 years). These experiences can include abuse, neglect, witnessing domestic violence, or having a family member attempt suicide. ACEs can have long-lasting negative impacts on mental and physical health throughout a person’s life. They often affect our ability to deal with stress.
Alarm reaction
the initial stage of the body’s stress response, also known as the “fight-or-flight” response. It’s triggered by a stressor, leading to rapid physiological changes like increased heart rate, blood pressure, and the release of stress hormones. This prepares the body to either flee or confront the perceived threat.
Resistance Phase
the second stage in the body’s response to stress. During this phase, the body tries to adapt to the stressor and restore homeostasis, often by reducing the amount of stress hormones produced. If the stressor is prolonged, the body may remain in this state of heightened alert, potentially leading to negative health consequences
Fight-flight-freeze
the body’s immediate, automatic responses to perceived threats or danger. These reactions are part of the broader acute stress response and are triggered by the sympathetic nervous system.
Exhaustion Phase
the final stage of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), represents the body’s inability to cope with prolonged or chronic stress. It’s characterized by depleted energy reserves, reduced stress resistance, and increased vulnerability to illness and disease. This stage can lead to long-term health complications and is often associated with burnout, depression, anxiety, and fatigue.
Tend-and-Befriend Theory
in response to stress, individuals, particularly women, are more likely to engage in behaviors that involve tending to others (nurturing, protecting) and befriending (seeking social support). This theory is often presented as an alternative or complement to the more well-known “fight or flight” response.
Problem-focused coping
a stress management strategy where individuals directly confront and attempt to solve the source of their stress. This approach involves actively addressing the problem, seeking solutions, and taking actionable steps to eliminate or reduce the stressor.
Emotion-focused coping
a stress-management strategy that aims to regulate the emotional response to a stressful situation, rather than directly addressing the problem. It involves controlling feelings and potentially seeking support to cope with the emotional distress, often when a stressor is perceived as uncontrollable.
Resilience
the capacity to adapt successfully to difficult or challenging life experiences, particularly in the face of adversity or trauma. It’s the ability to “bounce back” from adversity and maintain psychological well-being.
Gratitude
a feeling of appreciation, thankfulness, and joy in response to receiving a gift or benefit, or a fortunate happenstance.
Signature Strengths or Virtues
signature strengths (kindness, courage, creativity) and virtues refer to positive character traits that are essential for human flourishing and well-being. The virtues are wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
Posttraumatic Growth
the positive psychological changes, like increased appreciation for life, stronger relationships, or a greater sense of personal strength, that can occur as a result of struggling with extremely challenging life experiences or traumatic events
Dysfunction
impairment or deficiency in an individual’s thinking, emotional regulation, or behavior, reflecting a breakdown in mental functioning
deviance from social norm
behavior that violates the unspoken or written rules of acceptable conduct within a specific social group or culture. It’s a way of defining abnormality, where behavior is considered abnormal if it deviates significantly from what’s considered normal or typical within a given context.
DSM V
(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) is defined as a widely used system for classifying mental disorders, primarily used by mental health professionals to diagnose and understand patients. The DSM-5 is the current version, and it’s a crucial tool for communication and research in the field
ICD- International Classification of Diseases
a system developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to classify diseases and health problems. It’s used for diagnosis, research, and statistical tracking of mortality and morbidity. ICD is crucial for understanding how mental disorders are classified and diagnosed
Eclectic Approach
a flexible and individualized method where therapists utilize techniques from various therapeutic perspectives to best suit a client’s unique needs and challenges.
Behavioral Perspective
explains behavior as a result of learning through conditioning and observation, emphasizing observable actions and reactions rather than internal mental processes
Psychodynamic perspective
explains human behavior as rooted in unconscious drives and internal conflicts. This perspective, pioneered by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the importance of childhood experiences and unconscious thoughts in shaping personality and behavior.
Humanistic Perspective
emphasizes the individual’s inherent potential for growth and self-actualization, focusing on positive qualities and the search for meaning and purpose in life. It views humans as active agents who make choices and are responsible for their own behavior, rather than being passively controlled by forces outside of themselves.
Cognitive Perspective
focuses on how individuals perceive, think, remember, and process information, and how these mental processes influence their behavior.
Evolutionary Perspective
examines human behavior and mental processes through the lens of natural selection and adaptation, focusing on how traits beneficial for survival and reproduction have shaped our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Sociocultural perspective
focuses on how an individual’s behavior and mental processes are shaped by social and cultural influences.
Biological Perspective
focuses on understanding behavior and mental processes through the lens of biology, including the nervous system, genetics, hormones, and brain structures
Biopsychosocial model
a holistic approach in psychology that considers biological, psychological, and social factors in explaining human behavior and mental processes
Diathesis-stress model
explains that mental and physical disorders develop from a combination of a person’s genetic or biological predisposition (diathesis) and the presence of stressful life events.
delusions
a false belief that is held with unshakable conviction, even in the face of contradictory evidence
Disorganized thinking/speech
a disruption in a person’s ability to think logically and coherently, leading to jumbled or incoherent thoughts and speech. Typical of schizophrenia
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
those that represent an excess or distortion of normal function, as opposed to a lack or deficiency. These symptoms are added to normal behaviors and include things like delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts or behavior.
Word salad
a term describing severely disorganized and unintelligible speech or writing, often characterized by a jumbling of words and phrases that lack logical connection. This can be a symptom of mental disorders like schizophrenia, where individuals struggle to organize their thoughts and express them coherently.
Disorganized motor behavior
unusual or abnormal movements and behaviors, often seen in individuals with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders. These behaviors can range from fidgeting, inappropriate giggling or smiling, and odd facial expressions and gestures to more severe forms like repetitive or purposeless movements.
Catatonia
a state of extreme motor and behavioral disturbances characterized by:
Immobility: Remaining still in one position for extended periods.
Stupor: Lack of responsiveness to the environment, including pain.
Negativism: Resistance to movement or instructions.
Posturing: Adopting bizarre or rigid body postures.
Mutism: Inability or unwillingness to speak.
Waxy flexibility: Maintaining body positions imposed by others.
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
deficits or losses of normal behaviors and functions rather than the presence of something abnormal or unusual. These symptoms represent a decrease or absence of typical thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. Examples include flat affect (reduced emotional expression), alogia (poverty of speech), avolition (lack of motivation), and asociality (reduced social interaction).
Acute schizophrenia
a period within the broader condition of schizophrenia when a person experiences a significant worsening of symptoms, particularly in the areas of thought, perception, and behavior. These symptoms are considered “acute” because they are severe and often have a sudden onset.
Chronic schizophrenia
a long-term, persistent form of the disorder characterized by a gradual onset of symptoms and a less likely chance of full recovery
Persistent Depressive disorder
a chronic form of depression characterized by a prolonged period of depressed or irritable mood, lasting for at least two years in adults (or one year in children), with a minimal amount of time spent feeling truly normal during that period.
Hypomania
a less severe, yet sustained state of elevated or irritable mood lasting at least 4 days. It involves noticeable changes in mood, energy, and activity levels, distinct from a person’s typical behavior.
Bipolar I disorder
a mood disorder characterized by at least one manic episode, which is a period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that lasts at least one week. Individuals with Bipolar I may also experience depressive episodes, but the defining feature is the presence of a manic episode.
Bipolar II disorder
a pattern of mood swings that includes both depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but not the full-blown manic episodes seen in Bipolar I disorder. This means individuals experience periods of intense depression (similar to major depressive disorder) and periods of elevated mood and increased energy (hypomania).
Culture-bound disorder
a psychological disorder that is only found within a specific culture or group of cultures.
Ataque de nervios
is a culture-bound disorder prevalent in Caribbean cultures. It’s characterized by intense distress, often involving uncontrollable shouting, crying, trembling, a sense of rising heat, and possible fainting or seizure-like episodes.
Taijin kyofusho
a culturally specific form of social anxiety disorder primarily observed in Japanese and Korean cultures. It’s characterized by a deep-seated fear that one’s body parts, bodily functions, or appearance will offend or be displeasing to others. This fear can manifest in anxieties about blushing, body odor, or even physical defects, leading to avoidance of social situations.
Hoarding disorder
a mental disorder characterized by persistent difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of their value, leading to excessive accumulation of items and cluttered living spaces
Dissociative Amnesia
a psychological disorder characterized by a loss of memory for important personal information, typically triggered by a traumatic or stressful event
Dissociative Fugue
a dissociative disorder where an individual experiences sudden, unexpected travel away from their customary location and a loss of identity or memory of the past.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
a mental health condition that develops after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, leading to persistent symptoms like flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance and avoidance behaviors. These symptoms cause significant distress and interfere with daily functioning, lasting for more than a month.
hypervigilance
a state of abnormally heightened alertness, especially to threatening or potentially dangerous stimuli.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression in interpersonal settings. Individuals with this disorder tend to be aloof, indifferent, and have a limited desire for close relationships or social interactions. They often prefer solitary activities and may have difficulty forming close relationships, even with family members.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
a persistent pattern of discomfort in close relationships, along with cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentric behaviors. Individuals with SPD often experience social anxiety, unusual beliefs or experiences, and difficulty forming close relationships.
Avoidant Personality Disorder
characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, beginning in early adulthood and present in various contexts. Individuals with AVPD experience significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning due to their intense fear of rejection and criticism.
Dependent Personality Disorder
a mental health condition characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of by others.
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
a pervasive pattern of perfectionism, orderliness, and inflexibility in interpersonal relationships, work, and daily life
APA Ethical Principles in Therapy
a set of guidelines that therapists and researchers must follow to ensure ethical conduct in their practice. They include: beneficience and nonmalfiecence; fidelity and responsibility; integrity; justice; respect for people’s rights and dignity.
dream interpretation
A psychodynamic therapy technique that analyzes the meaning of symbols from dreams to help access the unconscious
Maladaptive thinking
negative, irrational, and often distorted thought patterns that hinder an individual’s ability to cope with life’s challenges effectively. These thought patterns can be harmful and detrimental to mental well-being, as they can lead to increased distress, discomfort, and anxiety. This is a key focus of cognitive therapy techniques
Cognitive Triad
a set of three negative thought patterns identified by Aaron Beck as a key factor in depression. These patterns involve negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future. Beck’s theory suggests that these negative thoughts can lead to a cycle of depression where one negative thought can reinforce the others.
Biofeedback therapy
a technique where individuals learn to control physiological processes, like heart rate or muscle tension, through feedback from sensors.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
a short-term, goal-oriented therapy that aims to change both maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy DBT
is a form of psychotherapy primarily used to treat individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), but also effective for other conditions like depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. DBT emphasizes the importance of both acceptance and change in the therapeutic process, helping individuals develop skills in areas like emotion regulation, distress tolerance, mindfulness, and interpersonal effectiveness.
Person-centered therapy
(also known as client-centered therapy) is a humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers, emphasizing the client’s own ability to understand and solve their problems. It focuses on creating a supportive, non-judgmental environment where the client can explore their feelings and thoughts without the therapist providing solutions or advice.
Hypnosis therapy
an altered state of consciousness characterized by focused attention, heightened suggestibility, and deep relaxation. This state, sometimes described as a trance-like state, is used therapeutically to help individuals manage pain and anxiety.
psychosurgery
surgical procedures, usually involving the brain, used to treat psychological ailments.
