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Ap Psychology > Unit 5: Memory > Flashcards

Unit 5: Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Hierarchies

A

processing information not only in chunks but also in hierarchies composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrow concepts and facts, (helps people achieve expertise in an area)

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2
Q

Spacing Effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through masses study or practice

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3
Q

Testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

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4
Q

Mnemonic

A

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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5
Q

Chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

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6
Q

Shallow Processing

A

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

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7
Q

Deep processing

A

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

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8
Q

echoic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

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9
Q

iconic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

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10
Q

George Miller 7 +/- 2

A

proposed that short-term memory can retain about seven information bits (give or take two)

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11
Q

implicit memory

A

retention independent of conscious recollection (also called nondeclarative memory)

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12
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

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13
Q

automatic processing (space)

A

the tendency to remember the location of a piece of information (ex; visualizing the location of a specific bit of information on a page)

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14
Q

automatic processing (time)

A

The tendency to remember a sequence of events (ex; retracing your steps after losing something)

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15
Q

automatic processing (frequency)

A

The tendency to take note of how many times things happen (ex; passing someone for the nth time in one day)

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16
Q

effortless processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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17
Q

explicit memory

A

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and ‘declare” (also known as declarative memory)

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18
Q

Working memory (Alan Baddeley)

A

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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19
Q

long term memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge skills and experiences

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20
Q

short-term memory

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

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21
Q

sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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22
Q

parallel processing

A

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) process of most computers and of conscious problem-solving

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23
Q

retrieval

A

the process of getting information out of memory stage

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24
Q

storage

A

the process of retaining encoded information over time

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25
Q

encoding

A

the processing of information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning

26
Q

memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval if information

27
Q

Hippocampus

A

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

28
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

29
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

30
Q

Recall

A

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

31
Q

Recognition

A

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

32
Q

relearning

A

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

33
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

34
Q

mood-congruent theory

A

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

35
Q

serial position effect

A

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

36
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

an inability to form new memories

37
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

an inability to retrieve information from one’s past

38
Q

proactive interference

A

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

39
Q

retroactive interference

A

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

40
Q

repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory; the basic defence mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

41
Q

misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

42
Q

source amnesia

A

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories

43
Q

Deja vu

A

The eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before”. Cues from the current situation that may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

44
Q

cognition

A

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

45
Q

concept

A

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

46
Q

prototype

A

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)

47
Q

creativity

A

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

48
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

49
Q

Divergent thinking

A

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)

50
Q

algorithm

A

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone - use of heuristics

51
Q

heuristic

A

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

52
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions

53
Q

Confirmation bias

A

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

54
Q

mental set

A

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

55
Q

intuition

A

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit conscious reasoning

56
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

57
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness) we presume such events are common

58
Q

overconfidence

A

the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

59
Q

belief perserverance

A

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

60
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgments

Ap Psychology (9 decks)

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