Test 1 Flashcards
Conformity
The tendency to agree and conform with a group of people to avoid discomfort, despite believing in a different response.
Solomon Asch Line Study
Presented subjects with different lengths of lines
- had confederates answer incorrectly to determine if true subject would conform to the will of the group
Chameleon Effect
We adjust and change our behavior, posture, and manner of speaking to fit into different situations in our world
Confederate
Subjects of the study that have a pre-planned way of behaving in the study
Normative social influence (type of conformity)
conforming to trends to avoid rejection or to gain social approval
Informational social influence (type of conformity)
an individual does what others do because you think other people have more information than you
Zimbardo Prison Study
a two-week simulation of a prison environment that examined the effects of situational variables on participants’ reactions and behaviors
Learned Helplessness (Martin Seligman)
when a person is unable to find resolutions to difficult situations
Cognitive Dissonance (Leon Festinger)
When someone is forced to do (publicly) something they (privately) really don’t want to do.
Obedience to authority (Stanley Milgram)
Shock chair experiment found that 60% of of men aged 20-50 complied with commands from administrators even though the commands brought harm to other participants.
Conformity
compliance with standards, rules, or laws
Obedience
compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another’s authority
Social Facilitation
Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of other.
Groupthink
mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in decision-making overrides realistic alternatives
Social Striving
Work hard as a member of a team than alone
Social Inhibition/Imparement
Lowering a performance on a given task in the presence of others,usually a task that has not been well practiced
Social Loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their effort toward training a common goal than when individually accountable
Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations
Group polarization
the enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion between the groups. The group moves to a more extreme position
Bystander effect
the lack of help to others in emergency situations because they think others are present and will presumably be the ones to help
Attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s reoccurent behaviors
Altruism
an unselfish concern for another’s welfare
Central route to persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
Collectivism
giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly
Compassionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Diffusion of responsibility
When we are in large groups we are less likely to help people in need than when we are alone
discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
dispositional/internal attribution
The belief that one’s behavior is due to long-lasting personality traits rather than the current environment
Door in the face
the tendency for people who agree to a small request to comply with a larger one
ethnocentrism
the thought that one’s own culture is the center of the world and somehow superior to others
fundamental attribution error
The tendency for observers when analyzing another’s behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
Foot in the door technique
the tendency for people who agree to a small request to comply with a larger one
Halo effect
the assumption that an individual with one positive characteristic will have other positive characteristics.
individualism
Individualists give relatively greater priority to personal goals and define their identity mostly in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group
Just world phenomenon
People get what they deserve and deserve what they get (good karma bad karma)
compliance
when an individual changes his or her behavior in response to an explicit or implicit request made by another person
Mere exposure effect
the more one is exposed to something, the more they will like it
prejudice
an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members
Peripheral route to persuasion
Individuals who need to make a decision take into account random and unimportant factors in order to arrive at a decision (celebrity model)
Reciprocity norm
when people do nice things for you. You feel like you owe them something in return
norm
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior; norms prescribe “proper” behavior
stereotype threat
the risk of confirming negative stereotypes about an individual’s racial, ethnic, gender, or cultural group
social identity theory
a person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership (alt kid)
groupthink
mode of thinking that occurs when desire for harmony in decision making overrides realistic alternatives
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Self-fulfilling prophecy
process through which an originally false expectations leads to its own confirmation
Aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
Self-serving bias
People are more likely to take credit for their success and blame others for their failures
Situational/External attribution
A belief that an individual’s behavior is based on events in the environment rather than long-lasting personality characteristics
social psychology
branch of psychology that deals with social interacts, their origins, and their effects.
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
social dilemma
a situation in which all individuals would be better off cooperating but fail to do so because of conflicting interests between individuals that discourage joint actions
contact theory
the idea that stereotypes and prejudice towards a group will diminish as contact with the group increases
subordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and necessitate cooperation (beer add)
Implicit associations
Implicit prejudice is made by an individual’s unconscious state of mind
low ball effect
secure an agreement to purchase an item and then hidden costs are added to the item
Framing effect
how a question or request is phrased impacts the result of the receiver
sleeper effect
when a desired resource is limited it creates a sense of urgency and desire to acquire what others cannot
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize the benefits and minimize costs to ourselves.
self-effacing bias
when we attribute credit to people or events other than oneself when explaining success. More likely to occur in collectivist cultures. “It had nothing to do with me, it was my team”
false consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate the degree to which other people will agree with you, think like you, and behave like you.
actor-observer effect
the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes, while attributing our own behavior to external causes.
confirmation biased
hindsight bias
the tendency people have to assume that they know the outcome of an event after the outcome has already been determined
racism
