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BPK326 > Unit 5: Lower Limb > Flashcards

Unit 5: Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

what muscles make up the glutes?

A
  • gluteus maximus
  • gluteus medius
  • gluteus minimus
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2
Q

what is the collective function of the glutes?

A

abduction and extension of the thigh at the hip joint

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3
Q

what are the OIIs of gluteus maximus?

A
  • O: thoracolumbar fascia, gluteal fossa of the iliac wing, sacrotuberous ligament, posterior and inferior sacrum and coccyx
  • I: iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity
  • I: inferior gluteal nerve
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4
Q

what muscle produces the shape of the buttocks?

A

gluteus maximus (most superficial)

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5
Q

what is the sacrotuberous ligament?

A
  • extends from PSIS of ilium and dorsolateral sacrum and coccyx to the ischial tuberosity
  • forms the wall of the greater and lesser sciatic foramina
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6
Q

what is the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

branch of the sciatic nerve
- formed by S1 and S2

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7
Q

what are the OIIs of gluteus medius?

A
  • O: gluteal fossa of the iliac wing
  • I: greater trochanter
  • I: superior gluteal nerve
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8
Q

what are the As of gluteus maximus?

A
  • extension of the thigh at the hip
  • external rotation of the thigh at the hip
  • abduction of the thigh at the hip
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9
Q

what is the superior gluteal nerve?

A

branch of the sciatic nerve
- formed by L5 and S1

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10
Q

what are the As of gluteus medius?

A
  • abduction of the thigh at the hip
  • internal rotation (anterior fibers) of the thigh at the hip
  • external rotation (posterior fibers) of the thigh at the hip
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11
Q

what are the OIIs of gluteus minimus?

A
  • O: gluteal fossa of the iliac wing
  • I: greater trochanter
  • I: superior gluteal nerve
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12
Q

what are the As of gluteus minimus?

A
  • abduction of the thigh at the hip
  • internal rotation of the thigh at the hip
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13
Q

what are the deep posterior thigh muscles?

A
  • piriformis
  • superior gemellus
  • obturator internus
  • inferior gemellus
  • quadratus femoris
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14
Q

what is the collective function of the deep posterior thigh muscles?

A

stabilize head of the femur at the acetabulum and externally rotate thigh

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15
Q

what are the OIIs of piriformis?

A
  • O: anterior surface of the sacrum
  • I: greater trochanter
  • I: nerve to piriformis (S1-S2)
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16
Q

what are the As of piriformis?

A
  • external rotation of the thigh at the hip
  • abduction of the thigh at the hip (if the hip if flexed)
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17
Q

what are the OIIs of superior gemellus?

A
  • O: ischial spine
  • I: greater trochanter
  • I: nerve to obturator internus (L5-S1)
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18
Q

what are the As of superior gemellus?

A
  • external rotation of the thigh at the hip
  • abduction of the thigh at the hip (if the hip is flexed)
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19
Q

what are the OIAIs of obturator internus?

A
  • O: posterior surface of the obturator membrane
  • I: greater trochanter, trochanteric fossa
  • A: external rotation of the thigh at the hip
  • I: nerve to obturator internus (L5-S1)
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20
Q

what are the OIIs of inferior gemellus?

A
  • O: ischial tuberosity
  • I: greater trochanter
  • I: nerve to quadratus femoris (L4-S1)
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21
Q

what are the As of inferior gemellus?

A
  • external rotation of the thigh at the hip
  • abduction of the thigh at the hip (if the hip is flexed)
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22
Q

what are the OIIs of quadratus femoris?

A
  • O: ischial tuberosity
  • I: intertrochanteric crest
  • I: nerve to quadratus femoris (L4-S1)
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23
Q

what are the As of quadratus femoris?

A
  • external rotation of the thigh at the hip
  • adduction of the thigh at the hip
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24
Q

what are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

hamstrings
- biceps femoris long head
- biceps femoris short head
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus

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25
what is the function of 3 of the hamstrings?
- hip extensors - flexes leg at knee
26
what are the OIIs of the long head of biceps femoris?
- O: ischial tuberosity - I: head of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia - I: tibial nerve
27
what are the As of the long head of biceps femoris?
- extension of the thigh at the hip - flexes the leg at the knee - laterally (external) rotation of the leg if the leg is fixed
28
what are the OIIs of the short head of biceps femoris?
- O: linea aspera - I: head of the fibula, lateral condyle of the tibia - I: common fibular (peroneal) nerve
29
what are the As of the short head of biceps femoris?
- flexes the leg at the knee - laterally (external) rotation of the leg if the leg is fixed
30
what are the OIIs of semitendinosus?
- O: ischial tuberosity - I: proximal end of tibia below medial condyle via pes anserinus - I: tibial nerve
31
what are the As of semitendinosus?
- extends the thigh at the hip - flexes the leg at the knee - internally rotates the leg at the knee
32
what are the OIIs of semimembranosus?
- O: ischial tuberosity - I: medial condyle of tibia - I: tibial nerve
33
what are the As of semimembranosus?
- extends the thigh at the hip - flexes the leg at the knee - internally rotates the leg at the knee
34
what is the small saphenous vein?
- lateral vein of the posterior leg draining into the popliteal vein at the popliteal fossa - drains fibular vein
35
where is the small saphenous vein in rabbits?
superficial vein that lies along the inferior border of biceps femoris - separates biceps femoris from semimembranosus and semitendinosus
36
what are the muscles of the anterior hip?
- iliacus - psoas major - tensor fasciae latae
37
what are the OIIs of iliacus?
- O: iliac fossa - I: lesser trochanter of femur as iliopsoas tendon - I: femoral nerve
38
what are the As of iliacus?
- flexion of the thigh at the hip - flexion of the trunk at the hip (ex. from supine)
39
what are the OIIs of psoas major?
- O: transverse processes L1-L5 - I: lesser trochanter of femur as iliopsoas tendon - I: femoral nerve
40
what are the As of psoas major?
- flexes the thigh at the hip - flexes the trunk
41
what is the most powerful hip flexor?
iliopsoas
42
what are the OIIs of tensor fasciae latae?
- O: anterior superior iliac spine - I: iliotibial tract - I: superior gluteal nerve
43
what are the As of tensor fasciae latae?
- internal rotation of the thigh at the hip - flexes the thigh at the hip - abducts the thigh at the hip
44
what are the muscles of the anterior thigh?
- sartorius - quadriceps femoris
45
what is problematic about pectineus?
located in the medial compartment but grouped in the anterior compartment - adductor (medial) but innervated by the femoral nerve (anterior)
46
what are the muscles of quadriceps femoris?
- rectus femoris - vastus medialis - vastus intermedialis - vastus lateralis
47
what are the OIAIs of pectineus?
- O: superior pubic remus (pectineal line of pubic bone) - I: pectineal line of femur - A: adducts the thigh at the hip - I: femoral nerve
48
what are the OIIs of sartorius?
- O: anterior superior iliac spine - I: proximal end of tibia below medial condyle (via pes anserinus) - I: femoral nerve
49
what are the As of sartorius?
- flexes the thigh at the hip - flexes the leg at the knee - externally rotates the thigh at the hip
50
what are the OIIs of rectus femoris?
- O: anterior inferior iliac spine - I: tibial tuberosity, patella (common quadriceps tendon) - I: femoral nerve
51
what are the As of rectus femoris?
- flexion of the thigh at the hip - extension of the leg at the knee
52
what are the OIAIs of vastus medialis?
- O: linea aspera, intertrochanteric line - I: tibial tuberosity, patella (common quadriceps tendon) - A: extension of leg at knee - I: femoral nerve
53
what are the OIAIs of vastus intermedius?
- O: anterior surface of the femoral shaft (body of femur) - I: tibial tuberosity, patella (common quadriceps tendon) - A: extension of the leg - I: femoral nerve
54
what are the OIAIs of vastus lateralis?
- O: linea aspera, greater trochanter - I: tibial tuberosity, patella (common quadriceps tendon) - A: extension of the leg - I: femoral nerve
55
what is the collective function of the muscles of the anterior thigh (excluding pectineus)?
extend the leg at the knee and flex the thigh at the hip
56
what are the muscles of the medial thigh?
- obturator externus - adductor brevis - adductor longus - adductor magnus - gracilis - pectineus
57
what are the OIAIs of obturator externus?
- O: anterior side of obturator membrane - I: trochanteric fossa - A: adducts the thigh at the hip when flexed - I: obturator nerve
58
what are the OIIs of adductor brevis?
- O: body and inferior ramus of pubis - I: linea aspera - I: obturator nerve
59
what are the As of adductor brevis?
- adducts the thigh at the hip - externally rotates the thigh at the hip
60
what is the collective function of the muscles of the medial thigh?
hip adductors innervated by the obturator nerve
61
what are the OIIs of adductor longus?
- O: body of pubis - I: linea aspera - I: obturator nerve
62
what are the As of adductor longus?
- adducts the thigh at the hip - externally rotates the thigh at the hip
63
what are the OIAIs of the adductor part of adductor magnus?
- O: inferior pubic ramus, ischial ramus - I: linea aspera - A: adduction of the thigh at the hip - I: obturator nerve
64
what are the OIAIs of the hamstring part of adductor magnus?
- O: ischial tuberosity - I: adductor tubercle of femur - A: extends the thigh at the hip - I: sciatic nerve
65
what are the OIIs of gracilis?
- O: body and inferior ramus of pubis - I: pes anserinus - I: obturator nerve
66
what are the As of gracilis?
- adducts the thigh at the hip - flexes the leg at the knee - internally rotates the leg at the knee
67
what is the adductor hiatus?
gap between adductor magnus and femur that allows passage for the femoral artery, femoral vein, and saphenous nerve (terminal branch of femoral nerve)
68
what is the femoral nerve?
main division of the lumbar plexus, formed by L2-L4 spinal nerves
69
what is the femoral artery?
distal continuation of the external iliac artery past the inguinal ligament; continues as the popliteal artery at the popliteal fossa
70
what is the femoral vein?
drains all venous circulation of the lower limb, distal to the inguinal canal
71
what is the sciatic nerve?
formed by S1 and S2 spinal nerves, passes through the greater sciatic foramen - bifurcates into tibial and common fibular nerves at the popliteal fossa
72
what is the inferior gluteal nerve?
derived from L5-S2 spinal nerves, passes through greater sciatic foramen
73
what is the popliteal artery?
distal continuation of femoral artery, bifurcates into the anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery
74
what is the popliteal vein?
drains the small saphenous vein, anterior tibial vein, posterior tibial vein
75
what is the tibial nerve?
terminal branch of the sciatic nerve
76
what are the landmarks of the proximal femur?
- head - fovea capitis - neck - greater trochanter - lesser trochanter - intertrochanteric line - intertrochanteric crest - trochanteric fossa - pectineal line - gluteal tuberosity - linea aspera
77
what is the function of the head of the femur?
interacts with acetabulum of pelvis
78
what is the fovea capitis?
small depression in the head where the foveal ligament attaches to stabilize the hip
79
what is the function of the greater trochanter?
attachment point for hip abductors and external rotators of the thigh - on posterior side
80
what is the function of the lesser trochanter?
attachment for iliopsoas - posteromedial side
81
what is the function of the intertrochanteric line?
where the neck and the shaft join; attachment for iliofemoral ligament - anterior
82
what is the function of the intertrochanteric crest?
joins trochanters - posterior
83
where is the trochanteric fossa?
fossa in intertrochanteric crest on the posterior side
84
what is the function of the pectineal line?
insertion for pectineus - medial, posterior side
85
what is the function of the gluteal tuberosity?
insertion for glute max - posterior
86
what is the function of linea aspera?
attachment for adductors of the thigh - posterior
87
what are the landmarks of the distal femur?
- patellar surface - lateral condyle - medial condyle - lateral epicondyle - medial epicondyle - intercondylar fossa - lateral supracondylar line - medial supracondylar line - adductor tubercle
88
what is the patellar surface?
small anterior depression to allow for articulations with the patella - anterior
89
what is the lateral condyle of the femur?
posterior protrusion, articulates with lateral condyle of the tibia and lateral meniscus + attachment for ACL
90
what is the medial condyle of the femur?
posterior protrusion, articulates with medial condyle of the tibia and medial meniscus + attachment for PCL
91
what is the lateral epicondyle for the femur?
posterior above lateral condyle; attachment for LCL
92
what is the medial epicondyle of the femur?
posterior above medial condyle; attachment for MCL
93
where is the intercondylar fossa?
posterior, in between condyles
94
what is the lateral supracondylar line?
posterior, lateral continuation of linea aspera
95
what is the medial supracondylar line?
posterior, medial continuation of linea aspera
96
what is the adductor tubercle?
on the medial condyle, tendinous attachment for adductor magnus
97
what are the landmarks of the proximal tibia?
- lateral condyle - medial condyle - intercondylar eminences (left and right) - tibial tuberosity - Gerdy's tubercle - articular facet for fibula - anterior border - interosseous border - soleal line
98
what is the function of the medial condyle of the tibia?
attachment for semimembranosus and MCL
99
what is the function of the lateral condyle of the tibia?
attachment for iliotibial tract and LCL
100
what is the tibial tuberosity?
anterior, distal attachment for the patellar ligament
101
what is the Gerdy's tubercle?
insertion for the iliotibial tract - on anterior part of lateral condyle
102
where is the articular facet for fibula?
on inferior part of lateral condyle
103
what is the soleal line of the tibia?
attachment for popliteus, soleus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior - formed by origin of soleus muscle - on upper posterior surface
104
what are the landmarks of the distal femur?
- medial malleolus - fibular notch
105
what is the function of the medial malleolus?
articulates with talus, attaches medial (deltoid) ligament
106
what is the function of the fibular notch?
distal articulation with fibula on lateral side
107
what are the landmarks of the fibula?
- head of fibula (proximal) - articular facet (on head) - lateral malleolus - malleolar fossa
108
what is the lateral malleolus?
forms lateral border of ankle joint, attachment for anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament
109
what is the function of the malleolar fossa?
attachment for the posterior talofibular ligament
110
what are the landmarks of the foot?
- calcaneus - talus - navicular - cuboid - medial cuneiform - intermediate cuneiform - lateral cuneiform - metatarsals - phalanges
111
what is the calcaneus?
heel bone
112
what is the talus?
receives the weight of the body via the tibia; divides force between calcaneus and forefoot
113
what is the navicular?
located between talus and 3 cuneiforms; provides tendinous attachment to help maintain the longitudinal arch of the foot
114
where is the cuboid bone?
most lateral bone in the distal row of tarsal bones, cube shaped
115
what are characteristics of the cuneiform bones?
- medial = largest - intermediate = smallest - lateral articulates with cuboid
116
how many phalanges does each digit have?
big toe has 2 (proximal and distal), rest have 3 (proximal, middle, distal)
117
what are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
- tibialis anterior - extensor digitorum longus - extensor hallucis longus
118
what is the function and innervation of the anterior compartment of the leg?
dorsiflex and invert the foot at the ankle, innervated by the deep peroneal (fibular) nerve
119
what are the OIIs of tibialis anterior?
- O: lateral condyle of the tibia, lateral aspect of the tibia, interosseous membrane of the leg - I: base of the first metatarsal; medial cuneiform bone - I: deep peroneal nerve
120
what are the As of tibialis anterior?
- dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle - inverts the foot at the ankle
121
what are the OIIs of extensor digitorum longus?
- O: lateral condyle of the tibia, medial aspect of the fibula, interosseous membrane of the leg - I: middle and distal phalanges of the lateral 4 digits - I: deep peroneal nerve
122
what are the As of extensor digitorum longus?
- dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle - extends the lateral 4 digits
123
what are the OIIs of extensor hallucis longus?
- O: medial aspect of the fibula, interosseous membrane of the leg (halfway, distal to other muscle origins) - I: base of the first distal phalanx - I: deep peroneal nerve
124
what are the As of extensor hallucis longus?
- dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle - extends the big toe
125
what are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
- fibularis (peroneus) longus - fibularis (peroneus) brevis
126
what is the function and innervation of the lateral compartment of the leg?
evert the foot at the ankle (prevent excessive inversion), innervated by superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve
127
what are the OIIs of fibularis (peroneus) longus?
- O: head of the fibula, lateral surface of the fibula - I: base of the first metatarsal, medial cuneiform bone - I: superficial peroneal nerve
128
what are the OIIs of fibularis (peroneus) brevis?
- O: lateral fibula (distal) - I: base of the fifth metatarsal - I: superficial peroneal nerve
129
what are the As of fibularis longus and fibularis brevis?
- everts the foot at the ankle - weakly plantar flexes the foot at the ankle
130
what are the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?
- gastrocnemius - soleus - plantaris
131
what is the function and innervation of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?
plantar flexion of the foot, innervated by the tibial nerve
132
what are the Os of gastrocnemius?
- lateral head: lateral epicondyle of the femur - medial head: medial epicondyle of the femur
133
what are the IIs of gastrocnemius?
- I: tuber calcanei (calcaneus tubercle - back of heel bone) via the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon - I: tibial nerve
134
what are the As of gastrocnemius?
- plantar flexes the foot at the ankle (leg extended) - flexes the leg at the knee
135
what are the OIIs of soleus?
- O: posterior fibula, soleal line of the tibia - I: tuber calcanei (calcaneus tubercle - back of heel bone) via the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon - I: tibial nerve
136
what are the As of soleus?
- plantar flexes the foot at the ankle (independent of leg extension) - high percentage of slow twitch fibres
137
what are the OIAIs of plantaris?
- O: lateral supracondylar line of the femur - I: tuber calcanei (calcaneus tubercle - back of heel bone) via the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon - A: weakly plantar flexes the foot at the ankle - I: tibial nerve
138
what is the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon?
strongest and largest tendon of the body
139
what are the muscles of the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
- popliteus - flexor hallucis longus - flexor digitorum longus - tibialis posterior
140
what are the OIIs of popliteus?
- O: lateral epicondyle of the femur - I: proximal posterior tibia - I: tibial nerve - covers popliteal fossa
141
what are the As of popliteus?
- flexes the leg at the knee - internally rotates the leg at the knee
142
what are the OIIs of flexor hallucis longus?
- O: posterior fibula; IOM - I: base of the first distal phalanx - I: tibial nerve - posterior, lateral
143
what are the As of flexor hallucis longus?
- flexes the big toe - weakly plantar flexes the foot at the ankle
144
what are the OIIs of flexor digitorum longus?
- O: posterior tibia (body) - I: base of distal phalanges of toes 2-5 - I: tibial nerve - posterior, medial
145
what are the As of flexor digitorum longus?
- flexes the toes - plantar flexes the foot at the ankle - inverts the foot at the ankle
146
what are the OIIs of tibialis posterior?
- O: posterior fibula, posterior tibia, IOM - I: lateral cuneiform bone, intermediate cuneiform bone, medial cuneiform bone, tuberosity of the navicular bone - I: tibial nerve - between digitorum longus and hallucis longus
147
what are the As of tibialis posterior?
- plantar flexes the foot at the ankle - inverts the foot at the ankle, major role in supporting the medial arch
148
what muscles are missing in the rabbit?
- tibialis posterior - extensor hallicus longus - adductor brevis
149
what landmark divides the hip region from the thigh region?
greater trochanter of the femur
150
where does the inguinal ligament attach?
- anterior superior iliac spine - pubic tubercle
151
what joint anchors the pelvis to the vertebral column?
sacroiliac joint: between sacrum and ilium - permits minimal movement and is designed to transfer force from pelvis to sacrum - heavily facilitated by ligaments
152
what can cause pelvic girdle pain during or after pregnancy?
movement at the SI joint
153
what are the ROMs of flexion/extension at the hip joint?
- flexion: 110-120 degrees - extension: 10-15 degrees
154
what are the ROMs of abduction/adduction at the hip joint?
- abduction: 30-50 degrees - adduction: 25-30 degrees
155
what are the ROMs of external/internal rotation at the hip joint?
- external rotation: 40-60 degrees - internal rotation: 30-40 degrees
156
how does pelvic rotation accompany extreme hip flexion?
posterior pelvic rotation/tilt with lumbar flexion
157
how does pelvic rotation accompany extreme hip extension?
anterior pelvic rotation/tilt with lumbar extension
158
what is the collum/inclination angle?
angle between the femoral shaft and the neck
159
what is a normal inclination angle and how does it vary among individuals?
- 125-130 degrees = in line with centre of acetabulum - in tall people, the angle is larger - in short people, the angle is smaller
160
what is coxa vara?
a decrease in the inclination angle - unaligns with centre with acetabulum
161
what is coxa valga?
an increase in the inclination angle - unaligns with centre of acetabulum
162
what is the angle of anteversion/femoral torsion?
the angle the femoral neck makes with the acetabulum in the transverse plane - can have excessive anteversion or retroversion
163
what is a normal angle of anterversion?
5-15 degrees anterior to the mediolateral axis
164
what angle of anteversion are most infants born with?
30 degrees - decreases to 15 degrees by 6 years of age because of bone growth and increased muscle activity
165
what type of joint is the hip and what makes it more stable than the shoulder joint?
ball-and-socket - deep socket (acetabulum) enclosing the femoral head - surrounded by many muscles - reinforced by multiple intrinsic ligaments
166
what is the foveal ligament (ligamentum teres)?
intracapsular ligament - consists of 2 bands that originate on the ischial and pubic sides of the acetabular notch and insert on the fovea capitis of the femoral head
167
what are the extracapular ligaments that reinforce the hip joint?
anterior: - ileofemoral ligament - pubofemoral ligament posterior: - ischiofemoral ligament
168
what ligaments are the major components of the lateral pelvic wall?
- sacrospinous ligament - sacrotuberous ligament
169
what is the sacrotuberous ligament?
fan shaped ligament, with a broad base extending from the PSIS and the dorso-lateral sacrum and coccyx to the ischial tuberosity - forms the wall of the greater and lesser foramina
170
what is the sacrospinous ligament?
smaller ligament, with its apex attached to the ischial spine and its based attached to the lateral sacrum and coccyx
171
what is the fascia of the lower limb called?
- deep fascia of the thigh: fascia lata - deep fascia of the leg: crural fascia
172
what does the fascia lata specialize into?
the fascia lata is thick laterally, forming the iliotibial tract
173
what is one of the most common causes of lateral knee pain in endurance athletes?
iliotibial tract (band) syndrome (ITBS) - fricion of the IT band against the lateral epicondyle of the femur with flexion and extension of the knee may cause inflammation of the IT band over the lateral aspect of the knee or at Gerdy's tubercle - can also occur in hip region in older individuals
174
what are the superficial gluteal muscles?
- glute max - glute med - glute min - tensor fascia latae
175
what are the deep gluteal muscles?
- piriformis - obturator internus - superior gemellus - inferior gemellus - quadratic femoris
176
what nerve roots form the sacral plexus and what does it innervate?
- L4-S4 - muscles of the gluteal region and the entire lower limb
177
what are the branches of the sacral plexus?
- superior gluteal nerve - inferior gluteal nerve - nerve to piriformis - sciatic nerve
178
what nerves arise from the lumbar plexus (L2-L4)?
- femoral nerve - obturator nerve
179
what do lumbosacral nerves exit through?
greater sciatic foramen
180
what characteristic distinguishes gluteus minimus?
shiny aponeurosis
181
what is the function of the deep glute muscles?
external rotators of the thigh at the hip
182
why is piriformis clinically important?
directly over neurovascular structures - most importantly the sciatic nerve
183
what is the pudendal nerve?
sensory nerve for pelvic organs including genitals, rectum, anus - crucial for continence and sexual function
184
where is psoas major in cross-sections?
immediately adjacent to lumbar vertebrae
185
what is the only muscle in the anterior compartment that has substantial contribution to flexion of thigh at hip?
rectus femoris - sartorius helps
186
how does rectus femoris appear in cross-sections?
- proximally: 2 distinct bellies - distally: small tendon
187
what muscle envelopes the femur in cross-sections?
vastus intermedius
188
when does the femoral artery turn into the popliteal artery?
distal to the adductor hiatus
189
what is the femoral triangle?
a subfascial space in the proximal anterior thigh, containing nerves, vasculature, and lymph vessels passing into the lower limb
190
what structures create the femoral triangle?
- medial border of sartorius - lateral border of adductor longus - inguinal ligament - pectineus makes the floor
191
what is the lateral-to-medial order of neurovasculature in the femoral triangle?
femoral: - nerve - artery - vein NAV
192
what is the midpoint of the inguinal ligament?
halfway between the ASIS and the pubic tubercle - landmark for the femoral nerve
193
what is the mid-inguinal point?
halfway between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis - landmark for the femoral artery
194
what is the process of a coronary angiography?
- catheter inserted in leg and guided up the aorta - catheter tip stops at the left coronary artery - contrast agent injected to show any stenosis (narrowing) that can be opened using a balloon catheter
195
how is a femoral nerve block used for analgesia?
for procedures in the anterior thigh (trauma to the thigh/hip) - needle injected into the femoral triangle near the femoral nerve
196
where is the adductor canal and what is its purpose?
- lies deep to sartorius - extends from the apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus in the tendon in adductor magnus - tunnel in which NAV travels from front to back of thigh
197
what muscles border the adductor canal?
- anterior: sartorius - lateral: vastus medialis - posterior: adductor longus and adductor magnus
198
what is the tibial nerve?
medial branch of sciatic nerve, innervates posterior compartment
199
what is the common peroneal nerve?
lateral branch of sciatic nerve, bifurcates into deep and superficial peroneal nerves
200
what does the deep peroneal nerve innervate?
anterior compartment of the leg
201
what does the superficial peroneal nerve innervate?
lateral compartment of the leg
202
what is the genicular anastamosis?
a network of vessels surrounding the knee that are capable of maintaining circulation to the leg in full knee flexion
203
what arteries make up the genicular anastomosis?
- superior lateral genicular a. - inferior lateral genicular a. - superior medial genicular a. - inferior medial genicular a.
204
what does the popliteal artery branch into distal to the popliteal fossa?
- anterior tibial artery - posterior tibial artery
205
what does the anterior tibial artery supply?
anterior compartment - lateral branch, travels anteriorly through posterior musculature
206
what does the posterior tibial artery branch into?
- distal continuation of posterior tibial artery - fibular artery medial branch
207
what does the posterior tibial artery supply?
posterior compartment
208
what does the fibular artery supply?
lateral compartment
209
what drains the fibular artery?
small saphenous vein
210
what is the patella?
a triangle-shaped bone that articulates in the intercondylar notch of the femur and is embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle above and the patellar tendon below
211
what does the patella do?
elevates the quadriceps muscle from the center of knee rotation + provides leverage for extending the leg
212
what does removal of the patella compromise?
leg extension
213
what are the 2 different articulations of the knee?
- tibiofemoral joint - patellofemoral joint
214
what is the tibiofemoral joint?
medial and lateral condyles of the distal femur articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the proximal tibia
215
what is the patellofemoral join?
the anterior distal femur articulates with the patella - intercondylar notch of femur
216
what type of joint is the knee and what movements does it permit?
modified hinge joint - flexion (130-140 degrees) - extension (0- -10 degrees)
217
what causes the patella to experience a laterally directed force?
the force of the quadriceps muscle contraction transmitted through the tibial tuberosity
218
what force resists the laterally directed force of the patella?
vastus medialis
219
what is the quadriceps (Q) angle?
angle formed by the bisection of two lines: - ASIS to centre of patella - centre of patella to tibial tuberosity
220
what does the Q angle measure?
the tendency of the patella to move laterally when the quadriceps muscles are contracted
221
what is a normal Q angle?
- males: 8-14 - females: 15-17
222
what is genu varum?
bow-legged - Q angle is reduced - distal bones are pointing medially
223
what is genu valgum?
knock-kneed - Q angle is increased - distal bones are pointing laterally
224
what intrinsic factors contribute to excessive lateral tracking of the patella?
- hypertrophy of vastus lateralis - weakness of vastus medialis - tight iliotibial band
225
what extrinsic factors contribute to excessive lateral tracking of the patella?
- weak external rotators or abductors of the hip (causing internal rotation of the femur) - pronation of the foot
226
what is the unhappy/terrible/horrible triad?
simultaneous tear of the ACL, medial meniscus, and MCL - caused by a lateral force
227
what are menisci?
fibrocartilage structures in the knee - act as shock absorbers - deepen the articular surface of the tibia, to increase stability
228
what is the medial meniscus attached (fused) to?
MCL - tend to be damaged together

BPK326 (5 decks)

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