Unit 3: Upper Limb Flashcards
what is the axilla?
pyramidal space inferior to the glenohumeral joint (GHJ)
- passage way for neurovascular structures supplying the upper limb + anterior and posterior thorax
what makes up the anterior border of the axilla (deep to superficial)?
- pec major
- pec minor
what makes up the medial border of the axilla (deep to superficial)?
- serratus anterior
- 4th rib
what makes up the posterior border of the axilla (deep to superficial)?
- humerus
- teres major
- lat dorsi
- subscapularis
- scapula
where doe the axillary artery turn into the brachial artery?
inferior border of teres major
where does the brachial artery bifurcate and what does it turn into?
cubital fossa (elbow)
- radial artery (lateral)
- ulnar artery (medial)
what is the anatomical description of the axillary vein?
arises from the basilic vein (medial) at the inferior border of teres major, continues as subclavian vein at 1st rib
what are the branches of the axillary vein?
- brachial vein (medial)
- cephalic vein (lateral)
how do the lymphatics of the upper limb travel?
closely with the veins (shadow veins)
what links the lymphatic system with the venous system?
lymphatic ducts
what does the brachial artery supply?
- biceps brachii
- triceps brachii
- coracobrachialis
what does the radial artery supply?
posterolateral aspect of forearm
- lateral forearm muscles
- radial nerve
- carpal bones and joints
- thumb
- lateral side of index finger
what does the radial artery run through and supply?
snuffbox
- hand’s palmar arches
what does the ulnar artery supply?
- palmar arches
- ends as the superficial arch
what are dorsal (posterior) roots?
enter the dorsal (posterior) horn
- provide sensory information
what are the ventral (anterior) roots?
exit the ventral (anterior) horn
- provide motor info
what is a spinal nerve and where is it formed?
- mixed information, sensory and motor from ventral and dorsal roots
- distal to dorsal root ganglion
- shortly bifurcates into anterior and posterior rami
what rami does the brachial plexus arise from?
roots of plexus are ventral (anterior) rami
what are the 5 anatomical divisions of the plexus?
- roots (5)
- trunks (3)
- divisions (6)
- cords (3)
- branches (terminal) (5)
what is the relative position of the brachial plexus to surrounding structures?
- emerges between anterior and middle scalenes
- deep to clavicle and pec major
- superficial (overlying) subscapularis
what are the most relevant portions of the plexus in terms of injury?
- roots
- cords
- branches
what does the dorsal scapular nerve innervate?
- levator scapula
- rhomboid major
- rhomboid minor
what does the suprascapular nerve innervate?
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
what does the subclavius nerve innervate?
subclavius
what does the lateral pectoral nerve innervate?
- pectoralis major (clavicular part)
- pectoralis minor
what does the medial pectoral nerve innervate?
- pectoralis major (sternocostal part)
- pectoralis minor
what does the long thoracic nerve innervate?
serratus anterior
what does the lower subscapular nerve innervate?
- subscapularis
- teres major
what does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?
latissimus dorsi
what does the upper subscapular nerve innervate?
subscapularis
what is thenar atrophy (ape hand)?
loss of bulk of skin at base of thumb caused by carpal tunnel syndrome (compression of median nerve within carpal tunnel)
what is interosseous atrophy (claw hand)?
caused by damage to ulnar nerve, creating claw like hands due to loss of muscle in hand
- hyperextension at the metacarpophalangeal joint
- hyperflexion at the interphalangeal joint
what is the superior (upper) pattern of injury to the brachial plexus?
lateral hyperextension of the neck due to falling or at birth when pulling head out of birth canal
what is the inferior (lower) pattern of injury to the brachial plexus?
arm pulled away from trunk by handing by hand or pulling arm out of birth canal at birth
what are the mechanisms of injury to the brachial plexus?
- avulsion: proximal, tears roots out of spinal cord (most dramatic case)
- stretch
- rupture: distal break in plexus
what is upper trunk (Erb’s) palsy?
C5 and C6 are affected
- waiter’s tip deformity (arm pronated, fingers flexed)
- due to loss of innervation to abductors and lateral rotators of arm, forearm flexors, and wrist extensors
what is lower trunk (Klumpke’s) palsy?
C8 and T1 are affected
- claw hand
- due to loss of innervation to the pronators and intrinsic hand muscles (especially distal digit extensors)
where are the proximal portions of the plexus?
axilla
how do terminal branches of the plexus exit the axilla?
in a medial bundle in the proximal arm
what are the major differences between the lower and upper limb?
- stability of lower limb
- mobility of upper limb
why is the lower limb more stable?
iliac bones are anatomically connected posteriorly (at the sacroiliac joint)
- causes movement of one lower limb to cause movement of the other
what is the upper limb more stable?
scapulae are not connected posteriorly
- uppers limbs can move independently
what is a displaced clavicular fracture?
breaking of clavicle, makes bones out of alignment
what is a non-displaced clavicular fracture?
tearing of coracoclavicular ligaments
where does the humerus typically break?
surgical neck
what surrounds the structures of the arm proximal to the elbow?
brachial fascia
what surrounds the structures of the forearm?
antebrachial fascia
what divides the brachial fascia into anterior and posterior compartments?
- lateral and medial intermuscular septa
- humerus
what divides the antebrachial fascia into anterior and posterior compartments?
- interosseous membrane
- radius
- ulna
what does the antebrachial fascia specialize into?
anterior:
- palmar carpal ligament (anatomical thickening)
- flexor retinaculum
posterior:
- extensor retinaculum
what is the flexor retinaculum/transverse carpal ligament?
forms the roof of the carpal tunnel
- covers the distal row of carpal bones
- deep to palmar aponeurosis
what is the carpal tunnel?
- bound by the carpal bones and overlying flexor retinaculum
- contains 9 tendons (flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus) and the median nerve
what causes carpal tunnel syndrome?
compression of the median nerve
what 3 articulations make up the elbow joint?
- humeroulnar joint
- humeroradial joint
- proximal radioulnar joint
what makes up the humeroulnar joint?
trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus
- hinge joint
- medial
what makes up the humeroradial joint?
head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus
- ball and socket joint
- lateral
what makes up the proximal radioulnar joint?
head of radius and radial notch of ulna
- held in place by annular ligament
what muscles are involved in pronation?
- pronator teres
- pronator quadratus
- brachioradialis
what muscles are involved in supination?
- supinator
- biceps brachii
what forms the distal radioulnar joint?
articulation between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius
what structures/joints mediate pronation/supination?
- proximal radioulnar joint
- distal radioulnar joint
- interosseous membrane
how are the tendons of the extensor muscles structured?
flatten out into extensor hoods (aponeuroses that form the insertions)
- central slip over middle phalanx
- lateral bands attach to distal phalanx
what side of the hand has the protruding pisifrom?
ventral (anterior) side
what parts of the brachial plexus are supraclavicular?
- roots
- trunks
- divisions
what parts of the brachial plexus are infraclavicular?
- cords
- terminal branches
C5 characteristics
- branches into long thoracic nerve
- branches into dorsal scapular nerve
- branches into phrenic nerve
- sensory info about shoulder
C6 characteristics
- branches into long thoracic nerve
- sensory info about elbow
C7 characterisitcs
- branches into long thoracic nerve
- sensory info about wrist
C8 characteristics
- sensory info about hand
what forms the superior trunk and what does it branch into?
- formed by C5 and C6
- branches into suprascapular nerve
- branches into subclavius nerve
what forms the middle trunk?
C7
what forms the inferior trunk?
C8 and T1
what divisions form the lateral cord?
- anterior division of superior trunk
- anterior division of middle trunk
what divisions form the posterior cord?
- posterior division of superior trunk
- posterior division of middle trunk
- posterior division of inferior trunk
what divisions form the medial cord?
- anterior division of middle trunk
- anterior division of inferior trunk
what does the lateral cord branch into and give rise to?
- gives rise to lateral pectoral nerve
- branches into musculocutaneous nerve and median nerve
what does the posterior cord branch into and give rise to?
- gives rise to lower and upper subscapular nerves + thoracodorsal nerve
- branches into axillary nerve and radial nerve
what does the medial cord branch into and give rise to?
- gives rise to medial pectoral nerve
- branches into median nerve and ulnar nerve
what roots make up the long thoracic nerve?
C5, C6, C7
what roots make up the phrenic nerve?
C3, C4, C5
what roots make up the dorsal scapular nerve?
C5
what roots make up the suprascapular nerve?
C5, C6
what roots make up the subclavius nerve?
C5, C6
what roots make up the lateral pectoral nerve?
C5, C6, C7
what roots make up the lower and upper subscapular nerves?
C5, C6
what roots make up the thoracodorsal nerve?
C6, C7, C8
what roots make up the medial pectoral nerve?
C8, T1
what roots make up the axillary nerve?
C5, C6
what roots make up the musculocutaneous nerve?
C5, C6, C7
what roots make up the median nerve?
all
what roots make up the radial nerve?
all
what roots make up the ulnar nerve?
C8, T1
what does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate and what does it become?
- innervates arm flexors (coracobrachialis, biceps, brachialis)
- sensory info for lateral anterior forearm
- becomes lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
what does the axillary nerve innervate?
- innervates deltoids and teres minor
- isolated sensory info of shoulder joint
- shared sensory info around shoulder
what does the median nerve innervate?
- innervates anterior forearm (flexors and pronators) and thenar muscles
- isolated sensory supply of distal phalanges of digits 2-3
- shared sensory info for digits 1-2, thenar area, thumb, and ring finger
what does the radial nerve innervate?
- innervates posterior arm (triceps, brachialis) and posterior forearm (extensors and supinators)
- isolated sensory supply of area between thumb and index finger
- shared sensory info of posterior arm (below shoulder to dorsal side of hand)
what does the ulnar nerve innervate?
- innervates medial flexors and intrinsic hand muscles
- isolated sensory supply of medial portions of hands (pinky area)
what 2 muscles are dually innervated?
- brachialis (musculocutaneous and median nerves)
- flexor digitorum profundus (median and ulnar nerves)
what muscle does the cephalic vein run through?
anterior and middle deltoid
what is the median cubital vein?
combines with cephalic vein to form distal continuation of cephalic vein, branch of basilic vein
what is the anterior humeral circumflex artery?
branches of brachial artery to supply deltoids and coracobrachialis
what are the landmarks of the scapula?
- acromion
- coracoid process
- spine
- infraspinous fossa
- supraspinous fossa
- glenoid cavity
- infra- and supraglenoid tubercles
- superior, medial, and lateral borders
- inferior angle
- superior angle
- subscapular fossa
what is the function of the acromion?
- articulates with clavicle
- origin for middle (acromiol) part of deltoid
- insertion for trapezius
what is the function of the coracoid process of the scapula?
- insertion for pec minor
- origin for short head of biceps
- origin for coracobrachialis
- attachment for coracoclavicular ligament
what is the function of the spine of the scapula?
- insertion for trapezius
- origin for posterior (scapular) part of deltoid
what is the function of the supraspinous and infraspinous fossas?
- supra: origin for supraspinatus
- infra: origin for infraspinatus
what is the function of the glenoid cavity?
forms the glenohumeral joint; articulates with humerus
what is the function of the supraglenoid tubercle?
origin for long head of biceps brachii
what is the function of the infraglenoid tubercle?
origin for long head of triceps brachii
what is the function of the inferior angle?
- origin for teres major
- origin for latissimus dorsi
what is the superior angle?
insertion for levator scapula
what is the function of the subscapular fossa?
- origin for subscapularis
- insertion for serratus anterior
what are landmarks of the clavicle?
- acromial end
- sternal end
- conoid tubercle
- trapezoid line
what are the landmarks of the proximal humerus?
- anatomical neck
- greater tubercle (superior, middle, inferior facets)
- lesser tubercle
- surgical neck
- intertubercular (bicipital) groove
- medial lip of the intertubercular groove
- deltoid tuberosity
what does the tendon of the biceps brachii run through?
bicipital groove
what is the function of the medial lip of the intertubercular groove?
- insertion for teres major
- insertion for lat dorsi
what is the function of the lateral lip of the intertubercular groove?
insertion for pec major
what is the function of the deltoid tuberosity?
insertion for deltoid
what are the rotator cuff muscles and their shared function?
SITS:
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
- subscapularis
stabilization of GHJ
what are the OIAIs of supraspinatus?
- O: supraspinous fossa
- I: greater tubercle of humerus (superior facet)
- A: abduction of arm
- I: suprascapular nerve
what are the OIAIs of infraspinatus?
- O: infraspinous fossa
- I: greater tubercle of humerus (middle facet)
- A: external rotation of arm
- I: suprascapular nerve
what are the OIAIs of teres minor?
- O: lateral border of scapula
- I: greater tubercle of humerus (inferior facet)
- A: external rotation and adduction of the arm
- I: axillary nerve
what are the OIAIs of subscapularis?
- O: subscapular fossa
- I: lesser tubercle of the humerus
- A: internal rotation of arm
- innervation: lower and upper subscapular nerves
what are the OIAIs of the anterior (clavicular) part of the deltoid?
- O: lateral third of the clavicle
- I: deltoid tuberosity
- A: flexion and internal rotation of arm
- I: axillary nerve
what are the OIAIs of the middle (acromial) part of the deltoid?
- O: acromion of scapula
- I: deltoid tuberosity
- A: abduction of the arm
- I: axillary nerve
what are the OIAIs of the posterior (scapular) part of the deltoid?
- O: spine of scapula
- I: deltoid tuberosity
- A: extension and external rotation of the arm
- I: axillary nerve
what are the OIAIs of teres major?
- O: inferior angle and inferior part of the lateral border of the scapula
- I: medial lip of the intertubercular groove
- A: extension and internal rotation of arm
- I: lower subscapular nerve
what are the OIAIs of the short head of the biceps brachii?
- O: coracoid process of scapula
- I: bicipital aponeurosis
- A: flexion and supination of forearm at elbow
- I: musculocutaneous nerve
what are the OIAIs of the long head of the biceps brachii?
- O: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
- I: radial tuberosity
- A: flexion and supination of forearm at elbow; weak flexion of arm at GHJ
- I: musculocutaneous nerve
what are the OIAIs of coracobrachialis?
- O: coracoid process of scapula
- I: anteromedial surface of shaft of humerus
- A: adduction and flexion of arm at GHJ
- I: musculocutaneous nerve
what are the OIAIs of brachialis?
- O: distal half of anterior surface of humerus
- I: ulnar tuberosity
- A: flexion of forearm at elbow joint
- I: musculocutaneous and radial nerve
what is the most powerful forearm flexor?
brachialis
what are the OIAIs of the long head of the triceps brachii?
- O: infraglenoid tubercle
- I: olecranon process of ulna
- A: extension and adduction of arm at GHJ; extension of forearm at elbow
- I: radial nerve
what are the OIAIs of the lateral head of the triceps brachii?
- O: posterior surface of humerus
- I: olecranon process of ulna
- A: extension of the forearm at the elbow
- I: radial nerve
what are the OIAIs of the medial head of the triceps brachii?
- O: posterior surface of humerus
- I: olecranon of the ulna
- A: extension of the forearm at the elbow
- I: radial nerve
what is the anterior deltoid called in rabbits?
clavodeltoid/clavobrachialis
what is the middle deltoid called in rabbits?
acromiodeltoid
what is the posterior deltoid called in rabbits?
spinodeltoid
what are the landmarks of the distal humerus?
- trochlea
- capitulum
- lateral epicondyle
- lateral supracondylar ridge
- medial epicondyle
- medial supracondylar ridge
- radial fossa
- coronoid fossa
- olecranon fossa
what is the function of the capitiulum?
point of articulation between humerus and radius
what is the function of the trochlea?
interacts with ulna to form elbow joint
what is the function of the coronoid fossa?
coronoid process of ulna lies here during elbow flexion
what is the function of the olecranon fossa?
olecranon of the ulna lies here during elbow extension
what is the function of the radial fossa?
where the head of the radius sits during elbow flexion
what are the landmarks of the radius?
- head
- neck
- ulnar notch
- radial tuberosity
- interosseous border
- styloid process
what is the function of the radial tuberosity?
insertion for biceps
what is the function of the styloid process of the radius?
insertion for brachioradialis
what are the landmarks of the ulna?
- olecranon process
- coronoid process
- trochlear notch
- radial notch
- tuberosity of ulna
- interosseous border
- head
- styloid process
what is the function of the tuberosity of the ulna?
insertion for brachialis
what is the function of the styloid process of the ulna?
insertion for extensor carpi ulnaris
what is the function of the coronoid process of the ulna?
- insertion for brachialis
- origin for FDS
- origin for FDP
what are the proximal carpal bones, from thumb to pinky?
- scaphoid
- lunate
- triquetrum
- pisiform
what are the distal carpal bones, from thumb to pink?
- trapezium
- trapezoid
- capitate
- hamate
how many phalanges does digit 1 have?
2:
- proximal
- distal
how many phalanges do digits 2-5 have?
3:
- proximal
- middle
- distal
what muscles originate on the medial epicondyle?
superficial and intermediate muscles of the anterior forearm
what are the superficial anterior muscles of the forearm?
- pronator teres
- flexor carpi radialis
- palmaris longus
- flexor carpi ulnaris
what are the OIAIs of pronator teres?
- O: medial epicondyle
- I: lateral surface of the radius
- A: pronates forearm at elbow; weakly flexes arm at elbow
- I: median nerve
what are the OIAIs of flexor carpi radialis?
- O: medial epicondyle
- I: base of the second metacarpal
- A: flexes hand at the wrist; abducts the hand at the wrist (radial deviation)
- I: median nerve
what are the OIAIs of palmaris longus?
- O: medial epicondyle
- I: palmar aponeurosis
- A: tenses palmar aponeurosis; weakly flexes arm at the elbow
- I: median nerve
what are the OIAIs of flexor carpi ulnaris?
- O: medial epicondyle
- I: base of the 5th metacarpal; hook of hamate; pisiform bone
- A: flexes the hand at the wrist; adducts hand at wrist (ulnar deviation)
- I: ulnar nerve
what is the intermediate muscle of the anterior forearm?
flexor digitorum superficialis
what are the OIAIs of flexor digitorum superficialis?
- O: medial epicondyle + coronoid process of ulna; upper surface of radius
- I: middle phalanges
- A: flexes the middle phalanges; flexes hand at wrist; weakly flexes arm at elbow
- I: median nerve
what are the deep muscles of the anterior forearm?
- flexor pollicis longus (FPL)
- flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)
- pronator quadratus
what are the OIAIs of FPL?
- O: anterior surface of the radius; interosseous membrane
- I: distal phalanx of the thumb
- A: flexes the thumb; abducts hand at wrist (radial deviation)
- I: median nerve
what are the OIAIs of FDP?
- O: anterior surface of ulna
- I: distal phalanges of digits 2-5
- A: flexes hand at wrist; flexes fingers distally
- I: median nerve (2-3); ulnar nerve (4-5)
what are the OIAIs of pronator quadratus?
- O: distal end of anterior surface of ulna
- I: distal end of anterior surface of radius
- A: pronation of forearm
- I: median nerve
what are the superficial muscles of the posterior forearm?
- brachioradialis
- extensor carpi radialis longus
- extensor carpi radialis brevis
- extensor digitorum
- extensor digiti minimi
- extensor carpi ulnaris
- anconeus
what are the OIAIs of brachioradialis?
- O: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
- I: styloid process of radius
- A: flexes arm at elbow, pronates/supinates arm at elbow
- I: radial nerve
what are the OIAIs of extensor carpi radialis longus?
- O: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
- I: base of the second metacarpal
- A: extends the hand at the wrist; abducts the hand at the wrist (radial deviation)
- I: radial nerve
what are the OIAIs of extensor carpi radialis brevis?
- O: lateral epicondyle
- I: base of the third metacarpal
- A: extends the hand at the wrist; abducts the hand at the wrist (radial deviation)
- I: radial nerve
what are OIAIs of extensor digitorum?
- O: lateral epicondyle
- I: base of distal and middle phalanges (digits 2-5)
- A: extends the fingers; abducts the fingers
- I: radial nerve
what are the OIAIs of extensor digiti minimi?
- O: lateral epicondyle
- I: dorsal aponeurosis of 5th digit
- A: extends 5th digit; contributes to extension of hand at wrist
- I: radial nerve
what are OIAIs of extensor carpi ulnaris?
- O: lateral epicondyle
- I: base of 5th metacarpal
- A: extends hand at wrist; adduction of hand at wrist (ulnar deviation)
- I: radial nerve
what are the OIAIs of anconeus?
- O: lateral epicondyle
- I: olecranon of ulna
- A: weakly extends forearm at elbow; stabilizer during pronation and supination
- I: radial nerve
what are the deep muscles of the posterior forearm?
- supinator
- abductor pollicis longus
- extensor pollicis brevis
- extensor pollicis longus
- extensor indicis
what are the OIAIs of supinator?
- O: lateral epicondyle of humerus + supinator crest of ulna
- I: posterior surface of radius
- A: supinates forearm at elbow
- I: radial nerve
what are the OIAIs of abductor pollicis longus?
- O: proximal radius and ulna + interosseous membrane
- I: base of first metacarpal
- A: abducts the thumb; abducts the hand at the wrist (radial deviation)
- I: radial nerve
what are the OIAIs of extensor pollicis brevis?
- O: posterior surface of radius
- I: base of 1st proximal phalanx
- A: extends the thumb
- I: radial nerve
what are the OIAIs of extensor pollicis longus?
- O: posterior surface of ulna; IOM
- I: base of 1st distal phalanx
- A: extends the thumb
- I: radial nerve
what are the OIAIs of extensor indicis?
- O: posterior surface of ulna; IOM
- I: distal aponeurosis of 2nd digit
- A: extends 2nd digit; extends the hand at the wrist
- I: radial nerve
what is the thenar eminence and what muscles form it?
formed by short muscles of the thumb; base of the thumb
- abductor pollicis brevis
- flexor pollicis brevis
- opponens pollicis
- adductor pollicis
what is the hypothenar eminence?
formed by short muscles of the pink; base of the pinky
- abductor digiti minimi
- flexor digiti minimi
- opponens digiti minimi
what are the AIs of abductor pollicis brevis?
- A: abducts the thumb
- I: median nerve
what are the AIs of flexor pollicis brevis?
- A: flexes the thumb
- I: median nerve
(medial to APB)
what are the AIs of opponens pollicis?
- A: draws thumb towards palm during opposition
- I: median nerve
(deep to APB, FPB)
what are the AIs of adductor pollicis?
- A: adducts the thumb
- I: ulnar nerve
(dorsal side)
what are the AIs of abductor digiti minimi?
- A: abducts the pinky
- I: ulnar nerve
(most medial)
what are the AIs of flexor digiti minimi?
- A: flexes the pinky
- I: ulnar nerve
(lateral to ADM)
what are the AIs of opponens digiti minimi?
- A: draws 5th metacarpal forward + deepens hollow of hand
- I: ulnar nerve
(deep and lateral to ABM, FDM)
what are the lumbricals?
numbered 1-4 from lateral (index) to medial (pinky)
- works with FDP to flex fingers
- 1-2 innervated by median nerve
- 3-4 innervated by ulnar nerve
what are the dorsal interosseous muscles?
- abduct the index, middle, and ring fingers away from the hand’s midline
- innervated by ulnar nerve
what muscles are missing in rabbits?
- brachioradialis
- abductor pollicis longus
- extensor pollicis longus
- intrinsic hand muscles
what muscles are involved in abduction of the arm?
- supraspinatus
- acromial (middle) part of deltoid
what muscles are involved in external rotation of the arm?
- infraspinatus
- scapular (posterior) part of deltoid
- teres minor
what muscles are involved in internal rotation of the arm?
- subscapularis
- clavicular (anterior) part of deltoid
- teres major
what muscles are involved in flexion of arm at the GHJ?
- clavicular (anterior) part of deltoid
- coracobrachialis
what muscle is involved in weak flexion of arm at the GHJ?
long head of biceps brachii
what muscles are involved in extension of arm at the GHJ?
- scapular (posterior) part of deltoid
- teres major
- long head of triceps brachii
what muscles are involved in adduction of the arm?
- teres minor
- coracobrachialis
- long head of triceps
what muscles are involved in supination of forearm?
- short head of biceps
- long head of biceps
- brachioradialis
- supinator
what muscles are involved in flexion at the elbow?
- short head of biceps
- long head of biceps
- brachialis (most powerful)
- brachioradialis
what muscles are involved in weak flexion at the elbow?
- pronator teres
- flexor digitorum superficialis
- palmaris longus
what muscles are involved in flexion at the wrist?
- flexor carpi radialis
- flexor carpi ulnaris
- flexor digitorum superficialis
- flexor pollicis longus
- flexor digitorum profundus
what muscles are involved of abduction of hand at wrist (radial deviation)?
- flexor carpi radialis
- flexor pollicis longus
- extensor carpi radialis longus
- extensor carpi radialis brevis
- abductor pollicis longus
what muscles are involved in adduction of hand at wrist (ulnar deviation)?
- flexor carpi ulnaris
- extensor carpi ulnaris
what muscles are involved in thumb extension?
- extensor pollicis longus
- extensor pollicis brevis
what muscles abduct the thumb?
- abductor pollicis longus
- abductor pollicis brevis
what muscles are involved in wrist extension?
- extensor carpi radialis longus
- extensor carpi radialis brevis
- extensor carpi ulnaris
- extensor indicis
T1 characterisitcs
- branches into 1st intercostal nerve
- sensory info about hand
