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BPK326 > Unit 3: Upper Limb > Flashcards

Unit 3: Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

what is the axilla?

A

pyramidal space inferior to the glenohumeral joint (GHJ)
- passage way for neurovascular structures supplying the upper limb + anterior and posterior thorax

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2
Q

what makes up the anterior border of the axilla (deep to superficial)?

A
  • pec major
  • pec minor
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3
Q

what makes up the medial border of the axilla (deep to superficial)?

A
  • serratus anterior
  • 4th rib
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4
Q

what makes up the posterior border of the axilla (deep to superficial)?

A
  • humerus
  • teres major
  • lat dorsi
  • subscapularis
  • scapula
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5
Q

where doe the axillary artery turn into the brachial artery?

A

inferior border of teres major

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6
Q

where does the brachial artery bifurcate and what does it turn into?

A

cubital fossa (elbow)
- radial artery (lateral)
- ulnar artery (medial)

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7
Q

what is the anatomical description of the axillary vein?

A

arises from the basilic vein (medial) at the inferior border of teres major, continues as subclavian vein at 1st rib

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8
Q

what are the branches of the axillary vein?

A
  • brachial vein (medial)
  • cephalic vein (lateral)
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9
Q

how do the lymphatics of the upper limb travel?

A

closely with the veins (shadow veins)

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10
Q

what links the lymphatic system with the venous system?

A

lymphatic ducts

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11
Q

what does the brachial artery supply?

A
  • biceps brachii
  • triceps brachii
  • coracobrachialis
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12
Q

what does the radial artery supply?

A

posterolateral aspect of forearm
- lateral forearm muscles
- radial nerve
- carpal bones and joints
- thumb
- lateral side of index finger

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13
Q

what does the radial artery run through and supply?

A

snuffbox
- hand’s palmar arches

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14
Q

what does the ulnar artery supply?

A
  • palmar arches
  • ends as the superficial arch
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15
Q

what are dorsal (posterior) roots?

A

enter the dorsal (posterior) horn
- provide sensory information

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16
Q

what are the ventral (anterior) roots?

A

exit the ventral (anterior) horn
- provide motor info

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17
Q

what is a spinal nerve and where is it formed?

A
  • mixed information, sensory and motor from ventral and dorsal roots
  • distal to dorsal root ganglion
  • shortly bifurcates into anterior and posterior rami
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18
Q

what rami does the brachial plexus arise from?

A

roots of plexus are ventral (anterior) rami

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19
Q

what are the 5 anatomical divisions of the plexus?

A
  • roots (5)
  • trunks (3)
  • divisions (6)
  • cords (3)
  • branches (terminal) (5)
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20
Q

what is the relative position of the brachial plexus to surrounding structures?

A
  • emerges between anterior and middle scalenes
  • deep to clavicle and pec major
  • superficial (overlying) subscapularis
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21
Q

what are the most relevant portions of the plexus in terms of injury?

A
  • roots
  • cords
  • branches
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22
Q

what does the dorsal scapular nerve innervate?

A
  • levator scapula
  • rhomboid major
  • rhomboid minor
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23
Q

what does the suprascapular nerve innervate?

A
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
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24
Q

what does the subclavius nerve innervate?

A

subclavius

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25
Q

what does the lateral pectoral nerve innervate?

A
  • pectoralis major (clavicular part)
  • pectoralis minor
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26
Q

what does the medial pectoral nerve innervate?

A
  • pectoralis major (sternocostal part)
  • pectoralis minor
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27
Q

what does the long thoracic nerve innervate?

A

serratus anterior

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28
Q

what does the lower subscapular nerve innervate?

A
  • subscapularis
  • teres major
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29
Q

what does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?

A

latissimus dorsi

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30
Q

what does the upper subscapular nerve innervate?

A

subscapularis

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31
Q

what is thenar atrophy (ape hand)?

A

loss of bulk of skin at base of thumb caused by carpal tunnel syndrome (compression of median nerve within carpal tunnel)

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32
Q

what is interosseous atrophy (claw hand)?

A

caused by damage to ulnar nerve, creating claw like hands due to loss of muscle in hand
- hyperextension at the metacarpophalangeal joint
- hyperflexion at the interphalangeal joint

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33
Q

what is the superior (upper) pattern of injury to the brachial plexus?

A

lateral hyperextension of the neck due to falling or at birth when pulling head out of birth canal

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34
Q

what is the inferior (lower) pattern of injury to the brachial plexus?

A

arm pulled away from trunk by handing by hand or pulling arm out of birth canal at birth

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35
Q

what are the mechanisms of injury to the brachial plexus?

A
  • avulsion: proximal, tears roots out of spinal cord (most dramatic case)
  • stretch
  • rupture: distal break in plexus
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36
Q

what is upper trunk (Erb’s) palsy?

A

C5 and C6 are affected
- waiter’s tip deformity (arm pronated, fingers flexed)
- due to loss of innervation to abductors and lateral rotators of arm, forearm flexors, and wrist extensors

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37
Q

what is lower trunk (Klumpke’s) palsy?

A

C8 and T1 are affected
- claw hand
- due to loss of innervation to the pronators and intrinsic hand muscles (especially distal digit extensors)

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38
Q

where are the proximal portions of the plexus?

A

axilla

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39
Q

how do terminal branches of the plexus exit the axilla?

A

in a medial bundle in the proximal arm

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40
Q

what are the major differences between the lower and upper limb?

A
  • stability of lower limb
  • mobility of upper limb
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41
Q

why is the lower limb more stable?

A

iliac bones are anatomically connected posteriorly (at the sacroiliac joint)
- causes movement of one lower limb to cause movement of the other

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42
Q

what is the upper limb more stable?

A

scapulae are not connected posteriorly
- uppers limbs can move independently

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43
Q

what is a displaced clavicular fracture?

A

breaking of clavicle, makes bones out of alignment

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44
Q

what is a non-displaced clavicular fracture?

A

tearing of coracoclavicular ligaments

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45
Q

where does the humerus typically break?

A

surgical neck

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46
Q

what surrounds the structures of the arm proximal to the elbow?

A

brachial fascia

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47
Q

what surrounds the structures of the forearm?

A

antebrachial fascia

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48
Q

what divides the brachial fascia into anterior and posterior compartments?

A
  • lateral and medial intermuscular septa
  • humerus
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49
Q

what divides the antebrachial fascia into anterior and posterior compartments?

A
  • interosseous membrane
  • radius
  • ulna
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50
Q

what does the antebrachial fascia specialize into?

A

anterior:
- palmar carpal ligament (anatomical thickening)
- flexor retinaculum
posterior:
- extensor retinaculum

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51
Q

what is the flexor retinaculum/transverse carpal ligament?

A

forms the roof of the carpal tunnel
- covers the distal row of carpal bones
- deep to palmar aponeurosis

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52
Q

what is the carpal tunnel?

A
  • bound by the carpal bones and overlying flexor retinaculum
  • contains 9 tendons (flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus) and the median nerve
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53
Q

what causes carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

compression of the median nerve

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54
Q

what 3 articulations make up the elbow joint?

A
  • humeroulnar joint
  • humeroradial joint
  • proximal radioulnar joint
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55
Q

what makes up the humeroulnar joint?

A

trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus
- hinge joint
- medial

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56
Q

what makes up the humeroradial joint?

A

head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus
- ball and socket joint
- lateral

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57
Q

what makes up the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

head of radius and radial notch of ulna
- held in place by annular ligament

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58
Q

what muscles are involved in pronation?

A
  • pronator teres
  • pronator quadratus
  • brachioradialis
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59
Q

what muscles are involved in supination?

A
  • supinator
  • biceps brachii
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60
Q

what forms the distal radioulnar joint?

A

articulation between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius

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61
Q

what structures/joints mediate pronation/supination?

A
  • proximal radioulnar joint
  • distal radioulnar joint
  • interosseous membrane
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62
Q

how are the tendons of the extensor muscles structured?

A

flatten out into extensor hoods (aponeuroses that form the insertions)
- central slip over middle phalanx
- lateral bands attach to distal phalanx

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63
Q

what side of the hand has the protruding pisifrom?

A

ventral (anterior) side

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64
Q

what parts of the brachial plexus are supraclavicular?

A
  • roots
  • trunks
  • divisions
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65
Q

what parts of the brachial plexus are infraclavicular?

A
  • cords
  • terminal branches
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66
Q

C5 characteristics

A
  • branches into long thoracic nerve
  • branches into dorsal scapular nerve
  • branches into phrenic nerve
  • sensory info about shoulder
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67
Q

C6 characteristics

A
  • branches into long thoracic nerve
  • sensory info about elbow
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68
Q

C7 characterisitcs

A
  • branches into long thoracic nerve
  • sensory info about wrist
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69
Q

C8 characteristics

A
  • sensory info about hand
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70
Q

what forms the superior trunk and what does it branch into?

A
  • formed by C5 and C6
  • branches into suprascapular nerve
  • branches into subclavius nerve
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71
Q

what forms the middle trunk?

A

C7

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72
Q

what forms the inferior trunk?

A

C8 and T1

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73
Q

what divisions form the lateral cord?

A
  • anterior division of superior trunk
  • anterior division of middle trunk
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74
Q

what divisions form the posterior cord?

A
  • posterior division of superior trunk
  • posterior division of middle trunk
  • posterior division of inferior trunk
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75
Q

what divisions form the medial cord?

A
  • anterior division of middle trunk
  • anterior division of inferior trunk
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76
Q

what does the lateral cord branch into and give rise to?

A
  • gives rise to lateral pectoral nerve
  • branches into musculocutaneous nerve and median nerve
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77
Q

what does the posterior cord branch into and give rise to?

A
  • gives rise to lower and upper subscapular nerves + thoracodorsal nerve
  • branches into axillary nerve and radial nerve
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78
Q

what does the medial cord branch into and give rise to?

A
  • gives rise to medial pectoral nerve
  • branches into median nerve and ulnar nerve
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79
Q

what roots make up the long thoracic nerve?

A

C5, C6, C7

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80
Q

what roots make up the phrenic nerve?

A

C3, C4, C5

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81
Q

what roots make up the dorsal scapular nerve?

A

C5

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82
Q

what roots make up the suprascapular nerve?

A

C5, C6

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83
Q

what roots make up the subclavius nerve?

A

C5, C6

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84
Q

what roots make up the lateral pectoral nerve?

A

C5, C6, C7

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85
Q

what roots make up the lower and upper subscapular nerves?

A

C5, C6

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86
Q

what roots make up the thoracodorsal nerve?

A

C6, C7, C8

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87
Q

what roots make up the medial pectoral nerve?

A

C8, T1

88
Q

what roots make up the axillary nerve?

A

C5, C6

89
Q

what roots make up the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5, C6, C7

90
Q

what roots make up the median nerve?

A

all

91
Q

what roots make up the radial nerve?

A

all

92
Q

what roots make up the ulnar nerve?

A

C8, T1

93
Q

what does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate and what does it become?

A
  • innervates arm flexors (coracobrachialis, biceps, brachialis)
  • sensory info for lateral anterior forearm
  • becomes lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
94
Q

what does the axillary nerve innervate?

A
  • innervates deltoids and teres minor
  • isolated sensory info of shoulder joint
  • shared sensory info around shoulder
95
Q

what does the median nerve innervate?

A
  • innervates anterior forearm (flexors and pronators) and thenar muscles
  • isolated sensory supply of distal phalanges of digits 2-3
  • shared sensory info for digits 1-2, thenar area, thumb, and ring finger
96
Q

what does the radial nerve innervate?

A
  • innervates posterior arm (triceps, brachialis) and posterior forearm (extensors and supinators)
  • isolated sensory supply of area between thumb and index finger
  • shared sensory info of posterior arm (below shoulder to dorsal side of hand)
97
Q

what does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A
  • innervates medial flexors and intrinsic hand muscles
  • isolated sensory supply of medial portions of hands (pinky area)
98
Q

what 2 muscles are dually innervated?

A
  • brachialis (musculocutaneous and median nerves)
  • flexor digitorum profundus (median and ulnar nerves)
99
Q

what muscle does the cephalic vein run through?

A

anterior and middle deltoid

100
Q

what is the median cubital vein?

A

combines with cephalic vein to form distal continuation of cephalic vein, branch of basilic vein

101
Q

what is the anterior humeral circumflex artery?

A

branches of brachial artery to supply deltoids and coracobrachialis

102
Q

what are the landmarks of the scapula?

A
  • acromion
  • coracoid process
  • spine
  • infraspinous fossa
  • supraspinous fossa
  • glenoid cavity
  • infra- and supraglenoid tubercles
  • superior, medial, and lateral borders
  • inferior angle
  • superior angle
  • subscapular fossa
103
Q

what is the function of the acromion?

A
  • articulates with clavicle
  • origin for middle (acromiol) part of deltoid
  • insertion for trapezius
104
Q

what is the function of the coracoid process of the scapula?

A
  • insertion for pec minor
  • origin for short head of biceps
  • origin for coracobrachialis
  • attachment for coracoclavicular ligament
105
Q

what is the function of the spine of the scapula?

A
  • insertion for trapezius
  • origin for posterior (scapular) part of deltoid
106
Q

what is the function of the supraspinous and infraspinous fossas?

A
  • supra: origin for supraspinatus
  • infra: origin for infraspinatus
107
Q

what is the function of the glenoid cavity?

A

forms the glenohumeral joint; articulates with humerus

108
Q

what is the function of the supraglenoid tubercle?

A

origin for long head of biceps brachii

109
Q

what is the function of the infraglenoid tubercle?

A

origin for long head of triceps brachii

110
Q

what is the function of the inferior angle?

A
  • origin for teres major
  • origin for latissimus dorsi
111
Q

what is the superior angle?

A

insertion for levator scapula

112
Q

what is the function of the subscapular fossa?

A
  • origin for subscapularis
  • insertion for serratus anterior
113
Q

what are landmarks of the clavicle?

A
  • acromial end
  • sternal end
  • conoid tubercle
  • trapezoid line
114
Q

what are the landmarks of the proximal humerus?

A
  • anatomical neck
  • greater tubercle (superior, middle, inferior facets)
  • lesser tubercle
  • surgical neck
  • intertubercular (bicipital) groove
  • medial lip of the intertubercular groove
  • deltoid tuberosity
115
Q

what does the tendon of the biceps brachii run through?

A

bicipital groove

116
Q

what is the function of the medial lip of the intertubercular groove?

A
  • insertion for teres major
  • insertion for lat dorsi
117
Q

what is the function of the lateral lip of the intertubercular groove?

A

insertion for pec major

118
Q

what is the function of the deltoid tuberosity?

A

insertion for deltoid

119
Q

what are the rotator cuff muscles and their shared function?

A

SITS:
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
- subscapularis
stabilization of GHJ

120
Q

what are the OIAIs of supraspinatus?

A
  • O: supraspinous fossa
  • I: greater tubercle of humerus (superior facet)
  • A: abduction of arm
  • I: suprascapular nerve
121
Q

what are the OIAIs of infraspinatus?

A
  • O: infraspinous fossa
  • I: greater tubercle of humerus (middle facet)
  • A: external rotation of arm
  • I: suprascapular nerve
122
Q

what are the OIAIs of teres minor?

A
  • O: lateral border of scapula
  • I: greater tubercle of humerus (inferior facet)
  • A: external rotation and adduction of the arm
  • I: axillary nerve
123
Q

what are the OIAIs of subscapularis?

A
  • O: subscapular fossa
  • I: lesser tubercle of the humerus
  • A: internal rotation of arm
  • innervation: lower and upper subscapular nerves
123
Q
A
124
Q

what are the OIAIs of the anterior (clavicular) part of the deltoid?

A
  • O: lateral third of the clavicle
  • I: deltoid tuberosity
  • A: flexion and internal rotation of arm
  • I: axillary nerve
125
Q

what are the OIAIs of the middle (acromial) part of the deltoid?

A
  • O: acromion of scapula
  • I: deltoid tuberosity
  • A: abduction of the arm
  • I: axillary nerve
126
Q

what are the OIAIs of the posterior (scapular) part of the deltoid?

A
  • O: spine of scapula
  • I: deltoid tuberosity
  • A: extension and external rotation of the arm
  • I: axillary nerve
127
Q

what are the OIAIs of teres major?

A
  • O: inferior angle and inferior part of the lateral border of the scapula
  • I: medial lip of the intertubercular groove
  • A: extension and internal rotation of arm
  • I: lower subscapular nerve
128
Q

what are the OIAIs of the short head of the biceps brachii?

A
  • O: coracoid process of scapula
  • I: bicipital aponeurosis
  • A: flexion and supination of forearm at elbow
  • I: musculocutaneous nerve
129
Q

what are the OIAIs of the long head of the biceps brachii?

A
  • O: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
  • I: radial tuberosity
  • A: flexion and supination of forearm at elbow; weak flexion of arm at GHJ
  • I: musculocutaneous nerve
130
Q

what are the OIAIs of coracobrachialis?

A
  • O: coracoid process of scapula
  • I: anteromedial surface of shaft of humerus
  • A: adduction and flexion of arm at GHJ
  • I: musculocutaneous nerve
131
Q

what are the OIAIs of brachialis?

A
  • O: distal half of anterior surface of humerus
  • I: ulnar tuberosity
  • A: flexion of forearm at elbow joint
  • I: musculocutaneous and radial nerve
132
Q

what is the most powerful forearm flexor?

A

brachialis

133
Q

what are the OIAIs of the long head of the triceps brachii?

A
  • O: infraglenoid tubercle
  • I: olecranon process of ulna
  • A: extension and adduction of arm at GHJ; extension of forearm at elbow
  • I: radial nerve
134
Q

what are the OIAIs of the lateral head of the triceps brachii?

A
  • O: posterior surface of humerus
  • I: olecranon process of ulna
  • A: extension of the forearm at the elbow
  • I: radial nerve
135
Q

what are the OIAIs of the medial head of the triceps brachii?

A
  • O: posterior surface of humerus
  • I: olecranon of the ulna
  • A: extension of the forearm at the elbow
  • I: radial nerve
136
Q

what is the anterior deltoid called in rabbits?

A

clavodeltoid/clavobrachialis

137
Q

what is the middle deltoid called in rabbits?

A

acromiodeltoid

138
Q

what is the posterior deltoid called in rabbits?

A

spinodeltoid

139
Q

what are the landmarks of the distal humerus?

A
  • trochlea
  • capitulum
  • lateral epicondyle
  • lateral supracondylar ridge
  • medial epicondyle
  • medial supracondylar ridge
  • radial fossa
  • coronoid fossa
  • olecranon fossa
139
Q

what is the function of the capitiulum?

A

point of articulation between humerus and radius

139
Q

what is the function of the trochlea?

A

interacts with ulna to form elbow joint

139
Q

what is the function of the coronoid fossa?

A

coronoid process of ulna lies here during elbow flexion

140
Q

what is the function of the olecranon fossa?

A

olecranon of the ulna lies here during elbow extension

141
Q
A
142
Q
A
143
Q
A
144
Q
A
145
Q
A
146
Q

what is the function of the radial fossa?

A

where the head of the radius sits during elbow flexion

147
Q

what are the landmarks of the radius?

A
  • head
  • neck
  • ulnar notch
  • radial tuberosity
  • interosseous border
  • styloid process
148
Q

what is the function of the radial tuberosity?

A

insertion for biceps

149
Q

what is the function of the styloid process of the radius?

A

insertion for brachioradialis

150
Q

what are the landmarks of the ulna?

A
  • olecranon process
  • coronoid process
  • trochlear notch
  • radial notch
  • tuberosity of ulna
  • interosseous border
  • head
  • styloid process
151
Q

what is the function of the tuberosity of the ulna?

A

insertion for brachialis

152
Q

what is the function of the styloid process of the ulna?

A

insertion for extensor carpi ulnaris

153
Q

what is the function of the coronoid process of the ulna?

A
  • insertion for brachialis
  • origin for FDS
  • origin for FDP
154
Q

what are the proximal carpal bones, from thumb to pinky?

A
  • scaphoid
  • lunate
  • triquetrum
  • pisiform
155
Q

what are the distal carpal bones, from thumb to pink?

A
  • trapezium
  • trapezoid
  • capitate
  • hamate
156
Q

how many phalanges does digit 1 have?

A

2:
- proximal
- distal

157
Q

how many phalanges do digits 2-5 have?

A

3:
- proximal
- middle
- distal

158
Q

what muscles originate on the medial epicondyle?

A

superficial and intermediate muscles of the anterior forearm

159
Q

what are the superficial anterior muscles of the forearm?

A
  • pronator teres
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
160
Q

what are the OIAIs of pronator teres?

A
  • O: medial epicondyle
  • I: lateral surface of the radius
  • A: pronates forearm at elbow; weakly flexes arm at elbow
  • I: median nerve
161
Q

what are the OIAIs of flexor carpi radialis?

A
  • O: medial epicondyle
  • I: base of the second metacarpal
  • A: flexes hand at the wrist; abducts the hand at the wrist (radial deviation)
  • I: median nerve
162
Q

what are the OIAIs of palmaris longus?

A
  • O: medial epicondyle
  • I: palmar aponeurosis
  • A: tenses palmar aponeurosis; weakly flexes arm at the elbow
  • I: median nerve
163
Q

what are the OIAIs of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A
  • O: medial epicondyle
  • I: base of the 5th metacarpal; hook of hamate; pisiform bone
  • A: flexes the hand at the wrist; adducts hand at wrist (ulnar deviation)
  • I: ulnar nerve
164
Q

what is the intermediate muscle of the anterior forearm?

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

165
Q

what are the OIAIs of flexor digitorum superficialis?

A
  • O: medial epicondyle + coronoid process of ulna; upper surface of radius
  • I: middle phalanges
  • A: flexes the middle phalanges; flexes hand at wrist; weakly flexes arm at elbow
  • I: median nerve
166
Q

what are the deep muscles of the anterior forearm?

A
  • flexor pollicis longus (FPL)
  • flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)
  • pronator quadratus
167
Q

what are the OIAIs of FPL?

A
  • O: anterior surface of the radius; interosseous membrane
  • I: distal phalanx of the thumb
  • A: flexes the thumb; abducts hand at wrist (radial deviation)
  • I: median nerve
168
Q

what are the OIAIs of FDP?

A
  • O: anterior surface of ulna
  • I: distal phalanges of digits 2-5
  • A: flexes hand at wrist; flexes fingers distally
  • I: median nerve (2-3); ulnar nerve (4-5)
169
Q

what are the OIAIs of pronator quadratus?

A
  • O: distal end of anterior surface of ulna
  • I: distal end of anterior surface of radius
  • A: pronation of forearm
  • I: median nerve
170
Q

what are the superficial muscles of the posterior forearm?

A
  • brachioradialis
  • extensor carpi radialis longus
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • extensor digitorum
  • extensor digiti minimi
  • extensor carpi ulnaris
  • anconeus
171
Q

what are the OIAIs of brachioradialis?

A
  • O: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
  • I: styloid process of radius
  • A: flexes arm at elbow, pronates/supinates arm at elbow
  • I: radial nerve
172
Q

what are the OIAIs of extensor carpi radialis longus?

A
  • O: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
  • I: base of the second metacarpal
  • A: extends the hand at the wrist; abducts the hand at the wrist (radial deviation)
  • I: radial nerve
173
Q

what are the OIAIs of extensor carpi radialis brevis?

A
  • O: lateral epicondyle
  • I: base of the third metacarpal
  • A: extends the hand at the wrist; abducts the hand at the wrist (radial deviation)
  • I: radial nerve
174
Q

what are OIAIs of extensor digitorum?

A
  • O: lateral epicondyle
  • I: base of distal and middle phalanges (digits 2-5)
  • A: extends the fingers; abducts the fingers
  • I: radial nerve
175
Q

what are the OIAIs of extensor digiti minimi?

A
  • O: lateral epicondyle
  • I: dorsal aponeurosis of 5th digit
  • A: extends 5th digit; contributes to extension of hand at wrist
  • I: radial nerve
176
Q

what are OIAIs of extensor carpi ulnaris?

A
  • O: lateral epicondyle
  • I: base of 5th metacarpal
  • A: extends hand at wrist; adduction of hand at wrist (ulnar deviation)
  • I: radial nerve
177
Q

what are the OIAIs of anconeus?

A
  • O: lateral epicondyle
  • I: olecranon of ulna
  • A: weakly extends forearm at elbow; stabilizer during pronation and supination
  • I: radial nerve
178
Q

what are the deep muscles of the posterior forearm?

A
  • supinator
  • abductor pollicis longus
  • extensor pollicis brevis
  • extensor pollicis longus
  • extensor indicis
179
Q

what are the OIAIs of supinator?

A
  • O: lateral epicondyle of humerus + supinator crest of ulna
  • I: posterior surface of radius
  • A: supinates forearm at elbow
  • I: radial nerve
180
Q

what are the OIAIs of abductor pollicis longus?

A
  • O: proximal radius and ulna + interosseous membrane
  • I: base of first metacarpal
  • A: abducts the thumb; abducts the hand at the wrist (radial deviation)
  • I: radial nerve
181
Q

what are the OIAIs of extensor pollicis brevis?

A
  • O: posterior surface of radius
  • I: base of 1st proximal phalanx
  • A: extends the thumb
  • I: radial nerve
182
Q

what are the OIAIs of extensor pollicis longus?

A
  • O: posterior surface of ulna; IOM
  • I: base of 1st distal phalanx
  • A: extends the thumb
  • I: radial nerve
183
Q

what are the OIAIs of extensor indicis?

A
  • O: posterior surface of ulna; IOM
  • I: distal aponeurosis of 2nd digit
  • A: extends 2nd digit; extends the hand at the wrist
  • I: radial nerve
184
Q

what is the thenar eminence and what muscles form it?

A

formed by short muscles of the thumb; base of the thumb
- abductor pollicis brevis
- flexor pollicis brevis
- opponens pollicis
- adductor pollicis

185
Q

what is the hypothenar eminence?

A

formed by short muscles of the pink; base of the pinky
- abductor digiti minimi
- flexor digiti minimi
- opponens digiti minimi

186
Q

what are the AIs of abductor pollicis brevis?

A
  • A: abducts the thumb
  • I: median nerve
187
Q

what are the AIs of flexor pollicis brevis?

A
  • A: flexes the thumb
  • I: median nerve
    (medial to APB)
188
Q

what are the AIs of opponens pollicis?

A
  • A: draws thumb towards palm during opposition
  • I: median nerve
    (deep to APB, FPB)
189
Q

what are the AIs of adductor pollicis?

A
  • A: adducts the thumb
  • I: ulnar nerve
    (dorsal side)
190
Q

what are the AIs of abductor digiti minimi?

A
  • A: abducts the pinky
  • I: ulnar nerve
    (most medial)
191
Q

what are the AIs of flexor digiti minimi?

A
  • A: flexes the pinky
  • I: ulnar nerve
    (lateral to ADM)
192
Q

what are the AIs of opponens digiti minimi?

A
  • A: draws 5th metacarpal forward + deepens hollow of hand
  • I: ulnar nerve
    (deep and lateral to ABM, FDM)
193
Q

what are the lumbricals?

A

numbered 1-4 from lateral (index) to medial (pinky)
- works with FDP to flex fingers
- 1-2 innervated by median nerve
- 3-4 innervated by ulnar nerve

194
Q

what are the dorsal interosseous muscles?

A
  • abduct the index, middle, and ring fingers away from the hand’s midline
  • innervated by ulnar nerve
195
Q

what muscles are missing in rabbits?

A
  • brachioradialis
  • abductor pollicis longus
  • extensor pollicis longus
  • intrinsic hand muscles
196
Q

what muscles are involved in abduction of the arm?

A
  • supraspinatus
  • acromial (middle) part of deltoid
197
Q

what muscles are involved in external rotation of the arm?

A
  • infraspinatus
  • scapular (posterior) part of deltoid
  • teres minor
198
Q

what muscles are involved in internal rotation of the arm?

A
  • subscapularis
  • clavicular (anterior) part of deltoid
  • teres major
199
Q

what muscles are involved in flexion of arm at the GHJ?

A
  • clavicular (anterior) part of deltoid
  • coracobrachialis
200
Q

what muscle is involved in weak flexion of arm at the GHJ?

A

long head of biceps brachii

201
Q

what muscles are involved in extension of arm at the GHJ?

A
  • scapular (posterior) part of deltoid
  • teres major
  • long head of triceps brachii
202
Q

what muscles are involved in adduction of the arm?

A
  • teres minor
  • coracobrachialis
  • long head of triceps
203
Q

what muscles are involved in supination of forearm?

A
  • short head of biceps
  • long head of biceps
  • brachioradialis
  • supinator
204
Q

what muscles are involved in flexion at the elbow?

A
  • short head of biceps
  • long head of biceps
  • brachialis (most powerful)
  • brachioradialis
205
Q

what muscles are involved in weak flexion at the elbow?

A
  • pronator teres
  • flexor digitorum superficialis
  • palmaris longus
206
Q

what muscles are involved in flexion at the wrist?

A
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • flexor digitorum superficialis
  • flexor pollicis longus
  • flexor digitorum profundus
207
Q

what muscles are involved of abduction of hand at wrist (radial deviation)?

A
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • flexor pollicis longus
  • extensor carpi radialis longus
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • abductor pollicis longus
208
Q

what muscles are involved in adduction of hand at wrist (ulnar deviation)?

A
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • extensor carpi ulnaris
209
Q

what muscles are involved in thumb extension?

A
  • extensor pollicis longus
  • extensor pollicis brevis
210
Q

what muscles abduct the thumb?

A
  • abductor pollicis longus
  • abductor pollicis brevis
211
Q

what muscles are involved in wrist extension?

A
  • extensor carpi radialis longus
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • extensor carpi ulnaris
  • extensor indicis
212
Q

T1 characterisitcs

A
  • branches into 1st intercostal nerve
  • sensory info about hand

BPK326 (5 decks)

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