Unit 5 Growth and Development Flashcards
What is the basic concept of how we grow?
- Cephalocaudal (head to toe)
- Proximal-distal trunk to extremities (inside out)
What are the stages in Kohlberg’s Moral Development?
Preconventional
- Obedience and punishment (wanting to avoid it)
- Individualism and exchange
Conventional (rewarded for good behavior)
- Good interpersonal relationships- you want to please others
- Maintain social order
Postconventional
-deep awareness of justice (ex: protesting injustice)
NOT NECESSARILY AGE RELATED
What factors effect growth and development?
- Family
- Intrauterine/birth events
- Illness/Hospitalization/Chronic Illness
- Environment/Community
- Socioeconomic factors
- Culture
- Stress
Describe Discipline.
- Limit setting and guidelines, NOT RIGID RULES
- Should be developmentally appropriate/match chilid’s level of understanding
- Consequences should fit the action
- NEVER discipline in anger
- Time out- 1 minute for every year of life
-Discipline should not be punishment, simply consequences for certain actions.
Explain anticipatory guidance.
Educated parents on what they should expect in the next couple months and what to do.
Physically describe an the infant. (0-12 months)
- Growth is very rapid
- 0 to 6 months grows 1 inch per month
- 6 to 12 months infant birth length increases by 50%
- 0 to 6 months infant gains about 1.5 lbs per month
- Birth weight doubles between 5-6 months
- By 1 year infant birth weight triples
- During first 6 months head circumference grows by 1.5 cm per month
Describe the nervous system in an infant.
- Posterior fontanelle closes between 6-8 weeks
- Anterior fontanelle closes between 12-18 months (good place to check for dehydration & swelling
- Newborn reflexes diminish/disappear because nervous system matures
- Initially see in B&W and color comes later
Describe the following physically in the infant: Heart Respiratory System Digestive System Immune System Hematological System Renal System
Heart- Less rapid growth, doubles in size by 1 year, heart still rapid-roughly 70-200
Respiratory-Rate slows somewhat, short straight eustachian(ear) tube, close proximity of trachea to the bronchi, immature alveoli
Digestive-amylase, lipase not produced in large amounts until about 5 months; stomach enlarges gradually-1 year can tolerate 3 meals/day. VERY sensitive to irritation
Immune-lose acquired passive immunity by 6 months, until 2 months infants cannot produce IG-so they rely on passive immunity acquired from breast milk. IgM levels at adult by 9 months.
Hematological- Fetal HgB shorter lifespan for 5 months. physiological anemia 3-6 months, iron added at this time.
Renal-shift in total body fluids so decrease can lead to more rapid lose of total body fluid: dehydration
What are the gross motor developments in infancy and at about how many months?
Head control ~ 6 months
Rolling over ~ 5 to 6 months
Sitting ~7 months
Locomotion ~8 months
Name the fine motor skills that are achieved during the 12 months of infancy.
1 months: hands closed
5 months: can voluntarily grasp an object
6 months: holds bottle, grasps feet
7 months: can transfer objects from one hand to other
10 months: has a good pincer grasp (thumb & finger)
11 months: places toy in container
12 months: can build a tower with two blocks
When is an infant ready to start solid foods and what is the general rule regarding introducing foods?
-Coordinated swallowing, no tongue pushing
-Possibly around 6 months
-Head needs to be self supported
»>no honey««
*1 new food a day is a good rule to follow
When should fluoride supplements be given in infancy?
With teeth development
What should not be given to an infant at bedtime?
Never give a bottle at bedtime
What is important regarding cows milk with growth and development?
Should be avoided until 1 year of age, will cause microbleeding
When does tooth eruption begin and how many teeth will they have at 12 months?
~6 months
@ 12 months 6-8 deciduous teeth
What is the stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development at birth to 1 year? Describe briefly.
Trust vs mistrust
- Foundation for all future psychosocial tasks
- Quality of the parent (caregiver) relationship
Describe Piaget’s Cognitive Development in infancy.
- Has six stages, four of the stages are accomplished in infancy
- Infant learns primarily though senses and motor activity
- Progresses from reflexive behaviors to simple repetitive acts to imitative activity
What is object permanence and when is it learned?
awareness/idea that objects continue to exist even when one cannot see them.
learned ~8-9 months
Describe language development in infancy.
- Crying first means of communication
- Infants vocalize as early as 5-6 weeks
- Infants by 3-4 months can vocalize consonants
- 8 months they imitate sounds (dada)
- 9 to 10 months they can comprehend the word NO and obey simple commands
- First word ~12 month period
- *We can all understand more words than we can speal
Explain infant attachment.
- Increasing evident in the second half of infancy (6months)
- Development of attachment to mother/parent is a crucial part of development
Describe separation anxiety during the first 12 months of infancy. When does it peak?
4-8 months have some awareness of self and mother as separate
At 6 months begins to protest being put into crib and when mom leaves
By 11-12 months, will anticipate mom’s departure and protest before she leaves
**peaks in toddlerhood
What are the stages of separation anxiety?
Protest: screaming, crying, inconsolable, clinging to parents, agitated, resists caregivers
Despair: Child becomes hopeless and becomes quiet, withdrawn, apathetic, sadness, depression, crying when parents appear
Detachment: Lack of protest when parents leave, appearance of being happy and content with caregivers and other children. If parents re-appear child might ignore.
What is stranger anxiety and what is an example of it?
- Parallels separation anxiety
- starts between ages 6-8 months of age
- infants can discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar persons
- behaviors like clinging to parent, crying and turning away from stranger
ex: Santa Clause
Describe the concept of play. What are toys for?
- Play is the work of children
- Solitary play is the start
- Provides sensory and tactile stimuli
- 6 months can play peek-a-boo
> Toys
- For gross motor skills
- Fine motor skills
- To experience the environment
- push/pull toys can provide extra support when learning to walk
What is colic?
-Syndrome; problem when babies continuously cry at predictable time, then all of a sudden stop like it never happened. No known reason.
Describe toddlers physically. What is the age range of a toddler?
12-36 months
- Physical growth slows
- Average weight gain 4-6 lbs per year
- Growth is plotted step-like
- Short and straight eustachian tubes
- Large tonsils and adenoids (could interfere with airway especially if inflamed)
- Pot Belly
