Unit 5 Growth and Development Flashcards
What is the basic concept of how we grow?
- Cephalocaudal (head to toe)
- Proximal-distal trunk to extremities (inside out)
What are the stages in Kohlberg’s Moral Development?
Preconventional
- Obedience and punishment (wanting to avoid it)
- Individualism and exchange
Conventional (rewarded for good behavior)
- Good interpersonal relationships- you want to please others
- Maintain social order
Postconventional
-deep awareness of justice (ex: protesting injustice)
NOT NECESSARILY AGE RELATED
What factors effect growth and development?
- Family
- Intrauterine/birth events
- Illness/Hospitalization/Chronic Illness
- Environment/Community
- Socioeconomic factors
- Culture
- Stress
Describe Discipline.
- Limit setting and guidelines, NOT RIGID RULES
- Should be developmentally appropriate/match chilid’s level of understanding
- Consequences should fit the action
- NEVER discipline in anger
- Time out- 1 minute for every year of life
-Discipline should not be punishment, simply consequences for certain actions.
Explain anticipatory guidance.
Educated parents on what they should expect in the next couple months and what to do.
Physically describe an the infant. (0-12 months)
- Growth is very rapid
- 0 to 6 months grows 1 inch per month
- 6 to 12 months infant birth length increases by 50%
- 0 to 6 months infant gains about 1.5 lbs per month
- Birth weight doubles between 5-6 months
- By 1 year infant birth weight triples
- During first 6 months head circumference grows by 1.5 cm per month
Describe the nervous system in an infant.
- Posterior fontanelle closes between 6-8 weeks
- Anterior fontanelle closes between 12-18 months (good place to check for dehydration & swelling
- Newborn reflexes diminish/disappear because nervous system matures
- Initially see in B&W and color comes later
Describe the following physically in the infant: Heart Respiratory System Digestive System Immune System Hematological System Renal System
Heart- Less rapid growth, doubles in size by 1 year, heart still rapid-roughly 70-200
Respiratory-Rate slows somewhat, short straight eustachian(ear) tube, close proximity of trachea to the bronchi, immature alveoli
Digestive-amylase, lipase not produced in large amounts until about 5 months; stomach enlarges gradually-1 year can tolerate 3 meals/day. VERY sensitive to irritation
Immune-lose acquired passive immunity by 6 months, until 2 months infants cannot produce IG-so they rely on passive immunity acquired from breast milk. IgM levels at adult by 9 months.
Hematological- Fetal HgB shorter lifespan for 5 months. physiological anemia 3-6 months, iron added at this time.
Renal-shift in total body fluids so decrease can lead to more rapid lose of total body fluid: dehydration
What are the gross motor developments in infancy and at about how many months?
Head control ~ 6 months
Rolling over ~ 5 to 6 months
Sitting ~7 months
Locomotion ~8 months
Name the fine motor skills that are achieved during the 12 months of infancy.
1 months: hands closed
5 months: can voluntarily grasp an object
6 months: holds bottle, grasps feet
7 months: can transfer objects from one hand to other
10 months: has a good pincer grasp (thumb & finger)
11 months: places toy in container
12 months: can build a tower with two blocks
When is an infant ready to start solid foods and what is the general rule regarding introducing foods?
-Coordinated swallowing, no tongue pushing
-Possibly around 6 months
-Head needs to be self supported
»>no honey««
*1 new food a day is a good rule to follow
When should fluoride supplements be given in infancy?
With teeth development
What should not be given to an infant at bedtime?
Never give a bottle at bedtime
What is important regarding cows milk with growth and development?
Should be avoided until 1 year of age, will cause microbleeding
When does tooth eruption begin and how many teeth will they have at 12 months?
~6 months
@ 12 months 6-8 deciduous teeth
What is the stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development at birth to 1 year? Describe briefly.
Trust vs mistrust
- Foundation for all future psychosocial tasks
- Quality of the parent (caregiver) relationship
Describe Piaget’s Cognitive Development in infancy.
- Has six stages, four of the stages are accomplished in infancy
- Infant learns primarily though senses and motor activity
- Progresses from reflexive behaviors to simple repetitive acts to imitative activity
What is object permanence and when is it learned?
awareness/idea that objects continue to exist even when one cannot see them.
learned ~8-9 months
Describe language development in infancy.
- Crying first means of communication
- Infants vocalize as early as 5-6 weeks
- Infants by 3-4 months can vocalize consonants
- 8 months they imitate sounds (dada)
- 9 to 10 months they can comprehend the word NO and obey simple commands
- First word ~12 month period
- *We can all understand more words than we can speal
Explain infant attachment.
- Increasing evident in the second half of infancy (6months)
- Development of attachment to mother/parent is a crucial part of development
Describe separation anxiety during the first 12 months of infancy. When does it peak?
4-8 months have some awareness of self and mother as separate
At 6 months begins to protest being put into crib and when mom leaves
By 11-12 months, will anticipate mom’s departure and protest before she leaves
**peaks in toddlerhood
What are the stages of separation anxiety?
Protest: screaming, crying, inconsolable, clinging to parents, agitated, resists caregivers
Despair: Child becomes hopeless and becomes quiet, withdrawn, apathetic, sadness, depression, crying when parents appear
Detachment: Lack of protest when parents leave, appearance of being happy and content with caregivers and other children. If parents re-appear child might ignore.
What is stranger anxiety and what is an example of it?
- Parallels separation anxiety
- starts between ages 6-8 months of age
- infants can discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar persons
- behaviors like clinging to parent, crying and turning away from stranger
ex: Santa Clause
Describe the concept of play. What are toys for?
- Play is the work of children
- Solitary play is the start
- Provides sensory and tactile stimuli
- 6 months can play peek-a-boo
> Toys
- For gross motor skills
- Fine motor skills
- To experience the environment
- push/pull toys can provide extra support when learning to walk
What is colic?
-Syndrome; problem when babies continuously cry at predictable time, then all of a sudden stop like it never happened. No known reason.
Describe toddlers physically. What is the age range of a toddler?
12-36 months
- Physical growth slows
- Average weight gain 4-6 lbs per year
- Growth is plotted step-like
- Short and straight eustachian tubes
- Large tonsils and adenoids (could interfere with airway especially if inflamed)
- Pot Belly
What fine motors skills do toddlers develop?
Casting and throwing objects at 15 months
Pick up raisin and drop into narrow bottle
2yrs can build tower
3yrs can draw circles on paper
What gross motor skills do toddlers develop?
12-13 months walks alone using a wide stance
18 months tries to run, falls easily
2 yrs can walk up and down stairs easily
3 yrs can stand on one foot for 1-2 seconds
What is the psychosocial development of a toddler? (erikison)
> Autonomy vs doubt and shame
ex: “NO” is toddler trying autonomy
holding on and letting go
negativism = “NO”
ritualism (helps child learn routines)
What is the cognitive development in toddlerhood? (Piaget)
Continuation of the sensorimotor phase
Domestic mimicry (will imitate parents or other professions)
Questions, Why? and How?
Short attention
Describe the social development of a toddler.
- Major task is differentiation of self (autonomy)
- Rapproachment (establishment of harmonious relations)
- They often have transitional objects starting here; such as a blanket
- **transitional objects shouldn’t be allowed to disappear
State the language development of a toddler.
- Increasing level of comprehension
- Understand more words than they can speak
- 2 years approximately 300 words w/telegraphic speech*
- simple necessary words; ex: “Timmy want cookie”
3 years can put together simple sentences
What is parallel play and what age group partakes in it?
-Parallel play (not playing together, however doing similar activity together)
Usually seen with toddlers
Name the factors associated with toilet training.
- Physical readiness (toddler will hide behind bathroom door, physically being able to remove clothes and sit)
- Mental readiness (understanding of urination & deification and can communicate it
- Psychological readiness (willingness to please parent, impatient with soiled diapers)
- Parental readiness (recognizes child’s signs, time, absence of stress)
What is important regarding nutrition and the toddler?
- Physiologic anorexia (not growing as much so they eat less than before, it’s ok)
- Ritualism (adds control to their environment)
- Oral Hygiene
- Choose my plate (fruits, veggies, proteins, grains, little dairy)
What are some Toddler Challenges?
- Temper tantrums
- Sibling Rivalry (set time aside for older child)
- Regression
- Negativism (“NO”)
Describe the preschool child physically.
- Average weight gain is 5 lbs per year
- Most organs are mature
- The preschooler is agile and sturdy and posture is erect
What age range is the preschool child?
3-5 years
What are the fine and gross motor skills of a preschooler?
Walking, running, climbing are well established
3 years can ride a tricycle, walk on toes, balance on one foot
4 years can skip & hop, catch a ball reliably
5 years can jump rope, skate, and swim
Describe preschoolers psychosocial development. (erikson)
Initiative vs guilt
-preschoolers great at feeling guilty; ex: they believe their sibling getting sick was because they were mean
-They play and work to the fullest
What is the cognitive development of a preschooler? (Piaget)
- Major transition in this stage is from being egocentric to social awareness and having ability to see the others point of view
- Transductive* seeing relationship where there are non; ex: dog barks and then train comes
- Telegraphic speech (early in this stage, should start to end at this point)
Describe the play of a preschooler.
- Associative play
- Imaginative, imitation, and dramatic play
- Imaginary playmates
- Sex role imitation
- Toys
What are preschool concerns?
- Sex education (WHY) make sure they start to learn where to protect their body
- Animism (giving non-human objects human characteristics)
- Stuttering (because they can’t get words out fast enough)
- Sleep problems (establish a bedtime routine; use nightlight)
Night terrors- child screams but is not awake, no recollection in the morning
Describe the school age child physically, and when do prepubertal changes start for both sexes?
- Growth in height and weight is slow and steady
- Prepubertal changes as early as 8 in girls and 11-12 in boys
What age range is the school age child?
6-12 years
When do permanent teeth erupt for the school age child?
~6 years
What are gross/fine motor skills of school age children?
- Bicycling
- Roller skating
- Improved running and jumping
- Swimming
- Printing early script by 8 years
- Greater dexterity for crafts and video games
- Texting
Describe the psychosocial development of a school aged child. (erikson)
Industry vs Inferiority
- they want to achieve success
- inferiority stems from unrealistic expectations, failing to meet standards others have set for the child
Explain the Cognitive development of a school age child.
- Concrete operational stage
- Perceptual thinking to conceptual thinking
- Transition from egocentric to objective thinking
- Development of principles of conservation/reversibility
- Ability to read
Describe the play of a school age child.
- Cooperative play
- Organized with children playing with other children
- Rules are established
- Team play
- Ego mastery
- *Encourage ACTIVE vs passive play**
What are school age concerns?
- The school experience
- Limit setting and discipline (removal of privileges)
- Nutrition and activity (OBESITY)
- Sex Education
- BULLYING
- Concerned with body integrity- becomes important with hospitalized child
What skill is most important learned in the school-age period?
Reading
What is the first sign of sexual maturity in girls?
Thelarche (breast buds)
What is the first sign of sexual maturity in boys?
Testicular enlargement
What age is considered Adolescence?
13-18 years
Describe adolescence physically.
- Adolescence growth spurt
- Growth in the extremities: length of hands and feet reach adult size first
- Gawky appearance of early adolescent
- Puberty
- Primary vs secondary sex characteristics
- Sweat and sebaceous glands more active: body odor/acne
What are the primary sex characteristics of girls and boys?
- Growth of testes and penis, sperm production
- Growth/ maturation of ovaries, uterus, vagina
What are the secondary sex characteristics of boys and girls?
> Girls
- Breasts
- Pubic hair
- Axillary changes
- Changes in voice and skin
- Increased width in depth of pelvis
> Boys
- Pubic hair
- Axillary hair
- Muscular development
- Changes in voice and skin
- Broadening of shoulders
Describe the psychosocial development of the adolescent. (erikson)
Identity vs Role confusion
- Process of developing personal identity is time consuming: periods of confusion, depression, and discouragement
- Group identity
- Individual identity
- Sex role identity
- Emotionality
When does your frontal cortex fully develop and what does it contribute to before that?
- Pre-frontal cortex does not develop fully until 30 years of age
- Contributes to impulsiveness and not weighing consequences
- Pre-frontal cortex is like your conscious
What is the cognitive development of the adolescent? (Piaget)
Formal operations - analyze, synthesize, and use logic (but can’t figure out what they want to do tomorrow!)
- Abstract thinking (flexibility)
- Inductive and deductive reasoning
- No longer restricted to real and actual idealism
- Egocentrism comes back: this time it’s “everyone is watching me”
What are adolescent concerns?
- Body image and self concept
- Peer group fitting in
- Adolescent sexuality/education
- Safety/Injury prevention
- Nutrition
What are most common causes of death in adolescence?
MVA, homicide, suicide
What acronym is good for assessing the adolescent?
H- Home E- Education A- Activities D- Drugs S- Sexual Activity/identity S- Suicide/ Depression S- Safety from injury/violence
At what age does the infant begin to smile? laugh?
-Infant smiles at 2 months and by 4 months is able to laugh out loud
When does sphincter control begin?
-Sphincter control begins 18-24 months toddlerhood
