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AP Government and Politics > Unit 5 Flashcards > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Political Participation

A

the different ways im which individuals take action to shape the laws and policies of a government

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2
Q

Political action committee

A

an organization that raises money to elect and defeat candidates and may donate money directly to a candidate’s campaign, subject to limits

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3
Q

What does political participation include?

A

voting, calling, emailing, or using social media to contact elected officials, making their preferences known or expressing their displeasure

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4
Q

Linkage Institution

A

channels that connect individuals with government, including elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media

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5
Q

Franchise (or Suffrage)

A

the right to vote

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6
Q

26th Amendment

A

allows those eighteen years and older to vote

Protects right to vote based on age for all people >18 years old

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7
Q

24th Amendment

A

prohibits Congress and the states fro imposing poll taxes as a condition for voting in federal elections

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8
Q

Poll tax

A

a payment required by a state or federal government before a citizen is allowed to vote

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9
Q

Voter turnout

A

the number of eligible voters who participate in an election as a percentage of the total number of eligible voters

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10
Q

Demographic Characteristics

A

measurable characteristics of a population, such as economic status, education, age, race or ethnicity, and gender

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11
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A

a measure of an individual’s wealthm income, occupation, and educational attainment

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12
Q

Political efficacy

A

a person’s belief that they can make effective political change

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13
Q

What causes a person to vote or not to vote?

A
  • Demographic Characteristics
  • Socioeconomic Status
  • Political Efficacy
  • Changes in Participation as People Age
  • Racial and Ethnic Identities
  • Gender and Voter Turnout
  • Candidate Characteristics and Voter Turnout
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14
Q

Political Mobilization

A

efforts by political parties to encourage their members to vote

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15
Q

Registration Requirements

A

the set of rules that govern who can vote and how, when, and where they can vote

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16
Q

Rational Choice Voting

A

voting based on what a citizen believes is in their best interest

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17
Q

Retrospective Voting

A

voting based on an assessment of an incumbent’s past performance

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18
Q

Prospective Voting

A

casting a ballot for a candidate who promises to enact policies favored by the voter

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19
Q

Party-line voting

A

voting for candidates hwo belong only to one political party for all of the offices on the ballot

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20
Q

Electoral College

A

a constitutionally required process for selecting the president through slates of electors chosen in each state, who are pledged to vote for a nominee in the presidential election

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21
Q

winner-take-all-system

A

a system of elections in which a candidate who wins the plurality of votes within a state receives all of that state’s votes in the Electoral College

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22
Q

battleground states

A

a state where the polls show a close contest between the Republican and Democrartic candidate in a presidential election

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23
Q

Swing State

A

a state where levels of support for the parties are similar and elections swing back and forth between Democrats and Republicans

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24
Q

Get out the vote (GOTV)

A

efforts to mobilize supporters

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25
Q

Super PAC

A

an organization that may spend an unlimited amount of money on a political campaign as long as the spending is not coordinated with a campaign

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26
Q

17th Amendment

A

Direct election of Senators by states population (used to be chosen by state legislature) (so only extremely connected people - so super corrupt!!)

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27
Q

19th Amendment

A

Expand voting rights to women (After civil activism campaigns)

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28
Q

24th Amendment

A

Forbids either federal or state government from establishing a tax to vote (aka poll taxes)

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29
Q

Rational Choice Voting

A

Voting based on the perceived best interest of yourself (wealthy vote forr candidates who want lower taxes)
Not always the case ! Sometimes people vote for what they think is the good of society rather than for themselves

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30
Q

Straight Ticket Voting

A

Voters who vote for one particular party across the ballot
Has become increasingly common

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31
Q

Structural Barriers to Voting

A
  • Differences in polling hours of operatio and early voting timelines
  • Availability of absentee ballots for voters
  • Voter ID laws and specific ID requirements to vote
  • Voter registration process (online vs. in person, and deadlines)
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32
Q

Other Barriers to Voting

A
  • Sense of political efficacy will impact voter turnout
  • Election type; more turnout for presidential elections than midterm
  • Demographic trends (race, class, gender, etc. ) can sometimes impact coter turnout or access
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33
Q

Linkage institutions

A

Connect people to gov. to make preferences known or voice opinions

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34
Q

Political Parties

A

linkage institutions

Establish values and political preference

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35
Q

Elections

A

Show either support or disapproval of recent policies

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36
Q

Interest Groups

A

Focus and mobilize interactions with elected reps

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37
Q

Media

A

Frame issues and hild government accountable (watchdog)

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38
Q

changing media

A
  • Increased demand for political analysis and commentary
  • Media bias occurs in news outlets through framing and commentary
  • Bias impacts political opinions through ideological oreintation, reinforcing beliefs, and uncertainty of credibility
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39
Q

Functions of a Political Party

A
  • Mobilizes and educates voters about candidates and issues
  • Create party platforms for candidate and voter alignment
  • Recruits candidates for office (those who can win and uphold beliefs)
  • Manage electoral campaigns (inc. fundraising and media strategy)
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40
Q

Political Parties and Governing

A
  • Political parties : Their one goal is to get people elected
  • Support the committee and party leadership systems in legislatures
  • Set legislative agenda and pass policy when in majority
    Act as watchdog and opposition when in minority
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41
Q

Canditate Centered (changes in parties)

A

Candidates in charge of messaging and strategy
Party selection has been weakened over time

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42
Q

Demographics (changes in parties)

A

Changing policy to appeal to different groups or demographics

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43
Q

Critical Elections

A

realign the values among party members

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44
Q

Campaign Finance

A

changes in limits on donation amounts

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45
Q

Data Management

A

Changes in data availability for mobilization and outreach

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46
Q

Winner Take All (aka “First past the post”)

A
  • Only one candidate wins the election → single rep for each district
  • Winner is decided by plurality of votes
  • Favors a two party system → one will always get over 50%
  • In a winner take all system - Single Member Districts - there is a single member who can win the district
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47
Q

Proportional Systems

A
  • Elects multiple reps for each district and is allocated proportionally
  • Leaders selected based on which party received the most votes
  • Multi-Member Districts - multiple different members of the parties that can win different allocation and it’s proportional
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48
Q

Ranked Choice Voting

A
  • Winner take all, but rank candidates from least to greatest
  • If 1st choice not in top candidates then counts the second choice, etc.
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49
Q

Political Party

A

an organized group of party leaders, officeholders, and voters who work together to elect candidates to political office

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50
Q

Recruitment

A

the process through which political parties identify potential candidates
In government, elected officals work to enact their parties policies.

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51
Q

Party Coalition

A

groups of voters who support a political party over time

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52
Q

Realignment

A

when groups of people who support a political party shift their allegiance to a different political party

53
Q

Critical Election

A

a major national election that signals a change in the balance of power between two parties

54
Q

Party Era

A

time period when one party wins post national elections

55
Q

Era of divided government

A

a trend since 1969, in which one parry controls one of boh houses of Congress and the president is from the opposing party

56
Q

Nomination

A

the formal process through which parties choose their candidates for political office

57
Q

Delegate

A

a person who acts as the voters’ representative at a convention to select the party’s nominee

58
Q

Primary Election

A

an election in which a strate’s voters choose delegates who support a presidential candidate for nomination or an election my a plurality vote to select a party’s nominee for a seat in Congress

59
Q

Open Primary

A

a primary election in which all eligible voters may vote, regardless of their party affiliation

60
Q

Closed Primary

A

a primary election in which only those who have registered as a member of a political party may vote

61
Q

Caucus

A

a process through which a state’s eligible votes meet to select delegates to represent their preferences in the nomination process

62
Q

Superdelegates

A

usually a party leader or activist who is not pledged to a candidate based on the outcome of the state’s primary or caucus

63
Q

Front-loading

A

a decision by a state to push its primary or caucus to a date as early in the election season as possible to gain more influence in the presidential nomination process

64
Q

National Convention

A

a meeting where delegates officially select their party’s nominee for the presidency

65
Q

Candidate-centered

A

a trend in which candidates develop their own strategies and raise money with less influence from the party elite

66
Q

Proportional representation system

A

an election system for a legislature in which citizens vote for parties, rather than individuals, and parties are represented in the legislature according to the percentage of the vote they receive

67
Q

Single-member plurality system

A

an election system for choosing members of the legislature where the winner is the candidate who receives the most votes, even if the candidate does not receive a majority of the votes

68
Q

Interest Groups

A
  • voluntary associations of people who come together with the goal of getting policies that they favor enacted
  • Represent and advocate for a specific issue or generalized interests
  • Works to educate and influence voters, and mobilize members
  • Pressure and work with legislators and gov. agencies (Iron Triangles)
  • Advance interest through judicial cases and amicius briefs
  • Have to say - “I AM IN YOUR CONSITUENCY” yas
69
Q

Social Movements

A

diffuse groups that educate the public and put pretture on policymakers in an effort to bring about societal change

70
Q

Theory of Participatory Democracy

A

the belief that citizens impacy policymaking through their involvement in civil society

71
Q

Civil Society

A

groups outside the government that advocate for policy

72
Q

Pluralist Theory

A

a theory that political power is distributed among many competing groups, which means that no single group can grow too powerful

73
Q

Federalist No. 10

A

Madison argues that the Constitution reduces the negative consequences of faction by creating a large, representative republic

74
Q

Elitist Theory

A

a theory that the wealthy elite class has a disproportionate amount of economic and political power

75
Q

Policy Agenda

A

the set of issues to which government officials, voters, and the public are paying attention

76
Q

Collective Action

A

political action that occurs when individuals contribute their energy, time, or money to a larger group goal

77
Q

Collective Good

A

also called public good; a public benefit that individuals can enjoy or profit from even if they do not achieve it

78
Q

Free Riders

A

individuals who enjoy collective goods and benefit from the actions of an interest group without joining q

79
Q

Selective Benefits

A

Selective benefits - benefits available only to those who join the group

80
Q

Economic Interest Groups

A

groups advocating on behalf of the financial interests of their members

81
Q

Public interest groups

A

groups that act on behalf of the collective interests of a broad group of individuals

82
Q

Single-issue groups

A

associations focusing on one specific area of public policy, often a moral issue about which they are unwilling to compromise

83
Q

Government Interest Groups

A

organizations acting on behalf of local, state, or foreign governments

84
Q

Lobbying

A

interacting with government officials in order to advance a group’s public policy goals

85
Q

Revolving Door

A

the movement of individuals between positions in government and lobbying positions

86
Q

Amicus Curiae Brief

A

a brief filed by someone who is not a party to a case in an attempt to persuade the Court to agree with the agruments set forth in the brief

87
Q

Iron Triangle

A

the coordinated and mutually beneficial activities of the bureaucracy, Congress, and interest groups to achieve shared policy goals

88
Q

Issue Network

A

the webs of influence between interest groups, polcy makers, and policy advocates

89
Q

Grassroots Lobbying

A

mobilizing interest group members to pressure their representatives
Cherub Rock - the smashing pumpkins (Siamese Dream)

90
Q

Large Group (interest group)

A

More members and financial contributions to mobilize

91
Q

Small group (interest group)

A

Infrequent access to influential or wealthy members

92
Q

Social Movements (interest group)

A

Advocate for specific policy changes

93
Q

Military (interest group)

A

Advocate for national security policy and defense spending

94
Q

Bureaucracy (interest group)

A

Advocate for specific laws to address individual ppolicy areas

95
Q

Policy Making (impact of interest group)

A

Influence legislators and bureaucratic rule making

96
Q

Elections (impact of interest group)

A

Support candidates financially or through endorsement

97
Q

Public Opinion (impact of interest group)

A

Change public opinion on topics → elections or changing party platforms

98
Q

Incumbency Advantage ( + Franking Privilege)

A
  • Current office holders (incumbents) are more likely to be reelected
  • Incumbents : current office holders / people already in office
  • Possess more name recognition, seniority, and experience
  • Constituent services offer service and hlp to the public
  • Franking Privilege: Allowed to send mail for free to constituents
99
Q

Presidential Election

A

Choices associated with presidential candidates

100
Q

Mid-Term Election

A

lower voter turnout, but seen as referendum on president’s actions

101
Q

Closed Primary

A

only members of the politicaal party can vote

102
Q

Open Primary

A

open to all registered voters (cross voting)

103
Q

Caucus

A
  • debate/discuss candidates (delegates assigned based on vote)
  • Early primary states have impact on momentum (Iowa and New Hampshire)
104
Q

General Elections

A
  • Election between the candidates of various political parties
  • Selection on a single election day by all registered voters
105
Q

Party National Convention

A
  • Party delegates (won during primaries/caucus) endorse the candidate they are pledged to → contested if no wine with over 50%
  • Candidate accepts the nomination of the party and selects a vice president running mate
  • Outlines the key ideas and goals of the party and campaign
106
Q

Electoral College

A
  • Designed to balance interest of small and large states in election
  • Each state’s electors = congressional representation
  • Not required to vote for the states elected winner (changing)
107
Q

Professional Campaign Consultants

A
  • help craft messaging and strategy for winning elections
  • Experience in marketing or career in political campainging
  • Shiv roy succession omg
108
Q

Social Media

A

Increased use for advertisements and fundraising
Use of data collection for targeting ads and outreach

109
Q

Cost and Duration of campaigns

A
  • Increasing duration of campaigns → beginning earlier
  • Increased costs of campaigning (increase in PAC money and ads
  • $14.4 billion spent collectively on 2020 presidential election
110
Q

Purpose and Techniques of Political Ads

A
  • Increase awareness of candidate, policies, or perspectives
  • Attempts to appeal to key demographics (class, race, ethnicity, etc.)
  • Can be paid for by candidate’s campaign or political action committees (PACs) - have disclaimer and cannot coordinate
111
Q

Evolving Delivery of Political Ads

A
  • Radio/News: Aired political debates or speeches by elected officials
  • TV: Ads paid for by campagins or PACs (political action committees) to mass markets
  • Social Media: Targeted ads using individual date for outreach and fundraising
112
Q

Agenda Setting

A

the media’s ability ot highlight certain issues and bring them to the attention of the public

113
Q

Mass Media

A

sources of information designed to reach a wide audience, including newspapers, radio, television, and internet outlets

114
Q

Wire Service

A

an organization that gathers and reports on news and that sells the stories to other outlets

115
Q

Investigative Journalism

A

an approach to newsgathering in which reporters dig into stories, often looking for instances of wrongdoing

116
Q

Broadcast Media

A

outlets for news and other content including radio and television that bring stories directly into people’s homes

117
Q

Media Consolidation

A

the concentration of ownership of the media into fewer corporations
Some efforts to regulate the news media have been focused on ownership; other have focused on content

118
Q

The Radio Act of 1927

A

established the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and required broadcasters to obtain licenses

119
Q

The Telecommunications Act of 1996

A

modified regulations on media owernshp and led to a period of consolidation

120
Q

Partisan Bias

A

the slatning of political news coverage in support of a particular political party or ideology

121
Q

Horse-race jouralism

A

coverage of political campaigns that focuses more on the drama of the campaign than on policy issues

122
Q

Hard Money

A
  • Given to a campaign (federal limits monitored by the FEC)
  • May come from individuals or PACs
  • Can be used directly by campaign
123
Q

Soft Money

A
  • Indirect contributions to political party or PACs
  • No limits for amounts recieved or used
  • Can’t be directly linked to or coordinated with the official candidate’s campaign
124
Q

Tillman Act 1907

A

Prohibited by any campaign contributions by corporations for candidates in federal office

125
Q

Federal Election Campaign Act 1971

A

Created contribution limits
Limits for dindividuals and PACs → monitored by FEC

126
Q

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (aka McCain - Feingold)

A
  • Required to “stand by your ad” provision →requires candidates and organizations to acknowledge their approval of ad
  • Banned independent expenditures for election communications that mention candidates name by corporations and unions (near election)
127
Q

Buckley v Valeo

A
  • Upheld contribution limits from outsiders (prevent corruption)
  • Ruled that independent expenditures by individuals for campaigns is protected by first amendment
  • Defined money as part of expression efforts and protected as speech
128
Q

Caperton v. Massey

A
  • Requires judges to recuse (remove) themselves if there is a high actual risk of bias
  • Actual risk of bias occurs when a judge has a “direct, personal, substantial, pecuniary interest” in solving the case
129
Q

Citizens United v. FEC

A

The Citizens United decision expanded the Supreme Court’s protection of free speech to cover political speech by corporations, including campaign advertising.

AP Government and Politics (16 decks)

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