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PSYC > Unit 5- Final > Flashcards

Unit 5- Final Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Obsessive- compulsive disorder OCD

A

carrying out compulsions, because it alleviates anxiety

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3
Q

Common OCD Behaviors

A

Obsession (Repetitive though): Germs, terrible things happening, symmetry, order

Compulsion (Repetitive behavior): Excessive hand washing, repeating ritual, checking doors

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4
Q

PTSD

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: 4 weeks- to a lifetime of repeated intrusive recall of those memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, hyper vigilance

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5
Q

Who develop PTSD

A

Those with sensitive emotion-processing limbic system, asked to relive trauma, or previously traumatized

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6
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Anxious or traumatized people learn to associate their anxiety with certain cues

Fear response linked with neutral stimulus

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7
Q

Reinforcement

A

When we feel anxious in a situation, if we leave that would reinforced anxious avoidance.

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8
Q

Cognition and anxiety

A

We learn fears by observing others/

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9
Q

Cognition and hyper-vigilant

A

Persistently watching out for danger

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10
Q

Biology and anxiety\

A

Genes regulate levels of neurotransmitters.

People with anxiety have a problem regulating brain levels of neurotransmitters.

They also have a gene that triggers GLUTAMATE the excitatory neurotransmitter and GABA,, the inhibitory neurotransmitter

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11
Q

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

A

lasting more than 2 weeks

Depressed mood for most of the day, Diminished interest in actives, increase or decreases in weight, insomnia or too much sleep, worthlessness

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12
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

two polar opposite moods are depression and mania

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13
Q

Mania

A

a period of hyper elevated mood that is euphoric, giddy, easily irritated, hyperactive, impulsive and overly optimistic

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14
Q

bipolar pattern

A

3-7 weeks of depression, followed by 3-7 DAYS of mania

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15
Q

Psychological disorder

A

A significant dysfunction in individual behavior, cognition, or emotions

Diagnosed when: Dysfunction that are maladaptive accompanied by distress

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16
Q

Dr folkerts definition

A

Disturbance in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning

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17
Q

Disease vs Disorder

A

Disease: Blood test cell confirmation that there is something wrong

Disorder: no blood test, harder to confirm

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18
Q

Pinel’s New approach

A

Proposed that mental health was not caused by demons but by stress and inhumane conditions

Treatment included genteelness, nature, social

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19
Q

Medical model

A

Psychopathology: illness of the mind
Symptom diagnosed

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20
Q

Culture bound syndrome

A

Disorders that only exist within certain cultures.

ex binging/purging in the Unites States

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21
Q

Who is vulnerable? What age?

A

Poverty increases the risk of mental disorders

Early adulthood 20s

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22
Q

Generalized anxiety

A

Physical symptoms: sweating, trembling, sleep deprivation

Emotional: cognitive symptoms are worrying and anxious feelings that interfere with concentration.

can exist with depression

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23
Q

Panic disorder

A

Panic attacks, “I’m dying,” intense dread, brief terror. Repetitive panic attacks and fear of the next attack

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24
Q

Phobias

A

Diagnosed irrational, uncontrollable desire to avoid an object or situation

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25
Q

OCD

A

Obsession: are intense, unwanted thoughts repeatedly pop up

Compulsion: “needing” to carry out an action

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26
Q

Causes of Anxiety Disorders

A
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27
Q

Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents

A

Many young people cycle from depression to extended rage rather than mania

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28
Q

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A

a pre-diagnosis of bipolar disorder for children

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29
Q

Why are mood disorders so pervasive among women

A

Women starting in adolescence appear to ruminate more have deeper sadness than men, and report their depression more readily.

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30
Q

Evidence of genetic influence on depression

A
  1. DNA linkage analysis reveals depressed gene regions
  2. twin/adoption heritability studies

80% heritability does NOT mean that genes are 80 percent of the cause

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31
Q

Biology in depression

A

Brain activity is diminished and increased in mania

Brain structure: smaller frontal lobe in depression

fewer axon in bipolar

More norepinephrine in mania
reduced serotonin in depression

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32
Q

Social cognitive perspective: Low self esteem

A

Discounting positive information and assuming the worst about self, situation, and the future
“You only hanging out with me because you feel sorry for me

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33
Q

Social cognitive perspective: Learned helplessness

A

self-defeating beliefs such as assuming one is unable to cope improve or be happy

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34
Q

Social cognitive perspective: rumination

A

Stuck focusing on what’s bad

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35
Q

Depressive explanatory style

A

How we analyze bad news predicts our mood.

Problematic event: Breakup

the assumption about the problem:
Stable: “I’ll never get over this” OR
Temporary: “This is hard but I will get through this”

Global: “without my partner, I cant do anything right”
Specific: “I miss my partner, but thankfully, I have family and other friends.”

Internal: Our breakup was all my fault
External: It takes two to make the relationship work

Depression vs. Successful coping

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36
Q

Depressions Vicious cycle

A
  1. Stressful experiences
  2. Negative explanatory style
  3. Depressed mood
  4. cognitive and behavioral changes
37
Q

Schizophrenia

A

The mind is split from reality, a split from one’s own thoughts so that they appear as hallucinations

In some moments, they are not disconnected from reality

38
Q

Psychosis

A

refers to a mental split from reality and rationality

39
Q

Negative schizophrenia symptoms (the absence of healthy behavior)

A

flat affects ( no emotion showing on face)

Reduced social interaction

Anhedonia (No feelings of enjoyment)

Avolition (less motivation)

Alogia (speaking less)

40
Q

Positive schizophrenia symptoms (the presence of problematic behavior)

A

Hallucinations, especially auditory (hearing voices)

Delusions

disorganized thoughts and nonsensical speech

bizarre behavior

41
Q

Paranoid Schizophrenia

A

Plauged by hallucinations often with negative messages and delusions

42
Q

Disorganized Schizophrenia

A

primary symptoms are flat affect, incoherent speech

43
Q

catatonic Schizophrenia

A

Rarely initiating or controlling movements, copies others speech and actions

44
Q

undifferentiated Schizophrenia

A

many varied symptoms

45
Q

residual Schizophrenia

A

Withdrawal continues after positive symptoms have disappeared

46
Q

Whats going on in the brain with Schizophrenia

A

too many dopamine/D4 receptors

poor coordination of neural firing in the FRONTAL LOBE

The THALAMUS fires during hallucinations as if real sensations were being received

General shrinking of many brain areas

47
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Talk therapy

Interactive experience with a trained professional

48
Q

Biomedical therapy

A

medication and other procedures acting directly on the body

49
Q

Combining therapy

A

An eclectic approach uses techniques from various form of therapy

Medication and psychotherapy can be used together

Use most often today

50
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Psychodynamic therapy
Sigmund freud’s legacy carried on today

Method of helping people bring repressed feelings into consious awareness

51
Q

Humanistic

A

Client centered therapy

Carl Rogers, and Abraham Maslow

52
Q

Behavior therapy

A

therapy using conditioning

Problem behaviors are the problems and they can be replaced using conditioning

BF Skinner, Ivan Pavlov applied to people

53
Q

Cognitive

A

Promotes healther self talk and thinking

Trains people to dispute their negitive thoughts and attiubes

Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis reducing errors and distress

54
Q

Psychoanalysis goal

A

Release the tension of repression and resolve unconscious inner conflict.

Techniques:
FREE ASSOCIATION- the patient speaks freely about memories, dreams, feelings
INTERPRETATION- the therapist would suggest unconscious meaning to help the client gain insight

55
Q

Interpretation of psychoanalysis

A

Resistance are, Interpretation, Transference

56
Q

Humanistic Therapies

A

Emphasizes the human potential for growth, self-actualization, and personal fulfillment

Support personal growth by helping people gain self acceptance

“Client-centered therapy”

57
Q

Styles of client-centered therapies

A

Being nondirective, let the goals come from the client rather than dictating interpretation.

Genuine: Be yourself, don’t put on a therapist façade

Accepting: help the client learn to accept themselves

Empathetic: careful attention to clients feelings, by listening

58
Q

Behavior Therapy

A

Use learning principles, especially classical and operant conditioning, to help reduce unwanted responses.

59
Q

Counterconditioning:

A

Counterconditioning:
refers to linking new positive responses to previous averse stimuli

60
Q

Aversive Conditioning

A

Can associate the drug with a negative response

US (drug) = UR (nausea)

NS(alcohol) +US(drug) = UR (nausea)

CS (alcohol) = CR (Nausea)

61
Q

Operant conditioning therapy

A

The shaping of chosen behavior in response to the consequences of the behavior

Applied behavioral analysis:

The token economy: coins or stars which are indirect awards that can be traded for real rewards

62
Q

Cognitive therapies: theory

A

lost job=internal beliefs of worthlessness= depression

Lost job = internal belief that my boss is a jerk= no depression

Helps people alter the negative thinking that worsens anxiety and depression.

63
Q

Aaron Beck’s Therapy for Depression

A

Interpreting current events as signs of catastrophizing

“Now that I’ve made a mistake, I’ve failed as a professor.”

64
Q

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

A

Works to change both cognitive and behaviors that are part of a mental health disorder

aims to alter how people think and act

ex. Thinking and journaling

65
Q

Family therapy

A

Attending therapy as a family unit. Attend to family patterns, alliances, authorities and communication

66
Q

Group therapy

A

6-9 people with related needs facilitated by a therapist.

Focused on support

67
Q

Self help group

A

Lead by group members, a therapist is not involved. Focus on support rather than working on goals.

68
Q

Which forms of psychotherapy work best?

A

Depression- Cognitive behavioral, psychodynamic

anxiety: cognitive, psychodynamic, exposer

Phobias: exposure, behavioral

bedwetting: behavioral

69
Q

What do all therapies have in common

A

Hope, a new perspective, therapeutic alliance

70
Q

Attribution

A

A conclusion about the cause of an observed behavior/event

71
Q

Situational attribution

A

factors OUTSIDE the person

72
Q

Dispositional attributions

A

The person’s stable enduring traits. personality

73
Q

The Fundamental attribution error

A

When we go too far in assuming that a person behavior is caused by their environment ‘s

WE tend to over emphasize disposition and underestimate situation -

74
Q

Self vs. Others

A

Self: we tend to blame the situation for our failures

Situational

75
Q

Political effect of attribution

A

When we see someone who is in dirty clothing and asking for money

Too lazy or incompetent to get a job (dispositional)

I lost my home due to medical bills and am unable to get in a condition to compete for scare jobs

76
Q

Attitude

A

Feelings ideas and beliefs that affect how we approach and react to others

77
Q

Central route persuasion

A

going directly through the rational mind, influencing attitudes with evidence and logic

78
Q

Peripheral route

A

changing attitudes by going around the rational mind and appealing to fears, desires, and associations

“people who buy my product are hot”

79
Q

attitudes affect our actions when

A

External influences are minimal
“There’s no nutritionist”

Attitude is stable
“I’ve enjoyed their food for quite a while.”

Attitude is specific to behavior
“Its so easy to get it.”

Attitude is easily recalled
“I remember how good it is when I drive by it”

80
Q

Foot in the door theory

A

Small compliance leads to larger compliance, political canvases

The tendancy to be more likey to agree to large request after agreeing to a small one

81
Q

Role playing

A

When we play a role, even if we know it is just pretending, we eventually tend to adopt the attitudes that go along with the role

Standford prison projects

82
Q

Cognitive dissonance ??

A

If Fiona agrees to do some fundraising for her college her attitudes about the schools finances might shift ti resolve her cognitive

83
Q

Conformity

A

Refers to adjusting our behavior or thinking to fit in with a group standard

84
Q

Automatic mimicry

A

Chameleon effect or unintentionally mirroring the body position adn mood of others

85
Q

Social norms

A

A normal way to behave or think in a group

Our behavior may follow the norm rather than following our own judgment

86
Q

What makes us more likely to conform

A

Not firmly committed
Group is medium size and unanimous
Group makes you feel unsure
Your culture

87
Q

Normative social influence

A

Going along with others to gain social approval

88
Q

informative social influence

A

going along with others because their ideas makes sense

88
Q

Factors that increase obedience

A

someone with legitimate authority
associated with a prestiguious instution
someone is standing close by
victim in the other room
when other people obey

PSYC (5 decks)

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