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Unit 5- Final Flashcards

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Q
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2
Q

Obsessive- compulsive disorder OCD

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carrying out compulsions, because it alleviates anxiety

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3
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Common OCD Behaviors

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Obsession (Repetitive though): Germs, terrible things happening, symmetry, order

Compulsion (Repetitive behavior): Excessive hand washing, repeating ritual, checking doors

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4
Q

PTSD

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: 4 weeks- to a lifetime of repeated intrusive recall of those memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, hyper vigilance

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5
Q

Who develop PTSD

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Those with sensitive emotion-processing limbic system, asked to relive trauma, or previously traumatized

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6
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Classical Conditioning

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Anxious or traumatized people learn to associate their anxiety with certain cues

Fear response linked with neutral stimulus

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7
Q

Reinforcement

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When we feel anxious in a situation, if we leave that would reinforced anxious avoidance.

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8
Q

Cognition and anxiety

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We learn fears by observing others/

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9
Q

Cognition and hyper-vigilant

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Persistently watching out for danger

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10
Q

Biology and anxiety\

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Genes regulate levels of neurotransmitters.

People with anxiety have a problem regulating brain levels of neurotransmitters.

They also have a gene that triggers GLUTAMATE the excitatory neurotransmitter and GABA,, the inhibitory neurotransmitter

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11
Q

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

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lasting more than 2 weeks

Depressed mood for most of the day, Diminished interest in actives, increase or decreases in weight, insomnia or too much sleep, worthlessness

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12
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Bipolar Disorder

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two polar opposite moods are depression and mania

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13
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Mania

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a period of hyper elevated mood that is euphoric, giddy, easily irritated, hyperactive, impulsive and overly optimistic

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14
Q

bipolar pattern

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3-7 weeks of depression, followed by 3-7 DAYS of mania

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15
Q

Psychological disorder

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A significant dysfunction in individual behavior, cognition, or emotions

Diagnosed when: Dysfunction that are maladaptive accompanied by distress

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16
Q

Dr folkerts definition

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Disturbance in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning

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17
Q

Disease vs Disorder

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Disease: Blood test cell confirmation that there is something wrong

Disorder: no blood test, harder to confirm

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18
Q

Pinel’s New approach

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Proposed that mental health was not caused by demons but by stress and inhumane conditions

Treatment included genteelness, nature, social

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19
Q

Medical model

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Psychopathology: illness of the mind
Symptom diagnosed

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20
Q

Culture bound syndrome

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Disorders that only exist within certain cultures.

ex binging/purging in the Unites States

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21
Q

Who is vulnerable? What age?

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Poverty increases the risk of mental disorders

Early adulthood 20s

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22
Q

Generalized anxiety

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Physical symptoms: sweating, trembling, sleep deprivation

Emotional: cognitive symptoms are worrying and anxious feelings that interfere with concentration.

can exist with depression

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23
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Panic disorder

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Panic attacks, “I’m dying,” intense dread, brief terror. Repetitive panic attacks and fear of the next attack

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24
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Phobias

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Diagnosed irrational, uncontrollable desire to avoid an object or situation

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25
OCD
Obsession: are intense, unwanted thoughts repeatedly pop up Compulsion: "needing" to carry out an action
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Causes of Anxiety Disorders
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Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents
Many young people cycle from depression to extended rage rather than mania
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Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
a pre-diagnosis of bipolar disorder for children
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Why are mood disorders so pervasive among women
Women starting in adolescence appear to ruminate more have deeper sadness than men, and report their depression more readily.
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Evidence of genetic influence on depression
1. DNA linkage analysis reveals depressed gene regions 2. twin/adoption heritability studies 80% heritability does NOT mean that genes are 80 percent of the cause
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Biology in depression
Brain activity is diminished and increased in mania Brain structure: smaller frontal lobe in depression fewer axon in bipolar More norepinephrine in mania reduced serotonin in depression
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Social cognitive perspective: Low self esteem
Discounting positive information and assuming the worst about self, situation, and the future "You only hanging out with me because you feel sorry for me
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Social cognitive perspective: Learned helplessness
self-defeating beliefs such as assuming one is unable to cope improve or be happy
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Social cognitive perspective: rumination
Stuck focusing on what's bad
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Depressive explanatory style
How we analyze bad news predicts our mood. Problematic event: Breakup the assumption about the problem: Stable: "I'll never get over this" OR Temporary: "This is hard but I will get through this" Global: "without my partner, I cant do anything right" Specific: "I miss my partner, but thankfully, I have family and other friends." Internal: Our breakup was all my fault External: It takes two to make the relationship work Depression vs. Successful coping
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Depressions Vicious cycle
1. Stressful experiences 2. Negative explanatory style 3. Depressed mood 4. cognitive and behavioral changes
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Schizophrenia
The mind is split from reality, a split from one's own thoughts so that they appear as hallucinations In some moments, they are not disconnected from reality
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Psychosis
refers to a mental split from reality and rationality
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Negative schizophrenia symptoms (the absence of healthy behavior)
flat affects ( no emotion showing on face) Reduced social interaction Anhedonia (No feelings of enjoyment) Avolition (less motivation) Alogia (speaking less)
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Positive schizophrenia symptoms (the presence of problematic behavior)
Hallucinations, especially auditory (hearing voices) Delusions disorganized thoughts and nonsensical speech bizarre behavior
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Paranoid Schizophrenia
Plauged by hallucinations often with negative messages and delusions
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Disorganized Schizophrenia
primary symptoms are flat affect, incoherent speech
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catatonic Schizophrenia
Rarely initiating or controlling movements, copies others speech and actions
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undifferentiated Schizophrenia
many varied symptoms
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residual Schizophrenia
Withdrawal continues after positive symptoms have disappeared
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Whats going on in the brain with Schizophrenia
too many dopamine/D4 receptors poor coordination of neural firing in the FRONTAL LOBE The THALAMUS fires during hallucinations as if real sensations were being received General shrinking of many brain areas
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Psychotherapy
Talk therapy Interactive experience with a trained professional
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Biomedical therapy
medication and other procedures acting directly on the body
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Combining therapy
An eclectic approach uses techniques from various form of therapy Medication and psychotherapy can be used together Use most often today
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Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic therapy Sigmund freud's legacy carried on today Method of helping people bring repressed feelings into consious awareness
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Humanistic
Client centered therapy Carl Rogers, and Abraham Maslow
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Behavior therapy
therapy using conditioning Problem behaviors are the problems and they can be replaced using conditioning BF Skinner, Ivan Pavlov applied to people
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Cognitive
Promotes healther self talk and thinking Trains people to dispute their negitive thoughts and attiubes Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis reducing errors and distress
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Psychoanalysis goal
Release the tension of repression and resolve unconscious inner conflict. Techniques: FREE ASSOCIATION- the patient speaks freely about memories, dreams, feelings INTERPRETATION- the therapist would suggest unconscious meaning to help the client gain insight
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Interpretation of psychoanalysis
Resistance are, Interpretation, Transference
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Humanistic Therapies
Emphasizes the human potential for growth, self-actualization, and personal fulfillment Support personal growth by helping people gain self acceptance "Client-centered therapy"
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Styles of client-centered therapies
Being nondirective, let the goals come from the client rather than dictating interpretation. Genuine: Be yourself, don't put on a therapist façade Accepting: help the client learn to accept themselves Empathetic: careful attention to clients feelings, by listening
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Behavior Therapy
Use learning principles, especially classical and operant conditioning, to help reduce unwanted responses.
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Counterconditioning:
Counterconditioning: refers to linking new positive responses to previous averse stimuli
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Aversive Conditioning
Can associate the drug with a negative response US (drug) = UR (nausea) NS(alcohol) +US(drug) = UR (nausea) CS (alcohol) = CR (Nausea)
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Operant conditioning therapy
The shaping of chosen behavior in response to the consequences of the behavior Applied behavioral analysis: The token economy: coins or stars which are indirect awards that can be traded for real rewards
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Cognitive therapies: theory
lost job=internal beliefs of worthlessness= depression Lost job = internal belief that my boss is a jerk= no depression Helps people alter the negative thinking that worsens anxiety and depression.
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Aaron Beck's Therapy for Depression
Interpreting current events as signs of catastrophizing "Now that I've made a mistake, I've failed as a professor."
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Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
Works to change both cognitive and behaviors that are part of a mental health disorder aims to alter how people think and act ex. Thinking and journaling
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Family therapy
Attending therapy as a family unit. Attend to family patterns, alliances, authorities and communication
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Group therapy
6-9 people with related needs facilitated by a therapist. Focused on support
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Self help group
Lead by group members, a therapist is not involved. Focus on support rather than working on goals.
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Which forms of psychotherapy work best?
Depression- Cognitive behavioral, psychodynamic anxiety: cognitive, psychodynamic, exposer Phobias: exposure, behavioral bedwetting: behavioral
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What do all therapies have in common
Hope, a new perspective, therapeutic alliance
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Attribution
A conclusion about the cause of an observed behavior/event
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Situational attribution
factors OUTSIDE the person
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Dispositional attributions
The person's stable enduring traits. personality
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The Fundamental attribution error
When we go too far in assuming that a person behavior is caused by their environment 's WE tend to over emphasize disposition and underestimate situation -
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Self vs. Others
Self: we tend to blame the situation for our failures Situational
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Political effect of attribution
When we see someone who is in dirty clothing and asking for money Too lazy or incompetent to get a job (dispositional) I lost my home due to medical bills and am unable to get in a condition to compete for scare jobs
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Attitude
Feelings ideas and beliefs that affect how we approach and react to others
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Central route persuasion
going directly through the rational mind, influencing attitudes with evidence and logic
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Peripheral route
changing attitudes by going around the rational mind and appealing to fears, desires, and associations "people who buy my product are hot"
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attitudes affect our actions when
External influences are minimal "There's no nutritionist" Attitude is stable "I've enjoyed their food for quite a while." Attitude is specific to behavior "Its so easy to get it." Attitude is easily recalled "I remember how good it is when I drive by it"
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Foot in the door theory
Small compliance leads to larger compliance, political canvases The tendancy to be more likey to agree to large request after agreeing to a small one
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Role playing
When we play a role, even if we know it is just pretending, we eventually tend to adopt the attitudes that go along with the role Standford prison projects
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Cognitive dissonance ??
If Fiona agrees to do some fundraising for her college her attitudes about the schools finances might shift ti resolve her cognitive
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Conformity
Refers to adjusting our behavior or thinking to fit in with a group standard
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Automatic mimicry
Chameleon effect or unintentionally mirroring the body position adn mood of others
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Social norms
A normal way to behave or think in a group Our behavior may follow the norm rather than following our own judgment
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What makes us more likely to conform
Not firmly committed Group is medium size and unanimous Group makes you feel unsure Your culture
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Normative social influence
Going along with others to gain social approval
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informative social influence
going along with others because their ideas makes sense
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Factors that increase obedience
someone with legitimate authority associated with a prestiguious instution someone is standing close by victim in the other room when other people obey

PSYC (5 decks)

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