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ANPH 1000 > Unit 5 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 5 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Warm and humidify air, responsible for sense of smell and taste, and swallowing

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2
Q

What is the function of the conchae?

A

Create narrow passages which ensure most air contracts the mucous membrane on its way through the nasal cavity. This results in air picking up moisture and heat

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3
Q

What is the function of the sphenoid and paranasal sinuses?

A

Drain mucus into the nasal cavity

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4
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

Prevent food and liquids from entering the trachea, act as an air passageway, produce sound

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5
Q

What is the function of the vestibular folds?

A

Close the glottis during swallowing to keep food and liquids out of the airway

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6
Q

What is the function of the trachea and bronchi?

A

Distribute air to the interior of the lungs

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7
Q

What are the primary structures of gas exchange called?

A

Alveolar sacs

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8
Q

What is the function of the cilia in the bronchial tree?

A

Purify air by moving cleansing mucus up toward the pharynx

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9
Q

How does smoker’s cough occur?

A

Cigarette smoke paralyzes cilia in the bronchial tree causing mucus to accumulate

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10
Q

Which lung handles the majority of gas exchange?

A

The right lung

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11
Q

What are the functions of fluid in the pleural cavity?

A
  • Lubricate the pleural surfaces allowing them to glide painless against each other during lung expansion and contraction
  • Creates a pressure gradient which assists in lung inflation
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12
Q

Describe the gut-lung axis

A

Describes the link between the microbiota of the lung and that of the gut. When changes occur in the lung microbiota, the intestinal microbiota tends to change as well

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13
Q

What is the normal respiration range for adults?

A

12 to 20 breaths per minute

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14
Q

What parts of the body does the inspiratory center send impulses to?

A

The intercostal muscles and diaphragm

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15
Q

What is the function of the apneustic center?

A

Stimulates the inspiratory center to increase the length and depth of inspiration

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16
Q

What parts of the body does the expiration center send impulses to?

A

Abdominal and other accessory muscles

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17
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex in regards to the respiratory center?

A

Allows you to voluntarily change your breathing rate or rhythm or hold your breath

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18
Q

What factors influence breathing?

A

Decreases in oxygen, hydrogen ions (pH), stretch, pain, emotion, and irritants

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19
Q

What is the hering-breuer reflex?

A

Reflex which uses receptors to signal the respiratory centers to exhale and inhibit inspiration to prevent overinflation

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20
Q

What factors affect airflow?

A

Resistance, bronchiole diameter, pulmonary compliance, and alveolar surface tension

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21
Q

What is an increase in bronchiole diameter called?

A

Bronchodilation

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22
Q

What is a reduction in bronchiole diameter called?

A

Bronchoconstriction

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23
Q

What is pulmonary compliance?

A

Refers to the elasticity of lung tissue

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24
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing

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25
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The amount of air inhaled after maximum effort after normal inspiration

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26
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

The amount of air that can be exhaled after normal expiration by using maximum effort

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27
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The amount of air which remains in the lungs which ensures gas exchange occurs between breaths

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28
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled with the deepest possible breath

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29
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air that the lungs can contain

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30
Q

What factors impact vital capacity?

A

An individual’s size, posture, and overall health

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31
Q

What is apnea?

A

A temporary cessation in breathing

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32
Q

What is biot’s respiration?

A

Abrupt, irregular breathing pattern in which periods of apenea alternate with periods of consistent breathing

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33
Q

What is bradypnea?

A

Abnormally slow breathing

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34
Q

What are cheyne-strokes respirations?

A

Cyclical breathing patterns which begin with an increase in rate and depth of respirations followed by a gradual decrease, culminating in a short period of apnea before repeating

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35
Q

What is the crescendo effect?

A

An increase in rate and depth of respirations

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36
Q

What is the decrescendo effect?

A

A gradual decrease in rate and depth of respirations

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37
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Labored or difficult breathing

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38
Q

What is eupnea?

A

Relaxed, quiet breathing

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39
Q

What is hyperpnea?

A

Increased rate of breathing

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40
Q

What is hyperventiliation?

A

Increased respiration rates resulting in lower blood levels of carbon dioxide

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41
Q

What is hypoventiliation?

A

Reduced rate and depth of respirations which result in increased blood levels of carbon dioxide

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42
Q

What is kussmaul respiration?

A

Very deep, gasping respirations associated with DKA

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43
Q

What is orthopnea?

A

Labored breathing that occurs when a person is lying flat but improves when standing or sitting up

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44
Q

What is tachypnea?

A

Rapid breathing

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45
Q

What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?

A

The ratio between the amount of ventilation and perfusion

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46
Q

What factors affect gas exchange?

A

Adequate airway, respiratory rate, alveolar surface area, pressure gradients with oxygen, compliant lung tissue, and blood supply

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47
Q

What is oxygen saturation?

A

The number of oxygen molecules hemoglobin takes up

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48
Q

___ temperature and ___ pH enhance oxygen unloading

A

Increased, decreased

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49
Q

__ temperature and ___ pH decreased oxygen unloading

A

Lowered, increased

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50
Q

What 3 ways is carbon dioxide transported to the lungs?

A

Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, carried in the form of bicarbonate ions

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51
Q

Where is urine produced?

A

The renal cortex

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52
Q

Where is urine collected?

A

The renal medulla

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53
Q

What is the function of the tubules in the renal pyramids?

A

Transport urine away from the cortex

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54
Q

What is the function of the ureter?

A

Channels urine to the bladder

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55
Q

What is the function of the calyx

A

Collects urine leaving the papilla

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56
Q

What are the nephrons?

A

The filtration units of the kidneys

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57
Q

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

Filters blood plasma

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58
Q

What is the function of the renal tubule?

A

Acts as the place where urine is formed

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59
Q

What is the glomerular filitration rate?

A

The amount of fluid filtered by both kidneys, about 180 liters each day

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60
Q

What is proteinuria?

A

The presence of protein in the urine

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61
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

When chemicals are removed from the filtrate and returned to the blood

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62
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

When chemicals are added to the blood

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63
Q

What is the function of aldosterone in the urinary system?

A

Causes NaCl and water to be reabsorbed while K+ is excreted, causing BP and volume to rise

64
Q

What is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the urinary system?

A

Causes kidneys to excrete NaCl and water, causing BP and volume to decrease

65
Q

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the urinary system?

A

Causes kidneys to reabsorb water, causing BP and volume to rise

66
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the urinary system?

A

Causes kidneys to reabsorb calcium, and excrete phosphate

67
Q

What is oliguria?

A

A urine output of less than 400 ml/day

68
Q

Name the 4 tissue layers which make up the digestive tract

A

The mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

69
Q

What is the function of the mucosa in the digestive system?

A

Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones, absorbs nutrients after digestion, and protects tissue against disease

70
Q

Describe the structure of the mucosa tissue layer

A

Innermost layer which has a layer of epithelium, connective tissue, and smooth muscle

71
Q

Describe the submucosa in the digestive system

A

Thickest layer of connective tissue which contains glands, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves

72
Q

Describe the muscularis in the digestive system

A

Consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle which regularly contract and relax to propel food through the digestive tract

73
Q

What is the serosa in the digestive system?

A

The outermost layer of tissue

74
Q

What is the function of mesenteries in the digestive system?

A

Suspend the digestive organs within the abdominal cavity while anchoring them loosely to the abdominal wall

75
Q

What is the function of the omentum in the digestive system?

A

Prevents friction and helps localize infection

76
Q

What is mastication?

A

The process of digestion where food is chewed

77
Q

What is the function of the rugae in the stomach?

A

Flatten and allow the stomach to expand as the stomach fills with food

78
Q

What is the function of parietal cells in the digestive system?

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, which is essential for vitamin B12 absorption

79
Q

What is the function of chief cells in the digestive system?

A

Secrete digestive enzymes such as pepsinogen

80
Q

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells in the digestive system?

A

Secretes gherlin and gastrin

81
Q

What 3 phases are involved in the stimulation of gastric secretion?

A

Cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase

82
Q

What happens in the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?

A

Neural impulses are relayed to the brainstem, and the stomach gets signals to secrete gastric juices and gastrin. This further stimulates gastric secretion.

83
Q

What happens in the gastric phase of gastric secretion?

A

Food enters the stomach, and its stretching triggers nerve reflexes which increase the secretion of gastric juice and gastrin

84
Q

What happens in the intestinal phase of gastric secretion?

A

Chyme moves into the duodenum, which triggers nerve impulses and secretes hormones which inhibit gastric secretion

85
Q

Name some functions of the liver

A

Stores and releases glucose, processes vitamins and minerals, filters toxins, and recycles old blood cells

86
Q

What is the function of the hepatic artery?

A

Delivers oxygenated blood from the aorta to the liver

87
Q

What is the function of the portal vein?

A

Carries oxygen-poor but nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs and spleen to the liver

88
Q

What is the function of the canaliculi in the liver?

A

Carry bile

89
Q

What is the function of kupffer cells in the liver?

A

Remove bacteria, worn-out red blood cells, and debris from the bloodstream

90
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Stores and concentrates bile

91
Q

What is the function of bile salts?

A

Aids in the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine

92
Q

What is the function of acinar cells in the pancreas?

A

Secretes digestive enzymes which break down lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

93
Q

What is the function of epithelial cells in the pancreatic ducts?

A

Secrete sodium bicarbonate which buffers chyme when it enters the duodenum

94
Q

What is the function of cholecystokinin in the digestive system?

A

Causes gallbladder contractions which forces bile into the bile duct and the release of pancreatic enzymes, as well as prompting the hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax

95
Q

What is the function of gastin in the digestive system?

A

Triggers gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion

96
Q

What is the function of secretin in the digestive system?

A

Causes the bile and pancreatic ducts to release bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid entering the duodenum

97
Q

What part of the small intestine serves as the place where most digestive processes occur?

A

The duodenum

98
Q

Why is the jejunum the ideal location for nutrient absorption?

A

It has a large surface area due to its closely spaced folds and microscopic projections

99
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Ring-like constrictions which occur along the small intestine and break up food particles and mix it with digestive juices

100
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

A type of intestinal contraction involving successive wave-like ripples which move digested material along the gastrointestinal tract

101
Q

What are the functions of the intestinal crypts?

A

Secrete mucus to help the passage of food, serve as a site for rapid cellular growth

102
Q

What is the function of amylae?

A

Hydrolyzes polysaccharides into disaccharides

103
Q

What is the function of proteases?

A

Break down peptide bonds

104
Q

Where does the majority of the body’s water reside?

A

Inside cells

105
Q

Name the extracellular fluids which are classified as transcellular

A

Cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, vitreous and aqueous humors of the eye, and digestive secretions

106
Q

Name the functions of electroytes

A

Drive chemical reactions, affect the distribution of the body’s water content, and determine a cell’s electrical potential

107
Q

What is the function of sodium?

A

Determines the volume of total body water and influences how body water is distributed between fluid components, plays a role in depolarization

108
Q

What is the function of aldosterone in regulating sodium levels?

A

Adjusts the excretion of sodium

109
Q

What is the function of ADH in sodium regulation?

A

Adjusts the excretion of water

110
Q

What is the function of potassium?

A

Works with sodium for proper nerve and muscle function

111
Q

What are the functions of calcium?

A

Strengthens bones, plays a role in muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting

112
Q

What are the functions of phosphate?

A

Carbohydrate metabolism, bone formation, and acid-base balance

113
Q

What is an acid?

A

A chemical which releases H+ in a solution

114
Q

What is a base?

A

A chemical which accepts H+

115
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A mechanism which resists changes in pH by converting a strong acid into a weak one

116
Q

How do chemical buffers work?

A

Use a chemical to bind H+ and remove it from a solution when levels are high, release H+ when levels fall

117
Q

Name the order in which buffer systems respond

A

Chemical buffers, respiratory system, renal systems

118
Q

What is acidosis?

A

An excess of carbonic acid which results in a gain of acid

119
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

An excess of bicarbonate resulting in a loss of acid

120
Q

Describe how renal compensation increases pH

A

Increases respiration rate which blows off CO2 and raises pH

121
Q

Describe how renal compensation lowers pH

A

Slows respiration rate which allows CO2 to accumulate and pH drops

122
Q

Describe how respiratory compensation responds to acidosis

A

Eliminates H+ and reabsorbs more bicarbonate

123
Q

Describe how respiratory compensation responds to alkalosis

A

Conserves H+ and excretes more bicarbonate

124
Q

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

A

Moves the testes closer to or further from the body to maintain proper temperature for sperm development

125
Q

What is the function of the seminiferous tubules in the testes?

A

Continuously generate sperm

126
Q

What is a germ cell?

A

A cell which gives rise to gametes

127
Q

What is the function of sertoli cells in the testes?

A

Promote sperm development by supplying nutrients, removing waste, and secreting inhibin which plays a role in the maturation and release of sperm

128
Q

What is the function of interstitial cells in the testes?

A

Produce tesosterone

129
Q

What is the function of the rete testis?

A

Provides a location in which sperm partially mature

130
Q

What is the function of the efferent ductules?

A

Conduct immature sperm away from the testis to the epididymis

131
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?

A

Release a fluid which contains fructose and other substances which nourish and ensure sperm motility

132
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

Secretes a thing, milky, alkaline fluid which adds volume to the semen and enhances sperm motility

133
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

A

Secrete a clear fluid during sexual arousal which serves as a lubricant and neutralizes the acidity of residual urine

134
Q

What is the function of the corpus cavernosa in the penis?

A

Fill with blood and cause the penis to enlarge and become erect

135
Q

What marks the onset of puberty in males?

A

The secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the hypothalamus and the enlargement of the testes

136
Q

What are the 2 stages of male orgasm?

A

Emission and expulsion

137
Q

What happens in the emission stage of male orgasm?

A

The sympathetic nervous system stimulates peristalsis in the vas deferens which propels sperm to the urethra. It also triggers the release of fluids from the prostate gland and seminal vesicles

138
Q

What happens in the expulsion phase of male orgasm?

A

Semen in the urethra activates somatic and sympathetic reflexes which result in semen expulsion

139
Q

What is the ampulla in the female reproductive system?

A

The site of egg fertilization

140
Q

What is the function of the myometrium in the female reproductive system?

A

Contracts during labor to expel a fetus from the uterus

141
Q

What is the function of the endometrium in the female reproductive system?

A

Serves as a point where the embryo attaches

142
Q

What is the function of the stratum basalis in the female reproductive system?

A

Attaches the endometrium to the myometrium and helps the functionalis layer regenerate monthly

143
Q

What is the function of the lesser vestibular (Skene’s) glands in the female reproductive system?

A

Provides lubrication

144
Q

What is the function of the greater vestibular (bartholin’s) glands in the female reproductive system?

A

Keep the vulva moist through secretions, provide lubrication during sex

145
Q

What is estrogen responsible for in puberty?

A

Feminine physical changes such as breast development and the deposition of fat beneath the skin of the hips, thighs, and buttocks, and the widening of the pelvis

146
Q

What hormones govern the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

147
Q

What hormones govern the menstrual cycle?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

148
Q

When does the ovarian cycle begin?

A

The first day of mensuration as the ovaries prepare to release an egg

149
Q

What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

Mensuration, follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase

150
Q

What is a mature follicle called?

A

Graafian follicle

151
Q

Describe ovulation

A

Sudden spikes in LH cause the follicle to rupture and release an ovum

152
Q

What hormone is dominant during the follicular phase?

A

Estrogen

153
Q

What hormone is dominant during the luteal phase?

A

Progesterone

154
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis?

A

Retention of CO2 (hypoventilation)

155
Q

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

A

Loss of CO2 (hyperventilation)

156
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis?

A

Increased acid production, consumption of acidic drugs, inability of kidneys to excrete H+, loss of bicarbonate

157
Q

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

A

Loss of gastric juices or excessive ingestion of bicarbonates

ANPH 1000 (5 decks)

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