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ANPH 1000 > Unit 3 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 3 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 roles of the nervous system

A

Sensing, integrating, and responding

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2
Q

Describe the sensory (afferent) division of the PNS

A

Carries signals from nerve endings to the CNS. Consists of the somatic and visceral sensory.

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3
Q

What does the somatic sensory system in the sensory division of the PNS do?

A

Branch of the PNS which carries signals from nerve endings to the CNS

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4
Q

What does the visceral sensory system in the sensory division of the PNS do?

A

Carry signals from viscera of the heart, lungs, stomach, and bladder. Part of the PNS

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5
Q

Describe the function of the motor (efferent) division of the PNS

A

Transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body. Consists of the somatic motor and autonomic motor system

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6
Q

Describe the somatic motor system

A

Part of the motor division of the CNS which allows the voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

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7
Q

Describe the function of the autonomic motor system in the motor division of the PNS

A

Provides autonomic activities including sympathetic and parasympathetic

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8
Q

What are neuroglia or glial cells?

A

Supportive cells which perform functions that enhance the function of the nervous system

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9
Q

What is the function of oligodenrocytes?

A

Form a myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord which speed signal conduction

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10
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Line the spinal cord and cavities of the brain. May secrete cerebrospinal fluid or have cilia which aid in fluid circulation

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11
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Perform phagocytosis by engulfing microorganisms and cellular debris

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12
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Extend through the brain tissue, nourish neurons, help form the blood-brain barrier, attach neurons to blood vessels, and provide structural support

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13
Q

Describe the function of schwann cells

A

Form a myelin sheath around nerves in the PNS and form neurilamma

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14
Q

What is the difference between oligodendrocytes and schwann cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes reside in the CNS, schwann cells are found in the PNs

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15
Q

Describe the blood-brain barrier

A

Formed by astrocytes and endothelial cells and creates a semi-permeable membrane which allows small molecules to diffuse across the brain while blocking larger molecules

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16
Q

What are the 3 classes of neurons?

A

Interneurons, sensory (afferent) neurons, and motor (efferent) neurons

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17
Q

Describe sensory (afferent) neurons

A

Detect stimuli and transmit information about the stimuli to the CNS

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18
Q

Describe the function of interneurons

A

Found only in the CNS, connect incoming sensory pathways with outgoing motor pathways. Works to receive, process, and store information.

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19
Q

Describe the function of motor (efferent) neurons

A

Relay messages from the brain to muscle or gland cells

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20
Q

Describe multipolar neurons

A

Have one axon and multiple dendrites, include most neurons in the brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

Describe bipolar neurons

A

Have two processes. Consist of an axon and dendrite with the cell body in between. Found in the retina and olfactory nerve

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22
Q

Describe unipolar neurons

A

Have one process (axon) which extends from the cell body before branching in a t shape. Resides primarily in sensory nerves of the peripheral nervous system

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23
Q

What is the soma in a neuron?

A

The cell body, which acts as a control center of the neuron. Contains the nucleus

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24
Q

Describe the function of dendrites

A

Receive signals from other neurons and conduct information to the cell body

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25
Q

Describe the function of the axon

A

Carries nerve signals away from the cell body

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26
Q

Describe the function of the neurilemma

A

In a schwann cell, is the outermost layer which is essential for injured nerves to regenerate

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27
Q

Name the stages of impulse conduction

A

Resting potential, depolarization, action potential, repolarization, and the refractory period

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28
Q

Where does impulse conduction occur in myelinated cells?

A

The nodes of ranvier

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29
Q

What is an electrical synapse?

A

Synapse where adjacent neurons touch, which allows an action potential to pass smoothly from one neuron to the next

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30
Q

What does it mean for a synapse to be chemical?

A

The neurons don’t touch, and neurotransmitters bridge a narrow gap to carry messages from one neuron to the next

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31
Q

If a neurotransmitter is excitatory, what happens?

A

Na+ channels open, the membrane depolarizes, and the impulse continues

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32
Q

If a neurotransmitter is inhibitory, what happens?

A

K+ channels open, and the impulse stops

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33
Q

What are small-molecule neurotransmitters?

A

Neurotransmitters which trigger rapid synaptic action

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34
Q

What are neuropeptides?

A

A type of neurotransmitter which modulates slower, ongoing synaptic functions

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35
Q

What parts of the body do nerves from the cervical region innervate?

A

The chest, head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, and diaphragm

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36
Q

What parts of the body do nerves from the thoracic region innervate?

A

Intercostal muscles of the ribcage, the abdominal muscles, and the back muscles

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37
Q

What parts of the body do the lumbar spinal nerves innervate?

A

The lower abdominal wall and parts of the thighs and legs

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38
Q

What parts of the body do nerves from the sacral region innervate?

A

The thighs, buttock, skin of the legs of feet, and anal and genital regions

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39
Q

What is gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

Lacks myelin and contains mostly the cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons

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40
Q

What is white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Abundant in myelin, contains bundles of axons (tracts) which carry impulses from one part of the nervous system to another

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41
Q

What is the epidural space in the spinal cord?

A

Lies between the outer covering of the spinal cord and vertebrae, contains cushioning layers of fat as well as blood vessels and connective tissue

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42
Q

Describe the central canal in the spinal cord

A

Small opening which carries cerebrospinal fluid through the spinal cord

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43
Q

What is the function of the dorsal (posterior) root of the spinal cord?

A

Attachment point for spinal nerves which contains fibers that carry sensory information into the spinal cord and enters the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

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44
Q

What is the function of the ventral (anterior) root of the spinal cord?

A

Provides an attachment point for spinal nerves and exits the ventral horn to carry motor information out of the spinal cord

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45
Q

What is the function of the meninges?

A

Protect the spinal cord and brain

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46
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

Innermost layer in the meninges, clings to the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord and contains blood vessels

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47
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

Middle layer of the meninges which is delicate and resembles a cobweb

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48
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Outermost layer of the meninges which is tough

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49
Q

Describe the subarachnoid space

A

Lies between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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50
Q

What is the spinal nerve? Why is it called a mixed nerve?

A

A single nerve which results from the fusion of dorsal and ventral nerve roots. It contains both sensory and motor fibers and is called a mixed nerve since it can transmit impulses in two directions

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51
Q

What is the function of the spinal tracts?

A

Serve as roots of communication to and from the brain. Convey sensations of pain, touch, and temperature in the thalamus

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52
Q

Describe the cervical plexus

A

Uppermost plexus which contains nerves that supply the muscles and skin of the neck, tops of the shoulders, and parts of the head

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53
Q

Describe the brachial plexus

A

Located inferiorly to the cervical plexus, superior to the lumbar. Innervates the lower parts of the shoulder and arm.

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54
Q

Describe the lumbar plexus

A

Derived from fibers of the first 4 lumbar vertebrae, supplies the thighs and leg

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55
Q

Describe the sacral plexus

A

Formed from fibers from nerves L4, L5, S1 through S4. often referred to as the lumbosacral plexus.

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56
Q

What are dermatome?

A

The specific areas innervated by a spinal nerve

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57
Q

What are autonomic (visceral) reflexes?

A

Involve secretion from glands or the contraction of smooth muscles, governed by autonomic neurons

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58
Q

Describe somatic reflexes

A

Involve the contraction of a skeletal muscle after being stimulated by a somatic motor neuron

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59
Q

Describe the steps in a somatic reflex

A
  1. Somatic receptors detect a sensation
  2. Afferent (sensory) nerve fibers send a signal directly to the spinal cord
  3. Impulses immediately passes to a motor neuron
  4. Motor neuron initiates an impulse back to the muscle
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60
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

The largest portion of the brain marked by thick ridges called gyri and shallow groves called sulci which divide the gyri

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61
Q

What 3 structures does the brainstem consist of?

A

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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62
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A thick bundle of nerves which runs along the bottom of the longitudinal fissure and connects the 2 brain hemispheres

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63
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure?

A

A deep groove which divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres

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64
Q

What are dural sinuses?

A

Spaces in the dura mater which collect blood that has passed through the brain and is on its way back to the heart

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65
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Provides nourishment in the form of glucose and protein
helps remove metabolic wastes
protects the brain against minor trauma
plays a role in the maintenance of homeostasis

66
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Contains tracts which relay sensory and motor impulses
contains centers for auditory and visual reflexes as well as clusters of neurons which are necessary for muscle control

67
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Contains tracts which convey signals to and from the different parts of the brain

68
Q

What are the functions of the medulla oblongata?

A

Attaches the brain to the spinal cord
relays sensory and motor signals between the brain and spinal cord
contains nuclei which perform functions necessary to human life

69
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Receives and processes messages from the brain
Plays a role in motor, sensory, cognitive, and emotional functions
Joins with the cerebral cortex to monitor body movements and send messages crucial for balances, coordination, and posture
Stores information necessary for muscle groups to work together
Evaluates sensory input

70
Q

What is the function of the thalamus in the nervous system?

A

Acts as a gateway for sensory impulses. Processes and filters impulses and relays messages regarding complex movements. It is also involved in memory and emotion

71
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the nervous system?

A

Controls the autonomic nervous system
Contains centers responsible for hunger, thirst, and temperature regulation
Controls the pituitary gland
Involved in emotional responses

72
Q

What is the function of the reticular activating system?

A

Works to maintain a state of wakefulness and alertness. Does this by filtering out insignificant signals and sending impulses to the cerebral cortex so the mind remains conscious and alert

73
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Governs voluntary movements, memory, emotion, social judgment, decision making, reasoning, and aggression
Is a site for certain personality aspects

74
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Governs hearing, smell, learning, memory, emotional behavior, and visual regulation

75
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Concerned with recieving and interpreting bodily sensations such as touch, temperature, pressure, and pain.
Governs proprioception

76
Q

What are the functions of the insula

A

Pain perception, emotions, addiction, motor control, self-awareness, and cognitive functioning

77
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

Emotion and learning

78
Q

Name the 2 main structures of the limbic system

A

The hippocampus and amygdala

79
Q

Describe the function of the hippocampus

A

Converts short term memory into long term memory

80
Q

Describe the functions of the amygdala

A

Concerned with emotions like anger, jealousy, and fear. Can also store and recall emotions from past events

81
Q

What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?

A

Acts as the primary somatic sensory area of the brain, receives impulses of heat, cold, and touch

82
Q

What is the function of the somatic sensory association area?

A

Allows us to pinpoint the location of pain, identify a texture, and be aware of how our limbs are positioned

83
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

Formulates words into phrases that comply with learned grammatical rules

84
Q

What is the function of broca’s area?

A

Plans the muscle moves required to form words

85
Q

Describe the motor and sensory functions of the facial nerve

A

Motor: Controls facial expressions and the secretion of tears and saliva
Sensory: Concerned with taste

86
Q

What is the function of the vagus nerve?

A

Supplies organs in the head and neck as well as those in thoracic and abdominal cavities. Plays role in many heart, lung, digestive, and urinary functions

87
Q

What is the function of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves collectively?

A

Regulates voluntary movements of the eyelid and eyeball, oculomotor controls pupil constriction

88
Q

Describe the functions of the trigeminal nerve

A

Senses touch, pain and temperature in the face
Controls chewing and detects sensations in the lower jaw
Triggers the corneal reflex

89
Q

Describe the motor and sensory functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Motor: Governs tongue movements, swallowing, and gagging
Sensory: Handles taste, touch, and temperature, and deals with the regulation of blood pressure

90
Q

Describe the function of the hypoglossal nerve

A

Controls tongue movements

91
Q

Describe the function of the spinal accessory nerve

A

Controls movement in the head, neck, and shoulders

92
Q

Describe features of the somatic nervous system including what it innervates, how many nerve fibers it has, its neurotransmitters, its effect on target cells, and whether it operates voluntarily or involuntarily

A

Innervates skeletal muscles, consists of one nerve fiber leading to target, secretes acetylcholine, has an excitatory effect, and operates voluntarily

93
Q

Describe features of the autonomic nervous system including what it innervates, how many nerve fibers it has, its neurotransmitters, its effect on target cells, and whether it operates voluntarily or involuntarily

A

Innervates glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles, consists of two nerve fibers, secretes both acetylcholine and norepinephrine, may excite or inhibit, operates involuntarily

94
Q

What is the background level of activity provided by the ANS referred to as?

A

Autonomic tone

95
Q

In the sympathetic division of the ANS, describe the structure of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons (which is short and which is long?)

A

Preganglionic neurons are short, postganglionic neurons tend to be long

96
Q

In the parasympathetic division of the ANS, describe the structure of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons (which is short and which is long?)

A

Preganglionic tend to be long, postganglionic are short

97
Q

What is the difference between cholinergic and adrengic fibers?

A

Cholinergic fibers secrete acetylcholine, adrenergic fibers secrete norepinephrine

98
Q

Why does acetylcholine result in short-term effects?

A

It is quickly broken down by acetylcholinesterase

99
Q

Describe the 3 methods of disposal of neuroepinephrine

A
  1. Reabsorbed by the nerve fiber and reused or broken down by monoamine oxidase
  2. Absorbed by surrounding tissue and broken down by another enzyme
  3. Absorbed by the bloodstream and carried throughout the body
100
Q

Describe nicotinic receptors

A

A type of cholinergic receptor that occurs within the ganglia of the ANS, the adrenal medulla, and neuromuscular junction. Excited by ACh

101
Q

Describe muscarinic receptors

A

Type of cholinergic receptor which occurs on the glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle cells. Exhibit variable responses to ACh.

102
Q

What is the difference between alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha: Excited by NE
Beta: Inhibited by NE

103
Q

Name the 5 types of sensory receptors

A

Chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, and photoreceptors

104
Q

Describe what mechanoreceptors do

A

Respond to factors that change the position of a receptor like pressure, stretch, or vibration

105
Q

Describe the function of noiceptors

A

Respond to tissue damage from trauma, heat, chemicals, pressure, or a lack of oxygen

106
Q

What are fast pain fibers/

A

Fibers which are abundant in the skin and mucous membranes and produce a sharp, localized stabbing type pain at the time of injury

107
Q

Describe the function of slow pain fibers

A

Congregated on deep body organs and structures, produce a dull aching pain

108
Q

Where are warm receptors located?

A

The dermis

109
Q

Where are cold receptors located?

A

Deep in the epidermis

110
Q

Describe vallate paillae

A

Large papillae which are found at the rear of the tongue and contain up to half of all taste buds

111
Q

Describe the location foliate papillae

A

Form ridges at the sides of the tongues

112
Q

Describe filiform papillae

A

Thread-like papillae which contain no taste buds and help us distinguish the texture of food

113
Q

Describe the location of fungiform papillae

A

Concentrated at the tips and sides of the tongue

114
Q

Describe the function of the auditory/Eustachian tube

A

Equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane

115
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium? Which structure in the ear is responsible for it?

A

Speed and direction of head movements, semicircular canals

116
Q

What is static equilibrium? What parts of the ear are responsible for it?

A

Position of the head when the body is stationary and sense of acceleration when moving in a straight line, utricle and saccule

117
Q

What is the palpebral fissure in the eyes?

A

The opening between the eyelids

118
Q

What is the conjunctiva in the eyes?

A

A transparent mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and the anterior surface of the eyeball. Secretes a thin mucous film to keep the eye moist

119
Q

Describe the function of the tarsal glands in the eyes

A

Secrete oil to slow the evaporation of tears and helps form a barrier seal when the eyes are closed

120
Q

Describe the function of lacrimal punctum in the eyes

A

Tiny pore at the end of each lacrimal canal which drains tears into the lacrimal canals and nasolacrimal duct

121
Q

Describe the function of the lacrimal gland in the eyes

A

Secretes tears that flow onto the surface of the conjunctiva

122
Q

Describe the sclera

A

Outermost layer of the eye formed from dense connective tissue. Contains blood vessels and nerves

123
Q

Describe the function of the cornea

A

Admits light into the eye

124
Q

Describe the function of the choroid in the ey

A

A highly vascular layer of tissue which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the retina and sclera

125
Q

Describe the function of the ciliary body

A

Forms a collar around the lens and secretes a fluid called aqueous humor

126
Q

Describe the function of the iris

A

Adjusts the diameter of the pupil to control the amount of light entering the eye

127
Q

What is vitreous humor?

A

A semi-solid material located in the posterior cavity which keeps the eye from collapsing

128
Q

What is the sharpness of visual perception called?

A

Visual acuity

129
Q

What is the photopupillary reflex?

A

When the pupil contradicts automatically after exposure to bright light

130
Q

Describe what happens to the lens when viewing distant objects

A

Ciliary muscles cause the lens to relax and it flattens and thins

131
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

132
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands which secrete hormones into ducts which lead to a surface in another location

133
Q

What is it called when a hormone only acts on specific receptors?

A

Specificity

134
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

Hormones which are synthesized by cholesterol including male and female sex hormones and aldosterone

135
Q

What are nonsteriod hormones? What are their subcategories?

A

Protein-based hormones which are synthesized from amino acids. Can be divided into protein, peptide, and amino acid derivative hormones

136
Q

Describe how steroid hormones bind with receptors

A

Since they can easily pass through a cell’s membrane, it binds with receptors in the cell’s nucleus associated with the DNA, causing the synthesis of new proteins which alters the cell’s metabolism

137
Q

Describe how protein-based hormones bind with receptors

A

Since they can’t penetrate the cell wall, they bind to receptors on the cell’s surface. This activates a second messenger system which activates specific enzymes. These enzymes influence cellular reactions

138
Q

What is the function of the anterior pituitary?

A

Synthesizes and secretes a number of hormones under the direction of the hypothalamus

139
Q

What are the two classes of hormones the hypothalamus releases to the anterior pituitary?

A

Releasing, and inhibiting hormones

140
Q

What are tropic hormones? What endocrine gland releases them?

A

Stimulate other endocrine cells to release their hormones. Released by the anterior pituitary.

141
Q

What is the function of luteinizing hormone (LH)?

A

Stimulates ovulation, and estrogen & progesterone synthesis in females
Stimulations secretion of testosterone in males

142
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary?

A

Stores hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus including oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

143
Q

What is the function of chromaffin cells? Where are they located?

A

Function: Secrete catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine
Located in the adrenal modulla

144
Q

What is the function of catecholamines?

A

Prepare the body for physical activity by doing things such as increasing heart rate and BP, dilating the bronchioles, inhibiting digestion and urinary production, and boosting glucose levels

145
Q

Name the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex from innermost to outermost

A

Zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, zona glomerulosa

146
Q

What kind of corticosteroid does the zona glomerulosa release?

A

Mineralcorticoids

147
Q

What kind of corticosteroid does the zona fasciculata release?

A

Glucocorticoids

148
Q

What kind of corticosteroid does the zona reticularis release?

A

Sex steriods

149
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids

150
Q

What is the main mineralocorticoid? What is its function?

A

Aldosterone, which acts on the kidneys to promote Na+ retention and K+ excretion, which causes water retention

151
Q

What is the main glucocorticoid and what is its function?

A

Cortisol, which helps the body adapt to stress, has an anti-inflammatory effect, and repairs damaged tissue

152
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

A

Melatonin

153
Q

What hormones does the thymus release and what is their function?

A

Thymosin and thymopoietin, which both play a role in the development of the immune system

154
Q

What is the function of thyroid hormone?

A

Increases the body’s metabolic rate which results in increased heat production

155
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Promotes bone formation through triggering the disposition of calcium in bone

156
Q

Name the main hormone which is used to maintain normal calcium levels

A

Parathyroid hormone

157
Q

Name some functions of parathyroid hormone

A

Inhibits new bone formation, stimulates the breakdown of old bone, encourages the kidneys to reabsorb calcium, promotes the secretion of phosphate

158
Q

Name the 3 kinds of cells the pancreatic islet contains

A

Alpha, beta, and delta cells

159
Q

What hormone do alpha cells secrete? What is its function?

A

Glucagon, which stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose and convert fatty acids amino acids into glucose

160
Q

What hormone do beta cells secrete? What is its function?

A

Insulin, which stimulates the cells to absorb glucose and amino acids, causing blood glucose levels to fall

161
Q

What hormone do delta cells release? What is its function?

A

Somatostatin, which works to regulate other endocrine cells such as inhibiting the release of glucagon, insulin, and growth hormone

162
Q

What is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide?

A

Triggers changes to lower blood pressure

ANPH 1000 (5 decks)

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