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ANPH 1000 > Unit 4 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 4 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Describe some functions of plasma

A

Plays a role in blood clotting, the immune system, and the regulation of fluid volume

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2
Q

Describe what serum is

A

Plasma without clotting proteins which result when blood is allowed to clot and the solid portion is removed

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3
Q

Describe red bone marrow and what kinds of blood cells it produces

A

Found in the ends of long bones and in flat irregular bones, produces all types of blood cells

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4
Q

Describe lymphatic tissue and what kinds of blood cells it produces

A

Found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland, produce lymphocytes (white blood cells)

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5
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialized cells which give rise to immature red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelet-producing cells

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6
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from cells

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7
Q

Name the 4 nutritional requirements needed for red blood cell formation

A

Iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and vitamin C

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8
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Act as a line of defense against infectious pathogens

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9
Q

How do white blood cells differ in structure from red blood cells?

A

Contain a nucleus and other internal structures such as granules

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10
Q

How do white blood cells differ in location from red blood cells?

A

Most are found in connective tissues rather than the bloodstream

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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12
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Engulf and digest foreign materials after migrating out of blood cells and into tissues, worn-out ones form the main component of pus

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13
Q

What is the function of eosinphils?

A

Involved in allergic reactions and kill parasites

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14
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Secrete heparin (an anticoagulant) to prevent clotting in infected areas, also secrete histamine which causes blood vessels to leak, which attracts WBCs

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of ageanulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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17
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

Responsible for long term immunity

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18
Q

What is the function of T lymphocytes?

A

Directly attack an infected or cancerous cell

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19
Q

What is the function of B lymphocytes?

A

Produce antibodies against specific antigens

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20
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

Engulf large bacteria and viral-infected cells

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21
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Matured monocytes which ingest bacteria, cellular debris, and cancerous cells

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22
Q

What does an increased number of neutrophils indicate?

A

Bacterial infection

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23
Q

What does high eosinophil count signify?

A

Allergy or parasitic infection

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24
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Play a key role in stopping bleeding

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25
Q

Name the steps of hemostasis (blood clotting) in order

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. The formation of a platelet plug
  3. The formation of a blood clot
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26
Q

Describe what happens in a vascular spasm

A

As soon as a blood vessel is injured, smooth muscle fibers in the wall of the blood vessel spasms. This constricts the blood vessel and slows the flow of blood

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27
Q

Describe what happens in the formation of a platelet plug

A

Break in the blood vessel exposes collagen fibers, which creates a rough spot on the vessel’s normally slick interior. This rough spot triggers changes in passing platelets and transforms them into sticky platelets

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28
Q

What triggers the extrinsic pathway in the formation of a blood clot?

A

When the damaged blood vessel and surrounding tissues release clotting factors

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29
Q

What triggers the intrinsic pathway in the formation of a blood clot?

A

When clotting factors are activated within the blood, such as by the platelets as they adhere to the collagen in the damaged vessel wall

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30
Q

What 3 things prevent unwanted clot formation?

A

Smooth endothelium, blood flow, and anticoagulants

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31
Q

What is the function of heparin in blood clotting?

A

Prevents blood clots by blocking the action of thrombin

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32
Q

How does smooth endothelium prevent the formation of unwanted blood clots?

A

The inner lining of undamaged blood vessels prevents platelets from sticking due to their smoothness

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33
Q

How does blood flow prevent the formation of unwanted blood clots?

A

Rapid movement dilutes thrombin before a clot can form

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34
Q

How do anticoagulants prevent unwanted clot formation?

A

Basophils and mast cells secrete the anticoagulant heparin, which prevents blood clots by blocking the action of thrombin

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35
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A double-walled sac which is anchored by ligaments and tissues to surrounding tissues

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36
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

A

The fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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37
Q

Describe the fibrous pericardium

A

Outermost layer which is a loose-fitting sac of strong connective tissue

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38
Q

Describe the serous pericardium

A

Consists of two layers which cover the heart. Includes the parietal layer which lines the insides of the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral layer which covers the hearts surface

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39
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

Endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium

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40
Q

Describe the endocardium

A

Layer of heart wall which lines the heart’s chambers, covers the valves, and continues into the vessels. Consists of a thin layer of squamous epithelial cells and has a smooth texture which prevents blood from clotting

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41
Q

Describe the myocardium

A

Middle layer of the heart wall which is composed of cardiac muscle which performs the work of the heart, thickest of the 3 layers

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42
Q

Describe the epicardium

A

Layer of the heart wall which consists of a thin layer of squamous epithelial cells and covers the heart’s surface.

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43
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood to?

A

The lungs

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44
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?

A

The left ventricle

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45
Q

Name the structure which separates the right and left ventricles

A

the interventricular septum

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46
Q

Describe the atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

Regulates flow between the atria and the ventricles

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47
Q

Describe the function of the tricuspid valve

A

Prevents backflow from the right ventricle to the right atrium

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48
Q

Describe the function of the bicuspid (mitral) valve

A

Prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium

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49
Q

Describe the semilunar valves

A

Regulate flow between the ventricles and great arteries

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50
Q

Describe the function of the pulmonary valve

A

Prevents backflow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle

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51
Q

Describe the function of the aortic valve

A

Prevents backflow from the aorta to the left ventricle

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52
Q

What is the function of the heart skeleton?

A

Offers support and keeps the valves from stretching, also acts as an insulating barrier between the atria and the ventricles

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53
Q

What parts of the heart does the right coronary artery supply blood to?

A

The right atrium, part of the left atrium, most of the right ventricle, and the inferior part of the left ventricle

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54
Q

What parts of the heart does the left coronary artery supply blood to?

A

The left atrium, most of the left ventricle, and most of the interventricular septum

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55
Q

Describe the function of intercalated discs

A

Allow cells to connect with neighbouring cardiac muscle cells

56
Q

Describe gap junctions and their function

A

Gap junctions are small channels within intercalated disks which allow impulses to pass quickly from one cell to the next

57
Q

Which node is considered the heart’s primary pacemaker?

A

SA nodes

58
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood the heart pumps in a minute

59
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of times the heart beats in 1 minute

60
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat

61
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

A persistent pulse rate slower than 60 beats per minute

62
Q

What is tachycardia/

A

A persistent resting heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute

63
Q

Name the 3 types of receptors which send input to the cardiac center in the medulla

A

Proprioceptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors

64
Q

What is the ejection fraction?

A

The percentage of blood that the ventricles eject

65
Q

What 3 factors affect stroke volume?

A

Preload, contractility, and afterload

66
Q

What is preload?

A

The amount of tension or stretch in the ventricular muscle just before it contracts

67
Q

What is contractility?

A

The force with which ventricular ejection occurs

68
Q

What is starling’s law of the heart

A

The idea that the more a ventricle is stretched, the more forcefully it will contract

69
Q

What is afterload?

A

The forces the heart must work against to eject its volume of blood

70
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

71
Q

What is the tunica intima

A

The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is exposed to blood

72
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

In a blood vessel, is the middle and thickest layer

73
Q

What is the tunica externa?

A

The outer layer of blood vessels which supports and protects the blood vessel

74
Q

What are the three types of arteries?

A

Conducting arteries, distributing arteries, and arterioles

75
Q

What are conducting arteries?

A

The bodies largest arteries which expand as blood surges into them and recoils when ventricles relax

76
Q

Describe distributing arteries

A

Arteries which carry blood farther away from the heart to specific organs and areas of the body

77
Q

Describe arterioles

A

Resist the flow of blood and help regulate blood pressure and how much blood enters an organ

78
Q

How are veins different from arteries?

A

Thinner walls, more ability to stretch with no change in pressure, can constrict extensively, and lie closer to the surface

79
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Act as a site where nutrients, wastes, and hormones are transferred between blood and tissues

80
Q

What are sinusoids

A

A unique kind of capillary which allows the passage of large substances such as proteins and blood cells

81
Q

Name the 3 kinds of capillary exchange

A

Diffusion, filtration, and colloid osmotic pressure

82
Q

What is arteriovenous anastomosis

A

When blood flows directly from an artery to a vein

83
Q

What is venous anastomosis

A

When blood flows from one vein to another vein

84
Q

Describe the path of pulmonary circulation

A

Begins at the right ventricle, blood circles through the lungs

85
Q

Describe systemic circulation

A

Begins at the left ventricle and involves the circulation of blood through the body

86
Q

What part of the body does the brachiocephalic artery provide blood to?

A

The head and right arm

87
Q

What part of the body does the left common carotid artery supply blood to?

A

The neck

88
Q

What part of the body does the left subclavian artery supply blood to?

A

The left shoulder and upper arm

89
Q

What body part does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Parts of the large intestine

90
Q

What body parts does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Most of the small intestine and part of the large intestine

91
Q

What part of the body does the hepatic artery supply?

A

The liver

92
Q

What parts of the body do the right and left common iliac arteries supply?

A

The pelvic organs, thigh, and lower extremities

93
Q

What parts of the body does the subclavian artery supply?

A

The arm

94
Q

What is the function of hepatic portal circulation?

A

Acts as a circulatory network for digestive organs

95
Q

Name the 3 factors which determine blood pressure

A

Cardiac output, blood volume, and resistance

96
Q

What 2 factors impact peripheral resistance?

A

Blood viscosity and vessel diameter

97
Q

Why does blood flow slow in capillaries?

A

Capillaries are far from the left ventricle, friction, smaller diameter, and larger number of vessels

98
Q

What is atuoregulation?

A

An organs ability to adjust blood flow without neural or hormonal influence

99
Q

Describe how neural regulation lowers blood pressure

A
  1. Medulla increases output of parasympathetic impulses
  2. Vasodilation occurs and heart rate and stroke volume decrease
  3. Blood pressure drops
100
Q

Describe how neural regulation increases blood pressure

A
  1. Medulla increases output of sympathetic impulses
  2. Vasoconstriction occurs, heart rate and stroke volume increase
  3. Blood pressure rises
101
Q

Describe some different ways blood pressure is regulated

A

Neural regulation, auto regulation, hormonal regulation

102
Q

Name the 2 mechanisms that aid with venous return

A

The skeletal muscle pump, and the respiratory pump

103
Q

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Maintenance of fluid balance, absorption of fat, and immunity

104
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

Phagocytize bacteria and foreign matter

105
Q

What is the function of T and B lymphocytes?

A

Protect the body against foreign invaders

106
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

Engulf foreign substances and help activate T cells

107
Q

What is the function of the appendix?

A

Servers as a reservoir for beneficial gut bacteria

108
Q

What is the function of peyer’s patches?

A

Monitor bacterial populations within the intestine and prevent the growth of harmful bacteria. Also alert lymphocytes to trigger an immune response

109
Q

What is the function of the primary lymphatic organs?

A

Provide a location for stem cells to divide and mature into T and B lymphocytes. This is where lymphocytes learn to recognize and attack foreign invaders

110
Q

What is the function of the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Act as a place where mature lymphocytes become a activated and begin to protect the body from pathogens

111
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Produces T cells and thymosin

112
Q

What are the functions of the lymph nodes?

A

Clean lymph and serve as sites for the final maturation of some types of lymphocytes and monocytes

113
Q

Name some functions of the spleen

A

Immunity, destruction of old red blood cells, blood storage, and hematopoiesis

114
Q

Describe the body’s first line of defense

A

Uses external barriers like the skin and mucous membranes to keep pathogens at bay

115
Q

Describe the body’s second line of defense

A

Produces phagocytic WBCs and triggers inflammation and fever. Referred to as nonspecific immunity

116
Q

Describe the body’s third line of defense

A

Specific immunity which occurs when the body retains a memory of a pathogen after defeating it so it can quickly recognize and target it if it invades again

117
Q

What is the function of lysozyme?

A

Destroys bacteria

118
Q

How do neutrophils differ from macrophaes?

A

They roam the body to seek out bacteria and travel to sites of infection

119
Q

Describe how interferons work

A

Binds to surface receptors on neighboring cells to produce enzymes that prevent a virus from replicating if it invades

120
Q

Describe the function of complement

A

Coats pathogens to make them attractive to phagocytes

121
Q

How do fevers help with healing?

A

Promote interferon activity and inhibit the reproduction of bacteria and viruses

122
Q

What is cellular (cell-mediated) immunity?

A

Form of immunity which aims to destroy foreign or host cells which have become infected with a pathogen

123
Q

What is humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity?

A

Immunity which focuses on pathogens outside host cells. Works by marking pathogens for later destruction through antibodies

124
Q

What are the 4 classes of immunity?

A

Natural active immunity, artificial active immunity, natural passive immunity, and artificial passive immunity

125
Q

Describe how natural active immunity works

A

Body produces antibodies or T cells after exposure to a particular antigen

126
Q

Describe how artificial active immunity works

A

Body makes T cells and antibodies against a disease as a result of a vaccination

127
Q

Describe how natural passive immunity works

A

Results when a fetus acquires antibodies from their mother through the placenta or breastfeeding

128
Q

Describe how artificial passive immunity works

A

Involves obtaining and injecting a serum of antibodies against a certain pathogen

129
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells

130
Q

Describe where T lymphocytes develop and mature

A

Develop from stem cells in red bone marrow, mature in the thymus gland

131
Q

Describe where B lymphocytes originate and mature

A

Begin as stem cells in red bone marrow, remain in bone marrow until they mature

132
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A molecule which triggers an immune response

133
Q

What is the function of cellular immunity?

A

Destroys pathogens that exist within a cell

134
Q

What are the 3 classes of T cells employed in cellular immunity?

A

Cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells

135
Q

Describe humoral immunity

A

Focuses on pathogens outside of the cell by using antibodies to mark them for later destruction

136
Q
A

ANPH 1000 (5 decks)

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