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AP Biology 2014 - 2015 > Unit 5 - DNA and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Unit 5 - DNA and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

anti-parallel

A

two complementary strands of a DNA double helix, which run in opposite directions to one another

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2
Q

Biotechnology

A

the exploitation of biological process for industrial and other purpose

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3
Q

cAMP

A

a cyclic form of adenosine monophosphate that serves as a second messenger for signal transduction at the cellular level

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

a structure within the cell that holds the genetic material as a threadlike linear strand of DNA bonded to various proteins

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5
Q

anticodon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule

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6
Q

Cloning

A

replication so that there is enough to analyze or use in protein production.

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7
Q

codon

A

a set of three nucleotides

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8
Q

corepressor

A

an effector molecule which can bind to a repressor molecule.

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9
Q

DNA

A

a nucleic acid that consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted together into a double helix.

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10
Q

DNA Methylation

A

the modification of a DNA base by the addition of a methyl group

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11
Q

What is produced in semi-conservative replication?

A

Semiconservative replication produces two new strands of DNA. Each DNA molecule would contain one new strand and one old strand

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12
Q

What happens when silent mutations occur?

A

In silent mutations, bases are subsituted, but because of wobble, there is no change in the proteins that are produced.

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13
Q

Explain the role of a spliceosome.

A

Splicesomes remove the noncoding regions of the mRNA called interons or intervening sequences.

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14
Q

What do start codons do? What is/are the start codons?

A

Start codons basically “start” translation in the ribosomes; in order for translation to occur, there must be a start codon. The start codon is the first codon of an mRNA strand. The most common start codon is AUG which also codes for methionine.

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15
Q

What are stop codons? What do they do? What is/are the stop codons?

A

Stop codons are termination signals for translation. Stop codons include UAA, UGA, and UAG.

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16
Q

What is a sticky end?

A

A sticky end is a fragment of DNA (produced by staggering cut on the DNA using restriction enzymes) containing a certain sequence of nitrogenous bases.

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17
Q

When does genetic transformation occur?

A

Genetic transformation occurs when a host organisms takes up foreign DNA and then expresses that foreign gene.

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18
Q

What kind of organism does transgenic describe?

A

Transgenic describes an organism that has had genes from another organism put into its genome through recombinant DNA techniques.

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19
Q

What is the role of tRNA? What is its structure?

A

tRNA brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome during translation. tRNA has a binding site for an amino acid at one end and another binding site for an anticodon sequence that binds to mRNA at the other.

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20
Q

Define transcription

A

Transcription is the process by which the information in the DNA sequence is copied (transcribed) into a complementary RNA sequence. Define transcription

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21
Q

Define translation

A

Translation is the process by which the codons of an mRNA sequence are changed into an amino acid sequence.

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22
Q

What is the role of telomeres? How are they created and maintained?

A

Telomeres are protective ends that protect against the possible loss of genes at ends of chromosomes. Normal body cells contain little telomerse, so everytime the DNA replicates, the telomeres get shorter; this may serve as a clock that counts cell divisions and causes the cell to stop dividing as it ages. Telomeres are created and maintained by telomerase.

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23
Q

What to topoisomerases do?

A

Topoisomerases lessen the tension on the tightly wound DNA helix by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands.

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24
Q

What is binary fission? What is the result?

A

Binary fission is the asexual mode of reproduction in bacteria. Binary fission results in a population with all identical genes, but mutations so occur spontaneously

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25
Q

What does the term wobble mean?

A

Wobble refers to the relaxation of base pairing rules. This means that the 3rd base of a codon is not as strict as the first 2 bases. For example, UCU, UCC, UCA, and UCG all code for the amino acid serine.

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26
Q

Why are micropipettes needed when doing experiments?

A

a micropipette is a good instrument to use for measuring, transferring, or injecting very small quantities of liquid

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27
Q

Why are micropipettes needed when doing experiments?

A

A micropipette is a good instrument to use for measuring, transferring, or injecting very small quantities of liquid.

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28
Q

Why does bacteria create colonies?

A

A colony is millions of bacteria that are produced when bacteria divides.

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29
Q

How are the nucleotides for DNA different than RNA?

A

DNA consists of adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. RNA consists of adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil.

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30
Q

What is a petri dish?

A

A petri dish is used to culture bacteria and other microorganisms.

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31
Q

Why is bacteria used for transformation?

A

Bacteria is easy to grow in large numbers and does not take a lot of time to replicate.

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32
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

DNA polymerase are enzymes that read the DNA strand and assemble nucleotides to make copies of the DNA.

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33
Q

How does DNA replicate?

A

DNA stand is unwound by a helicase enzyme then acts as a template strand for DNA polymerase to come and make a copy. DNA is read in the direction of 3->5 and is built in a direction of 5->3. The replications are exact replicas unless

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34
Q

What is the function of a TATA Box?

A

The TATA Box acts as a marker for where RNA should bind to DNA during transcription.

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35
Q

How does a lac operon react in the absence of lactose?

A

Without lactose a repressor binds to the operator and keeps RNA polymerase from transcribing.

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36
Q

How does a trp operon react in the absence of tryptophan?

A

The genes are transcribed and a repressor cannot bind to the operator.

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37
Q

What type of bonds form between the amino acids brought to ribosomes?

A

Peptide bonds link together amino acids into protein chains in ribosomes.

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38
Q

How does DNA replicate?

A

DNA stand is unzipped by a helicase enzyme then acts as a template strand for DNA polymerase to come and make a copy. DNA is read in the direction of 3->5 and is built in a direction of 5->3. The replications are exact replicas unless if there is a mutation and a base changes

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39
Q

How does DNA replicate?

A

DNA stand is unwound by a helicase enzyme then acts as a template strand for DNA polymerase to come and make a copy. DNA is read in the direction of 3->5 and is built in a direction of 5->3. The replications are exact replicas unless if there is a mutation and a base changes

40
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

DNA is a double helix formed by nucleotides, deoxyribose and a phosphate group.

41
Q

What is electrophoresis?

A

Electrophoresis is a technique used in labs to separate macromolecules based on their size. It applies a negative charge so proteins will start to move to the positive charge.

42
Q

What is an euchromatin?

A

Euchromatin is a lightly packed form of cromatin, such DNA, RNA or protein.

43
Q

Where does the replication of DNA begin?

A

DNA replication begins at the origin of replication. These stretches of DNA have specific nucleotide sequences.

44
Q

What is the role of single-strand binding proteins in replication?

A

Single-strand binding proteins bind to separated DNA strands to prevent them from re-pairing.

45
Q

What is the role of nuclease?

A

Nuclease is a DNA cutting enzyme that can be used to cut out segments of DNA strands.

46
Q

Where is the DNA of a bacteria cell located?

A

DNA is packed densely into a region of bacteria known as the nucleoid.

47
Q

What is a primary transcript?

A

A primary transcript is an RNA transcript that has not yet been translated into protein.

48
Q

What is the function of a template strand of DNA?

A

A template strand of DNA is used to create the corresponding RNA transcript.

49
Q

What is a DNA reading frame?

A

A DNA reading frame is the way of dividing nucleotides on a DNA strand into triplets that can be transcribed.

50
Q

What are RNA molecules that can function as enzymes called?

A

Ribozymes are RNA molecules that can also function as enzymes.

51
Q

What occurs during mismatch repair?

A

During mismatch repair, enzymes replace and remove incorrect nucleotides in the sequence.

52
Q

What is triplet code?

A

Triplet code is instructions for protein synthesis that are communicated in three nucleotide phrases.

53
Q

What signals the end of a transcription sequence?

A

A terminator is the sequence that signals the end of a transcription sequence.

54
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA that can be transferred to other cells by conjugation or transduction

55
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

a specific pair of bases that get altered by being deleted, inserted, or substituted.

56
Q

What is a poly-A tail?

A

add lots of A bases to the end of the strand at the 3’ end after the strand undergoes transcription and before it leaves the nucleus

57
Q

What is a polymerase chain reaction?

A

is a laboratory technique used to make multiple copies of a segment of DNA, it’s very specific and it can be used to target a specific DNA target out of a whole mixture of DNA

58
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

is a form of artificial DNA that is created by combining two or more sequences from different plasmids

59
Q

What is a replication fork?

A

site on a DNA molecule at which unwinding of helices and the creation of the daughter cells are happening at the same time

60
Q

What is a repressor?

A

a repressor is a substance that inhibits messenger RNA synthesis

61
Q

What does a regulatory gene do?

A

it regulates the expression of one or more genes by controlling the production of a protein

62
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A

an enzyme that is capable and used to cleave DNA molecules near a specific sequence of bases

63
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

they are in charge of protein synthesis. They can be found free in the cytosol or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

64
Q

What is a RNA polymerase?

A

an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence, during the process of transcription.

65
Q

What is an exon

A

An exon is a nucleotide sequence encoded by a gene that remains present until the final stages of RNA through slicing

66
Q

What causes a frameshift mutation?

A

The insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides in the DNA sequence

67
Q

What is gene expression?

A

Gene expression

68
Q

What does heterochromatin do?

A

Heterochromatin aids in gene expression by forming structural functions like centromeres and telomeres

69
Q

What does helicase do?

A

Helicase unwinds the DNA strand to prepare for replication or copying of genetic information

70
Q

How do histone proteins affect DNA structure?

A

Histone proteins allow DNA to spiral into thread like spools of genetic information

71
Q

How does histone acetylation aid in gene regulation?

A

Histone acetylation allows for the Acetyl Coenzyme A to transfer from one molecule to another

72
Q

What are introns?

A

Introns are the noncoding sections of RNA. They are spliced out before the RNA is translated into a protein. Unlike exons which are coded for proteins.

73
Q

How do inducers regulate gene expression

A

Inducers can regulate gene expression by binding to activator, therefore disabling repressors.

74
Q

How does the lagging strand replicate?

A

The lagging strand replicates DNA in chunks

75
Q

How does the leading strand replicate?

A

The leading strand replicates DNA one by one steadily.

76
Q

What does ligase facilitate?

A

DNA ligase facilitates the joining together of DNA strands

77
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

A missense mutation is a point mutation in which a singe nucleotide changes the resulting codon, which codes for a different amino acid

78
Q

What is gene expression?

A

Gene expression is the process where information from a gene is used to make product like protein.

79
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Genetic engineering is the process of adding new or foreign DNA to an organism to get them to express a trait they did not originally have.

80
Q

What are Guanine Caps (5’)?

A

Guanine nucleotides that are added to the 5’ side of the mRNA strand before it goes through translation.

81
Q

What does telomeres do?

A

Telomeres are caps on stands of DNA that protects it from the chromosomes and a huge part of how the cell ages.

82
Q

What does transgenic mean?

A

It means that a genetic material was transferred naturally or by genetic engineering.

83
Q

What is the difference between a leading strand and a lagging strand?

A

The leading strand is going from 3->5 and is replicated in one continuous strand, where the lagging strand is going from 5->3 and there are many points of origin during replication.

84
Q

What two men are credited for discovering DNA was a double helix?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

85
Q

Where do the proteins go that are created by bound ribosomes? Free ribosomes?

A

The proteins from bound ribosomes go outside the cell and the ones from free ribosomes stay inside the cell.

86
Q

What do Chargaff’s rules of nucleotide pairing state?

A

Chargaff’s rule asserts that there should be an equal amount of guanine to cytosine and adenine to thymine.

87
Q

What occurs in the A zone of a ribosome?

A

The A site of a ribosome is where the tRNA enters the ribosome, carrying a new amino acid to add to the chain.

88
Q

What occurs in the P zone of a ribosome?

A

The P zone of the ribosome is where the tRNA holding the in progress chain of amino acids is.

89
Q

What occurs in the E zone of a ribosome?

A

The E site is where tRNA exits the ribosome.

90
Q

What is a repressible operon?

A

Repressible operons are on until they are inhibited.

91
Q

Why did scientists used to think that proteins were the molecules that made up genes and constituted inheritable material?

A
  1. Proteins are major a component of cells.
  2. They are complex macromolecules that exist in a limitless variety and have great specificity of function.
  3. A lot was known about proteins and very little was known about the structure and the function of DNA
92
Q

What did Griffith (scientist) discover?

A

He discovered that bacteria have the ability to transform harmless cells into virulent ones by transferring some genetic factor from one bacteria cell to another; this is called bacterial transformation, and the experiment is known as transformation experiment

93
Q

What did Hershey and Chase (scientists) prove?

A

Their experiment supported the theory that DNA is the genetic material. His experiment, which involved tagging bacteriophages with radioactive isotopes, proved that DNA from the viral nucleus, not protein from the viral coat, was infecting bacteria and producing thousands of progeny.

94
Q

Why was Rosalind Franklin (scientist) important?

A

She carried out the X-ray crystallography analysis of DNA that showed DNA to be a double helix. Her work was critical to Watson and Crick.

95
Q

What did Watson and Crick (scientists) do? Why was this so important?

A

They (basically stole Franklin’s work) proposed the double helix structure of DNA. They built a model of DNA and all of their information they used to create the model came from other scientists who published earlier. Understanding the structure of DNA gave a foundation to understand how DNA replication works.

AP Biology 2014 - 2015 (10 decks)

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