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AP Biology 2014 - 2015 > Unit 3 - Energy (enzymes, photosynthesis, respiration) > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Energy (enzymes, photosynthesis, respiration) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the absorption spectrum?

A

The range of a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths of light.

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2
Q

What do accessory pigments do?

A

A pigment that absorbs and transfers light energy to a photosystem; extends the range of light wavelengths for photosynthesis.

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3
Q

What does acetyl co-A do in cell respiration?

A

A 2 Carbon unit (acetyl) attached to Coenzyme A which delivers the two carbon unit to oxaloacetic acid (a 4 carbon compound) in the Krebs Cycle to form citric acid (a 6 carbon compound). The Coenzyme A is regenerated and the citric acid proceeds around the Krebs Cycle losing its two carbons and producing oxaloacetic acid for another turn of the Cycle.

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4
Q

Describe the action spectrum

A

A graph that depicts the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process.

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5
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The energy barrier that blocks the tendency for a set of chemical substances to react.

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6
Q

Describe active site

A

The region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds, and where catalysis occurs.

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7
Q

Describe aerobic processes

A

Oxygen dependent pathway; pathway that extracts energy efficiently from glucose, starts in cytoplasm and ends in mitchondria

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8
Q

What is the function of the allosteric site?

A

Regulation of the activity of a protein by the binding of an effector molecule at a site other than the active site.

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9
Q

What are anabolic pathways

A

A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds.

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10
Q

Describe anaerobic processes

A

The use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the “downhill” end of electron transport chains.

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11
Q

What are CAM plants?

A

Plant that fixes carbon dioxide at night to produce a C4 molecule that releases carbon dioxide to the Calvin cycle during the day; CAM stands for crassulacean-acid metabolism

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12
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

In Plant cells; Channels that cytosol passed through to connect the chemical environments of adjacent cells

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13
Q

What are mechanisms to prevent water loss?

A

Reduced leaves; Stomata opening at night; Waxy coating

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14
Q

What does the xylem do?

A

Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant.

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15
Q

What does the phloem do?

A

Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.

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16
Q

Where is ATP generated during cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

A

ATP is generated during cellular respiration in the cytoplasm in glycolysis, in the matrix during the Krebs cycle, and in the matrix during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP is generated during photosynthesis in the stroma through chemiosmosis.

H+ gets pulled INTO the thylakaod space and flows OUT of ATP synthase in photostnthesis

H+ gets pushed OUT of the matrix and into the innermambrane space, then flows INTO the matrix through ATP synthase.

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17
Q

How are autotrophs different from heterotrophs?

A

Autotrophs create their own food for energy and do not depend on other organisms.

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18
Q

What are catabolic pathways?

A

Catabolic pathways are pathways that lead to the breaking down of complex molecules to create simpler ones and energy. An example of this is the breaking down of glucose to create energy(ATP), CO2, and H2O.

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19
Q

How do catalysts affect the rate of a reaction?

A

Catalysts increase the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy (Ea) of a reaction.

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20
Q

What are the reactants/products of the calvin cycle?

A

The calvin cycle uses ATP, NADH, and RUBP to create PGAL and more RUBP, which are used to later synthesize glucose.

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21
Q

What are the main reservoirs for carbon?

A

Fossil fuels, soils and sediments, plant and animal biomass, and the atmosphere

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22
Q

What are the four parts of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, transition reaction, Krebs Cycle, ETS (oxidative phosphorylation)

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23
Q

What is chemiosmosis? How does it generate ATP?

A

Chemiosmosis is the flow of H+ ions from high to low concentration through the protein ATP Synthase. The flow of ions creates enough energy to add a phosphate group to ADP making ATP

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24
Q

What are chemoautotrophs?

A

Organisms that obtain energy from inorganic chemical reactions and a carbon source (like CO2, HCO3-)

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25
Q

What two chlorophylls are used in photosynthesis and what are their corresponding photosystems? (these are numbers)

A

P700-PS1, P680-PS2

26
Q

How does humidity affect rate of transpiration?

A

The rate of diffusion of any substance increases as the difference in concentration of the substances in the two regions increases.When the surrounding air is dry, diffusion of water out of the leaf goes on more rapidly.

27
Q

How does temperature affect rate of transpiration?

A

Plants transpire more rapidly at higher temperatures because water evaporates more rapidly as the temperature rises.

28
Q

How does soil water affect rate of transpiration?

A

A plant cannot continue to transpire rapidly if its water loss is not made up by replacement from the soil. When absorption of water by the roots fails to keep up with the rate of transpiration, loss of turgor occurs, and the stomata close.

29
Q

How does light affect rate of transpiration?

A

Plants transpire more rapidly in the light than in the dark. This is because light stimulates the opening of the stomata.

30
Q

How does wind affect rate of transpiration?

A

When there is no breeze, the air surrounding a leaf becomes increasingly humid thus reducing the rate of transpiration. When a breeze is present, the humid air is carried away and replaced by drier air.

31
Q

Why are chloroplasts important in plants and algae?

A

They are the sites of photosynthesis in plant and algae.

32
Q

What are examples of coenzymes?

A

Vitamins, FAD, & NAD.

33
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Nonprotein helpers that help enzymes to function properly.

34
Q

How do competitive inhibitors work?

A

Competitive inhibitors reduce the effciency of the enzyme as it competes for the active site.

35
Q

What is a consumer?

A

Consumers are organisms that live on compounds produced by other organisms.

36
Q

Where’s the cristae located in the mitochondria?

A

The cristae is located within the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

37
Q

Where do detritivores get their energy from?

A

Detritivores get their energy from detritus, which is nonliving orgnanic material.

38
Q

During cellular respiration, what powers the ETS in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

The ETS is powered by electrons from the electron carrier molecules NADH and FADH2.

39
Q

What’s an endergonic reaction?

A

An endergonic reaction is one that requires energy in order to proceed.

40
Q

What is the order of energy flow in an ecosystem?

A
  1. Primary producers (Autotrophs), 2. Primary consumers (heterotrophs), 3. Secondary consumers, 4. Tertiary consumers
41
Q

What is made out of parenchyma?

A

The mesophyll of leaves and root cortex are made of parenchyma.

42
Q

Why are sclerenchyma cells important in plants?

A

Because they make up fibers, have thick secondary cell walls, and often serve a support function.

43
Q

What are collenchyma cells in plants?

A

Collenchyma cells have thickened cell walls and function in support.

44
Q

Why are epidermal cells important in plants?

A

They serve as protection in plants.

45
Q

What is the function of guard cells in plants?

A

Guard cells help regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata.

46
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weak bond between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another.

47
Q

When does enzyme inhibition occur?

A

Occurs when an enzyme encounters a blocker which mimics the properties of the substrate and binds to the enzymes active site. Then when the substrate is encountered the active site is not available for attachment, and no reaction will occur.

48
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Enxymes are protein substances that speed up chemical reactions.

49
Q

When is enxyme-substrate complex formed?

A

Is formed when the enzyme temporarily binds the substrates to its active site.

50
Q

Do exergonic reaction realese or absorb energy?

A

They relese free energy.

51
Q

Where is FADH2 produced and when is it used?

A

Produced during Krebs Cycle in the matrix and, it donates electrons to the electron transport chain.

52
Q

How do cell make ATP in absence of oxygen?

A

In a process called fermentation which is an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available.

53
Q

What is a food chain? give an example?

A

Is the pathway along which food is transferred from one trophic or feeding level to another. ex: Carrots - rabbit - snake - eagle

54
Q

What does a food web consist of ?

A

Food webs are cross-connecting food chains consisting of producers, consumers, and decomposers, detritivores, or both.

55
Q

Where does glycolysis occur and what does is breake down?

A

occurs in the cytosol, begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

56
Q

What are grana?

A

Grana are stacks of structures called thylakoids, which are little disks of membrane on which the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place.

57
Q

What is a glucose and why is it important?

A

A simple monosaccharide sugar that serves as the main source of energy and as an important metabolic substrate for most living things. Its chemical formula is: C6H12O6

58
Q

What is the catalytic cycle of an enzyme?

A

Enzyme + Substrate Enzyme - Substrate complex Enzyme + Product

59
Q

What is free energy and how is it used?

A

Free energy, called Gibbs free energy (G), is usable energy or energy that is available to do work.

60
Q

In what prosses is rubisco enzyme used?

A

The enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle.

AP Biology 2014 - 2015 (10 decks)

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