Unit 3 - Energy Per 1 Flashcards
What is chemiosmosis? How does it generate ATP?
Chemiosmosis is the flow of H+ ions from high to low concentration through ATP Synthase. The flow of ions creates enough energy to add a phosphate group to ADP making ATP
How is Chemiosmosis different in photsynthesis and Cellular respiration?
In chloroplast H+ flow out of the thylakoid space into the stroma. In Mitochondria the H+ flow into the matrix from the intermembrane space
What is an absorption spectrum?
The absorption spectrum is a spectrum of electromagnetic radiation transmitted through a substance, showing dark lines due to absorption of specific wavelengths.
What are accessory pigments?
Acessory pigments expand the range of wavelengths available for photosynthesis.
What is acetyl coenzyme A?
Acetyle coenzyme A is the enzyme that helps in animal metabolism.
What is action spectrum?
The graph of wavelength versus the rate of photosynthesis is an action spectrum.
What is activation energy?
Activation energy is the energy that must be added to cause molecules to react. Enzymes can lower activation energy in order to speed up chemical reactions.
What is an active site?
Active site is a small region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrates bind.
What is aerobic?
Processes that require oxygen to run are known as aerobic.
What is an allosteric site?
An allosteric site is a site that is not the active site but it is a site where an allosteic inhibitor or regulator can bond to to make the work better or not at all.
What is a catabolic pathway?
A catabolic pathway is a metabolic pathway that breaks down molecules to release energy
How do consumers contribute to a food chain?
They consume and breakdown the biosynthetic output of other organisms
What do detritivores consume?
They consume energy derived from detritius
What makes a reaction endergonic?
A reaction is endergonic when the products have more energy than the reactants; requires an input of energy
What is a catalyst?
a substance that speeds up chemical reactions without itelf undergoing any permanent chemical change
What is the Calvin Cycle?
A metabolic pathway that occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts. Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as sugar
What is the Carbon Cycle?
the circulation and transformation of carbon back and forth between living things and the environment
What is cellular respiration?
The process by which cells oxidize food molecules, notably glucose, into carbon dioxide and water. This is accompanied by a release of energy in the form of ATP
What are chemoautotrophs? Compare with photoautotroph? Examples?
Chemoautotrophs make their own energy using chemicals (convert to ATP) directly instead of sunlight (photoautotroph)
Examples: Methanogens, Nitrobacter
Chlorophyll is? Which type is used most in plant photosynthesis? Where is it found?
Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs light energy. Main types are Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b which absorb the blue, red and violent wavelength ranges. Found in chloroplast in eukaryotes but cytoplasm in prokaryotes
What happens at the chloroplast?
Double membrane structure; carry out photosynthesis. Contains thylakoids–>granum. Calvin cyle in stroma, PSI & PSII oin thylakoid membrane
What are coenzymes? Examples in Respiration/Photosynthesis?
Organic cofactor; participates, usually, in transfer of some component, such as electrons. Most Vitamins and its derivatives
Respiration: FAD, NAD+, Acetyl-Co-A (Vit B Derived+Pyruvate)
Photosynthesis: NAD+
What are cofactors? Examples?
Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.
Examples: Minerals
What are competitive inhibitors? Compare with non-competitive inhibitors? Example?
Compounds resemble normal substrate model, compete for same active site on the enzyme instead of limiting enzyme (non-competitive).
Example: Penicillin, blocks the enzyme bacteria use to build cell wall
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate is the energy source used by the cell.
What is anaerobic?
Processes that do not require oxygen to run.
What are anabolic pathways?
Anabolic pathways use energy to build new molecules from the products of catabolic pathways.
What is energy flow?
Energy Flow is the energy that flows throughout an ecosystem and most energy is lost between trophic levels
What is entropy and what value relates to a spontaneous reaction?
Entropy is the degree of randomness. For a spontaneous reaction the entropy of the system must be negative
What is enzyme inhibition? Can you give an example?
It is when an enzyme inhibitior, which is a molecule, binds to an enzyme to decrease its activity. Drugs are an example of enzyme inhibitiors.
What are enzymes and what is their main function?
Enzymes are a substrate produced by a living organism and its main function is that it acts as a catalyst in specific biochemical reactions.
What is an enzyme substrate comlex?
A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecules.
What does exergonic mean? Can you give an example of an exergonic reaction?
Exergonic reactions have a negative free energy and energy is released. An example of an exergonic reaction is cellular respiration.
What is FADH2 and what is the role of FADH2 in cellular respiration?
FADH2 begins as FAD+ and it carries electrons to oxygen during oxidative phosphorylation.
What is fermentation and why does it occur?
Fermentation is the anaerobic process of creating quick bursts of ATP energy, producing lactate or alcohol & CO2. NAD+ is regenerated during this process. Only 2 ATP are produced, and fermentation is less efficient than cellular respiration.
What is a food chain and what does it depict?
A food chain shows a linear sequence of links in a food web starting from species that are called producers in the web and ends at species that are called decomposers in the web. The arrows go from the producer to the consumer, showing the flow of energy.
What is a food webs?
Food web shows how plants and animals are interconnected by different paths.
What is a glycolysis?
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
What is a grana?
Grana is the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast.
What is the Induced Fit Model?
A proposed mechanism of interaction between an enzyme and a substrate. It postulates that exposure of an enzyme to a substrate causes the active site of the enzyme to change shape in order to allow the enzyme and substrate to bind
What does the Krebs Cycle do?
The sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP
What is the Law of Thermodynamics?
Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy and matter in the Universe remains constant, merely changing from one form to another.
What are Light Dependent Reactions? Where do they occur
Light dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical bond energy from ATP and NADPH. They occur in the thylakoid
What are Light Independent Reactions? what are the products
Light independent reactions are reactions which do not directly require light but uses the ATP and NADPH from light reactions for the Calvin Cycle. pGAL is use to create glucose or other carbohdrates
Where is the matrix and what happens inside of it?
The matrix is the space between the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where the Krebs Cycle occurs.
What is located in the cristae of mitochondria that functions during cellular respirtaion?
The electron transport system is located in the cristae of mitochondria and releases energy during cellular respiration.
What process occurs in the mitochondria?
The mitochondria is the organelle in which cell respiration takes place.
In which system is NAD+ used?
NAD+ is one of the electron carriers in cellular respiration. It is reduced to NADH.
In which systems are NADP+ used?
NADP+ is used in the noncyclic reactions of photosynthesis
What makes noncompetitive inhibitors different from competitive inhibitors?
Noncompetitive inhibitors are molecules that bind to the allosteric site of an enzyme, not the actual active site.
What is a nutrient cycle?
In an ecosystem, a nutrient cycle is the exchange of organic and inorganic matter by living organsims.
What is oxidation?
Oxidation is the loss of electrons
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP.
What is the difference between photoautotrophs and chemiautotrophs in terms of their source of free energy?
Photoautotrophs absorb energy from light. Chemiautotrophs get energy from chemical reactions.
What is photophosphorylation?
After seperation of glucose to PGAL, it reduces and pyruvate are formed
Describe and explain photosynthesis in a C3 plant.
After gaining ATP and NADPH2 from light dependent reactions, the carbon from CO2 is incorparated into a 3-carbon compound in light independent reactions.
What are photosystems I and II?
Photosystems are where light is absorbed for light dependent reactions.
What is the role of a primary producer?
An autotroph, usually a photosynthetic organism. Collectively, autotrophs make up the trophic level of an ecosystem that ultely supports all other levels
What is the role of a primary consumer?
An herbivore; an organism that eats plants or other autotrophs
What is a producer?
An organism that produces organic compunds from CO2 by harnessing light energy or by oxodizing inorganic chemicals.
What are pyruvates?
Energy flow is the transfering of energy throughout an ecosystem. It shows how energy is absorbed by organisms and also released as heat.
what is the redox reaction?
A cheical reation involving the completeor partial trasfer of one or more electrons, from one ractant to another
What is the role of the ETS? Which cellular processes do they participate in?
The ETS serves to transport electrons down their electrochemical gradient and release energy. It participates in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
What is energy flow in an ecosytsem?
Energy flow is the transfering of energy throughout an ecosystem. It shows how energy is absorbed and also released as heat.
