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AP Biology 2014 - 2015 > Unit 3 - Energy Per 4 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Energy Per 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is chemiosmosis? How does it generate ATP?

A

Chemiosmosis is the flow of H+ ions from high to low concentration through ATP Synthase. The flow of ions creates enough energy to add a phosphate group to ADP making ATP

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2
Q

How is Chemiosmosis different in photsynthesis and Cellular respiration?

A

In photosynthesis, the H+ ions are pumped into the thylakoid space of the chloroplast and they exit through ATP synthase to make ATP in the stroma. In cellular respiration, the H+ ions are pumped out of the matrix into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria and they enter back into the matrix through ATP synthase to make ATP in the matrix.

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3
Q

What is meant by an absorption spectrum of a pigment?

A

An absorption spectrum is when light absorption is plotted against light wavelength. It allows us to see the ability of different pigments to absorb light at different wavelengths.

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4
Q

What is an accesory pigment? What do they do?

A

Accesory pigments expand the range of wavelengths available for photosynthesis.

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5
Q

What is acetyl CoA? What is it used for?

A

Acetyl CoA is made when pyruvate is oxidized to an acetyl group attached to coenzyme A, and links glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle.

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6
Q

What are the main features of an action spectrum?

A

Action spectrums profile the effectiveness of different wavelength lights in fueling photosynthesis by plotting wavelength against some measure of photosynthetic rate (e.g. CO2 production).

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7
Q

What is activation energy and how do catalysts relate to it?

A

Activation energy is how much energy is required to begin a chemical reaction. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy.

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8
Q

Where is an active site found?

A

An active site is found in enzymes and is the place where substrates are able to react with the enzyme

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9
Q

What is an aerobic process?

A

An aerobic process is a process that consumes oxygen

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10
Q

How does binding to allosteric sites inhibit substrate binding?

A

It changes the shape of the enzyme

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11
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

A pathway that leads to the building of compounds

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12
Q

What is an anaerobic process?

A

A process that does not consume oxygen

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13
Q

Where is ATP generated in cellular respiration?

A

ATP is generated in cytoplasm in glycolisis, in the matrix during the Krebs cycle, and in the intermembrane space during oxidative phosphorylation.

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14
Q

How are autotrophs different from heterotrophs?

A

Autotrophs create their own food for energy and do not depend on other organisms.

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15
Q

What are catabolic pathways?

A

Catabolic pathways are pathways that lead to the breaking down of complex molecules to create simpler ones and energy. An example of this is the breaking down of glucose to create energy(ATP), CO2, and H2O.

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16
Q

How do catalysts affect the rate of a reaction?

A

Catalysts increase the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy (Ea) of a reaction.

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17
Q

What are the reactants/products of the calvin cycle?

A

The calvin cycle uses ATP, NADH, and RUBP to create PGAL and more RUBP, which are used to later sythesize glucose.

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18
Q

What are the main reservoirs for carbon?

A

Fossil fuels, soils and sedimentss, plant and animal biomass, and the atmosphere

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19
Q

What are the four parts of cellular respiration? (in order)

A

Glycolysis, transition reaction, Krebs Cycle, ETS (oxidative phosphorylation)

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20
Q

How many net ATP are made in cellular respiration?

A

34-36 ATP

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21
Q

What are chemoautotrophs?

A

Organisms that obtain energy from inorganic chemical reactions and a carbon source (like CO2, HCO3-)

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22
Q

What two chlorophylls are used in photosynthesis and what are their corresponding photosystems? (these are numbers)

A

P700-PS1, P680-PS2

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23
Q

What occurs in the chloroplasts? What are the strutures inside it?

A

Photosynthesis occurs here which uses up carbon, water and light energy to produce glucose and oxygen. It is made of the thylakoid, lumen, stroma, intermembrane space, and granum.

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24
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

A coenzyme is a more specific name for a organic cofactor. Which are made from vitamins.

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25
Q

What is a cofactor? And name examples of organic and inorganic cofactors?

A

A cofactor is a non protein helper that assists in catalistic activities by helping to preform chemical functions. Examples of inorganic cofactors inclued zinc, iron and copper in ionic form. An example of an organic cofactor is coenzymes.

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26
Q

How does a competitive inhibitor affect the productivity of an enzyme?

A

Competitive inhibitors reduce the productivity of the enzyme by mimicing substrates and blocking them from entering the active site.

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27
Q

How do consumers get their energy? How is it lost as consumers obtain food?

A

Consumers get their energy by eating other things. The primary consumers gain 1000 J, secondary consumers gain 100 J, teritary gain 10 J of energy.

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28
Q

Why is it helpful for cristae to be folded?

A

The folds increase the surface area of the cristae, allowing oxidative phosphorylation to occur faster.

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29
Q

Why are detritovores important in their ecosystems?

A

They break down organic waste and release CO2 and nitrates, which are used by plants.

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30
Q

Where does this occur and how much ATP does it produce in aerobic respiration?

A

It occurs in the cristae, and it produces 26 to 28 ATP per cycle.

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31
Q

What does endergonic mean, and what is an example of an endergonic reaction?

A

In endergonic reactions, energy is absorbed. An example of this is photosynthesis.

32
Q

How does energy flow through an ecosystem?

A

It comes from the Sun, and is absorbed by producers, then by primary consumers, then seconday consumers, then decomposers, then back to producers. Most of the energy is lost as heat.

33
Q

What is entropy?

A

Enthropy is the measure of randomness or disorder.

34
Q

When does something have a high or low enthropy?

A

If it’s organized and stable it has low enthropy and when it’s disorganized and unstable it has high enthropy.

35
Q

What are the different types of enzyme inhibition?

A

The types of enzyme inhibition include competitive inhibition, noncompetitive inhibition, and allosteric inhibition.

36
Q

How do enzymes affect the activation energy in a reaction?

A

Enzymes lower the activation energy in a reaction to speed up the reaction.

37
Q

What is an enzyme-substrate complex?

A

An enzyme-substrate complex is when the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme.

38
Q

What does exergonic mean, and what is an example of an enxergonic reaction?

A

In exergonic reactions, energy is released. An example is cellular respiration.

39
Q

a. What direction does the energy move in an exergonic reaction? b. Which parts of photosynthesis and respiration are exergonic?

A

a. It moves out of the reaction into the environment. b. Gycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle and the Electron Transport System are exergonic.

40
Q

Where is FADH2 formed?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix during the Kreb’s Cycle.

41
Q

How is fermentation different from aerobic respiration?

A

Fermentation does not require oxygen, it occurs entirely in the cytoplasm, and it is less efficient that respiration.

42
Q

What are the trophic levels of a food chain?

A

Producers, herbivores (primary consumers) and carnivores (secondary and tertiary consumers).

43
Q

What do the arrows in a food web represent?

A

They show the direction of energy flow. They move from what is being eaten to what is eating it.

44
Q

How do light dependent reactions make energy?

A

The cyclic and noncyclic electron pathway. In cyclic photons absorbed by PSI, reaction center releases electron to the ETS, as the electron move down the concentration gradient energy is released in the form of H+ ions and ATP is produced through ATP synthase. In the non-cyclic electrons from water splitting in PSII are excited by photons and go to the reaction center and then to the ETS, ATP is produced, Next they go to PSI where they are stored as NADPH. Both occur in the thylakoid.

45
Q

How does the Calvin cycle work?

A

Occurs in stroma. Incorporates CO2 from atmosphere into and organic compound (carbon fixation), then CO2 is reduced and then regenerated to form RuBp

46
Q

What processes occur in the matrix?

A

The link reaction brings the molecules to the matrix and the Krebs cycle occur here.

47
Q

What occurs here?

A

Cellular respiration

48
Q

What is the role of NAD+

A

A coenzyme, the oxidizing agent in respiration. Carries the electrons from the krebs cycle on the matrix to the ETS in the cristae.

49
Q

What is the role of NADP+

A

NADP+ is the main electron carrier in photosynthesis. It accepts 2 electrons and 1 hydrogen to make NADPH which is then carried to the Calvin Cycle to donate its electrons.

50
Q

How do noncompetitive inhibitors differ from competitive inhibitors?

A

Noncompetitive inhibitors bind not to the desired active site but to some other site; this causes the enzyme shape to change, resulting in a change in the desired active site, prohibiting the substrate to enter. Competitive inhibitors compete directly with the substrate by binding (weak interaction) to the site where the substrate should be.

51
Q

What are some examples of nutrient cycles?

A

Carbon Cycle, Water Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle

52
Q

Given the following equation, identify which reactant is being oxidized: HCl + Ag –> H2 + AgCl

A

Ag

53
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation and why is it important?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation is when the energy from electrons cascading down the ETS eventually meet the terminal oxygen atom (termianl electron acceptor) and bond to it, giving off energy which is then used to make ATP.

54
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

In photophosphorylation, light energy is used to create ATP from ADP

55
Q

What is photosynthesis? What is the equation as well?

A

6CO2+6H2O+Light Energy—–> C6H12O6+6O2. Photosynthesis is the process of taking in inorganic materials and creating usable chmeical energy form those inorganic materials.

56
Q

Where are photosystems I and II located? And, what do they create?

A

Photosystems I and II are located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Photosystem I creates ATP and photosystem II creates ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.

57
Q

What is photorespiration? What is required for photorespiration?

A

A process in which plants take in oxygen and produce CO2 and ATP. This occurs because the active site of rubisco can accept O2 and CO2. Photorespiration occurs when the weather is hot, dry, or bright, so that plants don’t open stomata to reduce water loss.

58
Q

What are primary producers? How do they produce their food?

A

Primary producers are the organisms in an ecosystem that produce biomass from inorganic compounds (autotrophs). IThey are mostly photosynthetically active organisms

59
Q

What are primary consumers and secondary consumers?

A

Primary consumers are usually herbivores, feeding on plants and fungus. Secondary consumers, on the other hand, are mainly Carnivore and prey other animals. Omnivores, who feed on both plants and animals, can also be considered a secondary consumer.

60
Q

Where do producers get their energy?

A

An autotrophic organism that can produce complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules through the process of photosynthesis (using light energy) or through chemosynthesis.

61
Q

What is pyruvate? What does pyruvate produce?

A

Pyruvate is used and synthesized by many metabolic pathways. In energy generation, it can be either converted to lactate under anaerobic conditions, or broken down to water and carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen, generating large amounts of ATP.

62
Q

What is chemiosmosis? How does it generate ATP?

A

Chemiosmosis is the flow of H+ ions from high to low concentration through ATP Synthase. The flow of ions creates enough energy to add a phosphate group to ADP making ATP

63
Q

How is Chemiosmosis different in photsynthesis and Cellular respiration?

A

In photosynthesis, the H+ ions are pumped into the thylakoid space of the chloroplast and they exit through ATP synthase to make ATP in the stroma. In cellular respiration, the H+ ions are pumped out of the matrix into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria and they enter back into the matrix through ATP synthase to make ATP in the matrix.

64
Q

What is meant by an absorption spectrum of a pigment?

A

An absorption spectrum is when light absorption is plotted against light wavelength. It allows us to see the ability of different pigments to absorb light at different wavelengths.

65
Q

What is an accesory pigment? What do they do?

A

Accesory pigments expand the range of wavelengths available for photosynthesis.

66
Q

What is acetyl CoA? What is it used for?

A

Acetyl CoA is made when pyruvate is oxidized to an acetyl group attached to coenzyme A, and links glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle.

67
Q

What are the main features of an action spectrum?

A

Action spectrums profile the effectiveness of different wavelength lights in fueling photosynthesis by plotting wavelength against some measure of photosynthetic rate (e.g. CO2 production).

68
Q

What is activation energy and how do catalysts relate to it?

A

Activation energy is how much energy is required to begin a chemical reaction. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy.

69
Q

Where is an active site found?

A

An active site is found in enzymes and is the place where substrates are able to react with the enzyme

70
Q

What is an aerobic process?

A

An aerobic process is a process that consumes oxygen

71
Q

How does binding to allosteric sites inhibit substrate binding?

A

It changes the shape of the enzyme

72
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

A pathway that leads to the building of compounds

73
Q

What is an anaerobic process?

A

A process that does not consume oxygen

74
Q

Where is ATP generated in cellular respiration?

A

ATP is generated in cytoplasm in glycolisis, in the matrix during the Krebs cycle, and in the intermembrane space during oxidative phosphorylation.

75
Q

How are autotrophs different from heterotrophs?

A

Autotrophs create their own food for energy and do not depend on other organisms.

76
Q

What are catabolic pathways?

A

Catabolic pathways are pathways that lead to the breaking down of complex molecules to create simpler ones and energy. An example of this is the breaking down of glucose to create energy(ATP), CO2, and H2O.

77
Q

How do catalysts affect the rate of a reaction?

A

Catalysts increase the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy (Ea) of a reaction.

AP Biology 2014 - 2015 (10 decks)

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