Unit 5: Cognition MOAL Flashcards
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable unit: often occurs automatically
Echoic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds
Encoding
the process of getting information into the memory system for example, by extracting memory
Episodic Memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory events (semantic memory)
Iconic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Long-term Memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Long-term Potential (LTP)
an increase in a cell firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation a neural basis for learning and memory
Mnemonic Device
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Mood-congruent Memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
Priming
the activation often unconsciously, of certain associations, this predisposes one’s perception, memory, or response
Recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-blank test
Recognition
a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
Relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning materiel again
Retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
Semantic Memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of two conscious memory systems (episodic memory)
Sensory Memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Serial Position Effect
our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the digits of a phone number while calling before information is stored or forgotten
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed or practice to yield better long-term memory retention than mass memory
Storage
the process of retaining encoded information overtime
Working Memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and information retrieved from long-term memory
anterograde amnesia
the inability to form new memories
misinformation effect
occurs when misleading information has distorted one’s memory of an event
proactive interference
the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information
retroactive interference
the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information
Retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one’s part
Source Amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined. Source amnesia, and with misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories
Acoustic encoding
encoding sounds, especially the sound of words
Cerebellum
involved in classical conditioning
context-dependent memory
improved recall of specific episodes of information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same
Effortful processing
encoding that requires effort and attention
Elizabeth Loftus
verbiage brings in other memories- memory construction errors
Flashbulb Memory
clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. They tend the be biologically accurate
Herman Ebbinghaus
the creator of the learning curve
Hippocampus
consolidates information for long term memory storage
Information processing model
not using knowledge new information will replace it
Method of Loci
link imagery of items to familiar locations
Pollyanna principle
pleasant items/events are processed more efficiently and accurately than less pleasant one
Semantic Encoding
processing a word deeply by its meaning
State-dependent memory
what we learn in one state (high, tired, drunk, or sober) is easily recalled in that state
Visual encoding
is the use of imagery to process information into memory
Explicit Memory
retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”
Forgetting Curve
forgetting is initially rapid, then levels out with time
Implicit Memory
Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
Next-in-Line Effect
the cognitive bias that causes a person to have lower recall for events that happened right before or after a performance
Primacy Effect
earlier items are remembered better
Prospective Memory
remembering to remember to preform an action in the future
Recency Effect
items presented most recently (last) are easier to recall
Rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
Retention Curve
shows recall of information drops to below 50% within an hour and 25% within 2 days
Retrospective Memory
remembering things from the past (people, toys, events)
Self-Referencing Effect
processing information deemed important or relevant, making it easier to recall
Tip-of-the-Tongue
the temporary inability to remember something you know, which feels just out of reach. A failure in retrieval
Von Restroff Effect
peaks in memory in the middle of the lists surround important events
