Unit 1 Vocab: Foundations of Psychology Flashcards
The science of behavior and mental processes
Psychology
The idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge
Empiricism
An early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin, explored how mental and behavioral process function. How they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
Functionalism
The process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one’s own psychological process
Introspection
An early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener used introspection to reveal structure of human mind
Structuralism
An organized whole Gestalt psychologist emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information to whole words
Gestalet
Sigmund Freud- Father of modern psychology. Humans are born with instincts. Childhood experiences determine adult personality and everything happens for a reason
Psychodynamic perspective
Actively seek, evaluate, transform, and transmit information. How people acquire, store, and process information. Reality is different for everyone. Jean Piaget
Cognitive Perspective
Behavior is learned through interaction with the environment. Learn to predict events. Similar to animals consequences and rewards. Watson, Pavlov, Skinner
Behavioral Perspective
Inherit goodness of human beings, how do people reach full potential, human growth, free will, positive regard
Humanistic Perspective
Behaviors thoughts and emotions are explained by physical events in the nervous system and endocrine system. Genetics, brain chemicals, and Medical doctor
Biological Perspective
Behaviors and mental traits have evolved as adaptations- products of natural selection. Nature v Nurture
Evolutionary Perspective
Strongly Influenced by social, ethnic, and cultural context. Ethnic, age, discrimination. Gender roles key aspects identity
Socio-Cultural Perspective
Focused on human health through complex interactions of biology, psychology, and social cultural
Biopsychosocial Perspective
The principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment most likely passed on through generations.
Nature-Nurture
Established first psychology lab, known as the father of modern psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
First American to work with wundt. Founded APA, ran first US Psychology lab at John Hopkins
G. Stanley Hall
created functionalism school of thought, early american psychologist teacher and philosopher. Author of first textbook of psychology.
William James
First female president of APA, student of William James, denied PhD from Harvard because of her gender.
Mary Whiton Calkins
Founder of little Albert
John Watson
found classical conditions in animals, test on dog `
Ivan Pavlov
Operant Conditioning
B.F Skinner
Found psychology humanistic
Carl Rogers
theory of cognitive development in children
Jean Piaget
Evolutionary theorist, found the idea of natural selection
Charles Darwin
First female to be awarded PhD in psychology, first female elected US national academy of Science. 2nd female president APA
Margaret Floy Washburn
American activist for mental health issues
Dorthea DIx
Father of modern Psychology
Sigmund Freud
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
Applied Research
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Basic Research
A branch of psychology that studies, abssesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Clinical Psychologist
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practiced by physicians who are licensed to provide medical treatment and psychological therapy
Psychiatry
A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitude or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative random sample of group
Survey
A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revaling universal principles
Case Study
A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate/control the situation
Naturalistic Observation
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study. Example human intelligence may be operationally defined as what intelligence means
Operational Definitions
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it- I-knew-it-all-along
Hindsight Bias
How we change our natural behavior based on whose watching
Hawthorne Effect
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Hypothesis
all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn
Population
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Random Sampling
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factors predict the other.
correlation
A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the 2 variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of correlation
Scatter plot
Upward slope in scatter plot 2 factors increase or decrease together
Positive Correlation
One variable increases and the other decreases
Negative Slope
Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger than actual relationship
Illusory Correlation
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behaviors or mental process
Experiment
In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
Experimental group
In an experiment, the group not exposed to treatment- contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of a treatment
Control Group
Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups
Random Assignment
A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results
Confounding Variable
In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated - the variable whose effect is being studied
Independent Variable
In an experiment, the outcome that is measured- the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated
Dependent Variable
An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research stuff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received treatment of of placebo commonly used in drug evaluation studies
Double-blind procedure
Experimental results caused by expectations alone: any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition. Which the recipient assumes is an active agent
Placebo
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings can be reproduced
Replication
researchers must provide
“ humane care and healthful” and “ testing should minimize discomfort”
APA Guidelines
The post experimental explanation of a study including its purpose and any deceptions, to its perceptions
Debrief
Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
Informed Conset
