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AP Psych > Unit 1 Vocab: Foundations of Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 1 Vocab: Foundations of Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

The science of behavior and mental processes

A

Psychology

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2
Q

The idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge

A

Empiricism

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3
Q

An early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin, explored how mental and behavioral process function. How they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

A

Functionalism

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4
Q

The process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one’s own psychological process

A

Introspection

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5
Q

An early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener used introspection to reveal structure of human mind

A

Structuralism

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6
Q

An organized whole Gestalt psychologist emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information to whole words

A

Gestalet

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7
Q

Sigmund Freud- Father of modern psychology. Humans are born with instincts. Childhood experiences determine adult personality and everything happens for a reason

A

Psychodynamic perspective

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8
Q

Actively seek, evaluate, transform, and transmit information. How people acquire, store, and process information. Reality is different for everyone. Jean Piaget

A

Cognitive Perspective

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9
Q

Behavior is learned through interaction with the environment. Learn to predict events. Similar to animals consequences and rewards. Watson, Pavlov, Skinner

A

Behavioral Perspective

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10
Q

Inherit goodness of human beings, how do people reach full potential, human growth, free will, positive regard

A

Humanistic Perspective

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11
Q

Behaviors thoughts and emotions are explained by physical events in the nervous system and endocrine system. Genetics, brain chemicals, and Medical doctor

A

Biological Perspective

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12
Q

Behaviors and mental traits have evolved as adaptations- products of natural selection. Nature v Nurture

A

Evolutionary Perspective

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13
Q

Strongly Influenced by social, ethnic, and cultural context. Ethnic, age, discrimination. Gender roles key aspects identity

A

Socio-Cultural Perspective

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14
Q

Focused on human health through complex interactions of biology, psychology, and social cultural

A

Biopsychosocial Perspective

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15
Q

The principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment most likely passed on through generations.

A

Nature-Nurture

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16
Q

Established first psychology lab, known as the father of modern psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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17
Q

First American to work with wundt. Founded APA, ran first US Psychology lab at John Hopkins

A

G. Stanley Hall

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18
Q

created functionalism school of thought, early american psychologist teacher and philosopher. Author of first textbook of psychology.

A

William James

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19
Q

First female president of APA, student of William James, denied PhD from Harvard because of her gender.

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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20
Q

Founder of little Albert

A

John Watson

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21
Q

found classical conditions in animals, test on dog `

A

Ivan Pavlov

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22
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

B.F Skinner

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23
Q

Found psychology humanistic

A

Carl Rogers

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24
Q

theory of cognitive development in children

A

Jean Piaget

25
Q

Evolutionary theorist, found the idea of natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

26
Q

First female to be awarded PhD in psychology, first female elected US national academy of Science. 2nd female president APA

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

27
Q

American activist for mental health issues

A

Dorthea DIx

28
Q

Father of modern Psychology

A

Sigmund Freud

29
Q

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

A

Applied Research

30
Q

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

A

Basic Research

31
Q

A branch of psychology that studies, abssesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

A

Clinical Psychologist

32
Q

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practiced by physicians who are licensed to provide medical treatment and psychological therapy

A

Psychiatry

33
Q

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitude or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative random sample of group

A

Survey

34
Q

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revaling universal principles

A

Case Study

35
Q

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate/control the situation

A

Naturalistic Observation

36
Q

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study. Example human intelligence may be operationally defined as what intelligence means

A

Operational Definitions

37
Q

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it- I-knew-it-all-along

A

Hindsight Bias

38
Q

How we change our natural behavior based on whose watching

A

Hawthorne Effect

39
Q

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

A

Hypothesis

40
Q

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

A

Population

41
Q

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

A

Random Sampling

42
Q

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factors predict the other.

A

correlation

43
Q

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the 2 variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of correlation

A

Scatter plot

44
Q

Upward slope in scatter plot 2 factors increase or decrease together

A

Positive Correlation

45
Q

One variable increases and the other decreases

A

Negative Slope

46
Q

Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger than actual relationship

A

Illusory Correlation

47
Q

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behaviors or mental process

A

Experiment

48
Q

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

A

Experimental group

49
Q

In an experiment, the group not exposed to treatment- contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of a treatment

A

Control Group

50
Q

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups

A

Random Assignment

51
Q

A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results

A

Confounding Variable

52
Q

In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated - the variable whose effect is being studied

A

Independent Variable

53
Q

In an experiment, the outcome that is measured- the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

A

Dependent Variable

54
Q

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research stuff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received treatment of of placebo commonly used in drug evaluation studies

A

Double-blind procedure

55
Q

Experimental results caused by expectations alone: any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition. Which the recipient assumes is an active agent

A

Placebo

56
Q

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings can be reproduced

A

Replication

57
Q

researchers must provide
“ humane care and healthful” and “ testing should minimize discomfort”

A

APA Guidelines

58
Q

The post experimental explanation of a study including its purpose and any deceptions, to its perceptions

A

Debrief

59
Q

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

A

Informed Conset

AP Psych (8 decks)

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