Module 31-32

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Question 2

recall

Answer 2

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in blank test

Question 3

recognition

Answer 3

a measure of memory identifies items previously learned like a multiple choice test

Question 4

relearning

Answer 4

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning materiel again

Question 5

encoding

Answer 5

the process of getting information into the memory system- extracting meaning

Question 6

storage

Answer 6

the process of retaining encoded information overtime

Question 7

retrieval

Answer 7

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 8

parallel processing

Answer 8

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions

Question 9

sensory memory

Answer 9

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 10

short-term memory

Answer 10

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgetten

Question 11

long-term memory

Answer 11

the relatively permanent and limitless store house of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Question 12

working memory

Answer 12

a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long term memory

Question 13

Iconic Memory

Answer 13

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-imaging memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 14

Echoic Memory

Answer 14

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds

Question 15

Chunking

Answer 15

Organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurring automatically

Question 16

Mnemonics

Answer 16

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 17

Spacing Effect

Answer 17

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practive

Question 18

Testing effect

Answer 18

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also sometimes referred to as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

Question 19

Shallow Processing

Answer 19

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 20

Deep processing

Answer 20

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Question 21

semantic memory

Answer 21

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems

Question 22

episodic memory

Answer 22

explicit memory or personally experienced events: one of out of 2 conscious memory systems

Question 23

hippocampus

Answer 23

a neural center located in the limbic system; help process explicit (conscious) memories- or facts and events- for storage

Question 24

flashbulb memory

Answer 24

a clear, sustained memory at an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 25

long-term potential

Answer 25

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory

Question 26

priming

Answer 26

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Question 27

encoding specificity principle

Answer 27

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Question 28

Mood-congruent memory

Answer 28

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

Question 29

Serial Position Effect

Answer 29

our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list