Module 31-32 Flashcards
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in blank test
recognition
a measure of memory identifies items previously learned like a multiple choice test
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning materiel again
encoding
the process of getting information into the memory system- extracting meaning
storage
the process of retaining encoded information overtime
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
parallel processing
processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgetten
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless store house of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long term memory
Iconic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-imaging memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Echoic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurring automatically
Mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Spacing Effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practive
Testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also sometimes referred to as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
Shallow Processing
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
Deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems
episodic memory
explicit memory or personally experienced events: one of out of 2 conscious memory systems
hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; help process explicit (conscious) memories- or facts and events- for storage
flashbulb memory
a clear, sustained memory at an emotionally significant moment or event
long-term potential
an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
Mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood
Serial Position Effect
our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list
