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Applied science > Unit 5 chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 5 chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you convert from oc to K?

A

Add 273

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2
Q

What is enthalpy?

A

the total heat content of a system

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3
Q

what are the standard conditions needed for enthalpy?

A

pressure of 100kPa, temperature of 298K (250C) and for Reactants and products to be in physical states.

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4
Q

What is the symbol for standard conditions?

A

ɵ

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5
Q

What are the units for enthalpy change?

A

Joules per mole

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6
Q

What is meant by system?

A

a set of things working together as parts of a mechanism

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7
Q

What is meant by surroundings?

A

the things and conditions around a certain item.

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8
Q

What is the enthalpy change of formation definition?

A

When one mole of a substance is formed from its original elements in their standard state under standard conditions

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9
Q

What is the enthalpy change of hydration definition?

A

The energy released when one mole of gaseous ions are dissolved in water under standard conditions

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10
Q

What is the enthalpy change of combustion definition?

A

When one mole of a substance is burned completely in oxygen under standard conditions

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11
Q

What is the enthalpy change of reaction definition?

A

Energy change when reactants form products in molar quantities under standard conditions

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12
Q

When the reaction is exothermic, is the energy change positive or negative?

A

Negative

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13
Q

When the reaction is endothermic, is the energy change positive or negative?

A

Positive

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14
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound made up of just hydrogen and carbon atoms

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15
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane?

A

Cn H2n+2

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16
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

Cn H2n

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17
Q

What are the names of the first 6 alkanes?

A

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane

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18
Q

What are the prefixes for branched alkanes with a chain length of 1 - 4 carbons?

A

Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl, Butyl

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19
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

A compound that has the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

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20
Q

What is a cycloalkane?

A

a hydrocarbon with a molecule containing a ring of carbon atoms joined by single bonds.

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21
Q

Why does the boiling and melting point of alkanes increase with chain length?

A
  • As the carbon chain gets longer, there are more electrons in a molecule.
  • There are more stronger intermolecular forces between the molecules.
  • it takes more energy to break these forces
22
Q

What are the names of the first 6 alkenes?

A
  • Ethene
  • Propene
  • Butene
  • Pentene
  • Hexene
23
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

each of two or more compounds differing only in the spatial arrangement of their atoms.

24
Q

What is a symmetrical alkene?

A

in whose molecule the doubly bonded carbons bear the same ligands.

25
Q

How do you test for an alkene?

A

A simple test with bromine water

26
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.

27
Q

What is a unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

that have double or triple covalent bonds between adjacent carbon atoms

28
Q

Describe sigma bonds.

A

the strongest type of covalent chemical bond. They are formed by head-on overlapping between atomic orbitals.

29
Q

Describe pi bonds.

A

Covalent chemical bonds where two lobes of an orbital overlap two lobes of an orbital on another atom and this overlap occurs laterally.

30
Q

What is electron pair repulsion theory?

A

to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms.

31
Q

What are the bond angles for 4 bonding electron pairs, 3 bonding electron pairs and 2 bonding electron pairs?

A

2- 180 degrees
3- 120 degrees
4- 109.5 degrees

32
Q

Which bond is stronger: sigma or pi bonds?

A

Sigma bond

33
Q

which bond is stronger: single or double bonds?

A

Double bond

34
Q

What is the word equation for the combustion reaction (complete)?

A

Fuel + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + water

35
Q

What is the word equation for the combustion reaction (incomplete)?

A

Fuel + Oxygen → Carbon monoxide + water + carbon

36
Q

Why is combustion of fuels important?

A

The energy that the reaction produces can be used to heat water, cook food, generate electricity or even power vehicles.

37
Q

What are the conditions for halogenation?

A

Uv light and heat

38
Q

What is homolytic fission.

A

chemical bond dissociation of a molecular bond by a process where each of the fragments gains one of the originally bonded electrons.

39
Q

What is a free radical?

A

an uncharged molecule (typically highly reactive and short-lived) having an unpaired electron.

40
Q

What are the three steps of a free radical substitution reaction and state what happens in each step.

A
  • Initiation- creates a radical species.
  • Propagation- Once a reactive free radical is generated, it can form new free radicals.
  • Termination- two free radical species react with each other to form a stable, non-radical adduct.
41
Q

What factors affect the standard enthalpy change of hydration?

A
  • Charge on the ion

- Size of the ion

42
Q

What is the equation for calculating the standard enthalpy of a reaction?

A

Sum of standard enthalpy of products- Sum of standard enthalpy of reactants

43
Q

What is the equation for calculating the standard enthalpy of a formation?

A

Sum of standard enthalpy of elements- Sum of standard enthalpy of compound

44
Q

What are the 5 stages of the bayer process?

A
  • Crush the Bauxite
  • Removal of any impurities
  • filter out solid impurities
  • Allow it to crystalise to Al (OH)3
  • Heat it in a rotary kiln to form Alumia
45
Q

What are the 2 stages of the Kroll process?

A

1- Titanium oxide, coke and chlorine are heated together at 900 degrees to form titanium chloride
2- Magnesium is used as a reducing agent to form titanium

46
Q

What are the raw materials for the contact process?

A

Sulfur + air + water

47
Q

In a diaphragm cell, what metal is the anode made out of?

A

Titanium

48
Q

In a diaphragm cell, what metal is the cathode made out of?

A

Steel

49
Q

In a diaphragm cell, what is produced at the cathode

A

brine containing sodium hydroxide + hydrogen gas

50
Q

In a diaphragm cell, what is produced at the anode

A

Chlorine gas

51
Q

In a membrane cell,what metal is the anode made out of?

A

titanium

52
Q

In a membrane cell,what metal is the cathode made out of?

A

nickel

Applied science (5 decks)

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