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Applied science > Biology unit 1 > Flashcards

Biology unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Multicellular organism that contains a nucleus

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Single-celled organism containing single stranded dna

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3
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Image size/actual size

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4
Q

What is gram staining?

A

Technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria as being gram positive or gram negative.

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5
Q

Positives of electron microscope?

A
  • Ability to produce powerful magnification

- Offers a high resolution

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6
Q

Negatives of electron microscope?

A
  • Very costly
  • It is very large
  • Requires high maintenance
  • Difficult to identify artifacts
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7
Q

Positives of light microscope?

A
  • Ability to observe living things
  • Can observe a wide range of biological activity
  • Easy and cheap to use
  • Colour
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8
Q

Negatives of light microscope?

A
  • Difficult to identify artifacts

- Low magnification and resolution

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9
Q

Function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies and packages proteins.

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10
Q

Function of the plasmodesmata?

A

Enables transport and communication between plant cells.

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11
Q

What organelles are found in plant cells but not animal cells?

A
  • Vacuole
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplast
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12
Q

How does the ultrastructure of a bacterium capsule prevent dehydration?

A

The capsule is selectively permeable which stops water from leaving.

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13
Q

Name the ribosome found in bacteria?

A

70-s

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14
Q

What is the job of ribosomes?

A

To make proteins

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15
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Sex cell

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16
Q

What damage can smoking cause?

A
  • Loses elasticity

- Causes scarring and inflammation

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17
Q

What are cilia?

A

They are small hair-like protuberances on the outside of eukaryotic cells.

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18
Q

What is the function of the midpiece of a human sperm cell?

A

Many mitochondria to supply energy for movement

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19
Q

What is the function of root hairs in plant cell

A
  • Increase surface area

- Movement of water and minerals

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20
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast in plant cells?

A

Photosynthesis

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21
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their function?

A

Biconcave disk to increase surface area

No nucleus to increase space for more haemoglobin.

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22
Q

What is the function of a neutrophil cell?

A

Immune response

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23
Q

how do neutrophil cells help defend the body?

A

Producing antobodies

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24
Q

What do nuclear pores allow?

A

Transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope

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25
Q

What is the function of squamous epithelial tissue and where is it located?

A

Alveoli-short diffusion pathway for the movement of gases

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26
Q

How can arteriosclerosis develop?

A

Build up of fatty deposits in the arteries

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27
Q

What is the function of endothelial tissue?

A

Lines the tissue in the heart and blood vessels to protect them

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28
Q

How do ciliated columnar epithelial tissue protect the lungs?

A
  • cilia on the surface of the trachea
  • Goblet cells secrete the mucus
  • Mucus traps the pathogens
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29
Q

Name the units for size

A 
Milimetre(mm)
x 1000
Micrometer(um)
x1000
Nanometer(nm)
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30
Q

Squamous epithelial tissue line what

A

Alveoli

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31
Q

Coloumnar epithelial tissue lines the…

32
Q

Squamous epithelial cells are …

A
  • One cell thick
  • present in the alveoli
  • used for rapid diffusion
33
Q

Columnar epithelial cells are …

A

Have cilia on the surface
Present in the trachea
Have goblet cells

34
Q

Animal cell components and their function

A

Mitochondria- to perform cellular respiration.
Ribosomes- makes proteins
Plasma membrane- to protect the cell from its surroundings.
Lysosome - They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
Vesicle - They can be used to move molecules, secrete substances, digest materials, or regulate the pressure in the cell.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- the synthesis of lipids,
Rough endoplasmic reticulum- to produce proteins.
Vacuole- Contains cell sap
Cytoplasm- It helps to fill out the cell and keeps organelles in their place
Golgi apparatus- packages proteins
Nucleus- Contains DNA and genetic information
Nucleolus- makes ribosomes

35
Q

What is the counterstain for gram staining

36
Q

What does iodine do in gram staining?

A

crystallizes the bacteria

37
Q

What does palisade mesophyll cell have lots of?

A

Chloroplast

38
Q

What is actin?

A

The thin filament

39
Q

What is myosin?

A

The thick filament

40
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • Cardiac: muscle tissue in the heart
  • Smooth: Controlled by the autonomic nervous system
  • Skeletal: under conscious control. Often attaches to bones and allows movement.
41
Q

Describe the process of atherosclerosis?

A

Endothelial tissue are damaged

  • WBC go to site of damage
  • WBC form plaque
  • Muscle cells form over the plaque
  • Over time this breaks and causes blockages.
42
Q

What is the A band?

A

Thick and thin

43
Q

What is the H zone?

A

Thick only

44
Q

What is the I band?

45
Q

What does tropomyosin do?

A

Stops myosin from binding to the actin

46
Q

Describe the structure of actin?

A
  • Thin filaments
  • Long protein molecules that form chains twisted around each other
  • Has myosin binding sites
47
Q

Describe the structure of myosin?

A
  • Thick filament
  • Fibrous protein with globular head at one end
  • Head region has an ATPase activity and an actin binding site
48
Q

Describe the structure of titin?

A
  • Large abundant protein of striated muscle
  • Stabilises the myosin filaments
  • Prevents overstretch and allows muscle to recoil
49
Q

What do the ion channels do?

A
  • Two ions in nerve impulse are na+ and k+
  • Phospholipid bilayer of the axon prevents na+ and k+ ions diffusing across it
  • Voltage gated ion channel can be opened/closed tp allow facilitated diffusions of Na+ and K+
  • Channels are normally closed
50
Q

What does the Na+/K+ pump do?

A
  • Actively transports Na+ and K+

- Uses atp to pump 3Na+ and 2K+ in and out of the cell

51
Q

Name the 7 stages of action potential?

A
  • Resting potential
  • Stimulus
  • Depolarisation
  • Action potential
  • Repolarisation
  • Hyperpolarisation
  • Refractory period
52
Q

What is the function of the tonoplast?

A

selectively permeable to allow small molecules to pass through

53
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Ensure a rigid framework in the cell

54
Q

What is the function of the amyloplast?

A

Responsible for the synthesis and storage of starch

55
Q

What is the function of the pits?

A

Allows water to enter and leave the xylem vessels

56
Q

What is the function of the grana?

A

site of light dependant reactions of photosynthesis

57
Q

What is the function of a neutrophil cell?

A

immune response

58
Q

What is gram staining?

A

technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria

59
Q

What type of ribosome is found in bacteria?

60
Q

Where can atheroma be formed?

A

Endothelial tissue

61
Q

During muscle contraction, the A band….

A

Stays the same length

62
Q

During muscle contraction, the H zone…

A

Gets shorter

63
Q

What happens during the refractory period?

A

Sodium channels are inactive

64
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

to perform cellular respiration.

65
Q

What are the two functions of plasmids in bacteria?

A
  • contains genes

- Allow genes to be transferred

66
Q

What are the contractile proteins found in a myofibril?

A

Myosin and actin

67
Q

What is the cell surface membrane of a skeletal muscle cell?

A

Sarcolemma

68
Q

What are 6 specialised cells?

A
  • Palisade mesophyll
  • Egg
  • Red blood cell
  • White blood cell
  • Root hair
  • Sperm
69
Q

What is the tip of the sperm cell called?

70
Q

What is in the middle part of the sperm cell?

A

Mitochondria

71
Q

What is the tail of the sperm cell called?

A

Undulipodium

72
Q

What is the outer protective layer of the egg cell called?

A

Zona pellucida

73
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

They make up muscle cells and are composed of two filaments; actin and myosin.

74
Q

What are the components of fast twitch muscle fibres?

A
  • Used for fast movements
  • Fast contraction speed
  • Anaerobic respiration
  • Low number of mitochondria
  • Lower number of blood vessels
75
Q

What are the components of slow twitch muscle fibres?

A
  • Used for endurance movements
  • slow contraction speed
  • Aerobic respiration
  • High number of mitochondria
  • Higher number of blood vessels
76
Q

What is noradrenaline?

A

Found in neurons that regulate heart rate,breathing rate and brain activity.

Applied science (5 decks)

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