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Applied science > Unit 5 biology > Flashcards

Unit 5 biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the pathway of air.

A

Nasal cavity, mouth, Pharynx, larynx, Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

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2
Q

How many alveoli does an adult human have?

A

500-700 million

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3
Q

What is special about alveoli to allow gaseous exchange?

A

Their cells are one cell thick and contain squamous epithelial cells.

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4
Q

During inspiration, what happens to the diaphragm?

A

Contracts and flattens

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5
Q

During inspiration, what happens to the rib cage?

A

Moves upwards and outwards

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6
Q

During inspiration, what happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity?

A

Increases

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7
Q

During expiration, what happens to the diaphragm?

A

Pushes upwards and expands

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8
Q

During expiration, what happens to the rib cage?

A

Inwards and downwards

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9
Q

During expiration, what happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity?

A

Decreases

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10
Q

What is the process of mechanical ventilation?

A
  • Air is pumped into the lungs by an endotracheal tube.
  • This increases the pressure allowing air to flow inside of the airways.
  • The pressure then drops to zero.
  • Then the chest and lungs contract and push the air in the lungs out through passive expiration.
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11
Q

In the heart, what chamber is top left?

A

right atrium

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12
Q

In the heart, what chamber is top right?

A

Left atrium

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13
Q

In the heart, what chamber is bottom left?

A

right ventricle

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14
Q

In the heart, what chamber is bottom right?

A

left ventricle

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15
Q

What pumps blood into the right atrium?

A

Vena cava

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16
Q

What valve connects the right atrium to the right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

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17
Q

Where does blood go when it reached the right ventricle?

A

Pulmonary artery

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18
Q

What pumps blood into the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary veins

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19
Q

What valve connects the left atrium to the left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid valve

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20
Q

Where does blood go after it has reached the left ventricle?

A

Aorta

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21
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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22
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Carry blood towards the heart

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23
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Allows diffusion of gases and nutrients from blood into the body cells

24
Q

What size walls do Arteries have?

A

Thick, muscular

25
Q

What size walls do Veins have?

A

Thin muscular

26
Q

What size walls do Capillaries have?

A

One cell thick

27
Q

What is the size of arteries lumen?

A

Small

28
Q

What is the size of veins lumen?

A

Large

29
Q

What is the size of capillaries lumen?

A

Very small, only allows blood to pass through one cell at a time

30
Q

What is the purpose of valves in veins?

A

Stop the backflow of blood.

31
Q

What blood vessel are valves present in?

A

Veins

32
Q

Describe the structure of arteries.

A
  • Thick muscular wall
  • Layer of elastic muscle
  • Thin lumen
  • High pressure
33
Q

Describe the structure of veins.

A
  • Wide lumen
  • Valves
  • Thin walls
34
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries.

A

One cell thick
- They have an inner endothelial layer
They have an outer epithelial layer

35
Q

Name the four valves in the heart and where they are located in the heart.

A

tricuspid valve: located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
pulmonary valve: located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
mitral valve: located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
aortic valve: located between the left ventricle and the aorta.

36
Q

What is the role of valves?

A

Stop the backflow of blood

37
Q

What does the term ‘myogenic’ mean?

A

Functioning in a rhythmic pattern

38
Q

Describe the pathway of blood through the heart.

A

The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through the pulmonary valve. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle through the mitral valve. The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic valve out to the rest of the body.

39
Q

Distinguish between the systemic and pulmonary circuits.

A

The systematic system pumps blood from the heart to the body and back. Pulmonary system pumps blood to the lungs and back from the heart.

40
Q

Describe one cycle of the cardiac cycle and how pressure changes cause movement of blood.

A

One cycle is atrial systole which is when blood is pumped from the atria to the ventricles

41
Q

Explain why the sinoatrial node is commonly referred to as a pacemaker.

A

It generates a series of electrical impulses that regulates the rhythm of the heart.

42
Q

Describe how the cardiac cycle is controlled.

A

This is controlled by the cardiac conduction system and regulated by the medulla

43
Q

Name the 4 main parts of a urinary system

A
  • Kidney
  • Ureter
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
44
Q

Which arteriole that is linked to the Glomerulus is larger?

A

Afferent is larger than the efferent

45
Q

What arteriole takes blood into the glomerulus?

A

Afferent

46
Q

What arteriole takes blood out of the glomerulus?

A

Efferent

47
Q

How is the proximal convoluted tubule adapted for rapid absorption?

A
  • Large surface area due to microvilli

- Multiple mitochondria

48
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

active regulation of the water pressure of an organism’s body fluids

49
Q

In the kidney, where is the blood filtered?

A

Cortex

50
Q

What is the main role of the kidneys?

A

To remove urea from the blood.

51
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

process in the kidney by which urea, salt, water and glucose etc. is extracted from the blood.

52
Q

How does water move out of the loop of henle?

A

Osmosis

53
Q

What is selective reabsorption?

A

the process whereby certain molecules are reabsorbed from the filtrate as they pass through the nephron.

54
Q

What are the effects of ADH?

A

Makes the walls of the collecting duct permeable to water so more water move out by osmosis.

55
Q

Where is ADH released from?

A

Pituitary gland

Applied science (5 decks)

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