Unit 5: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

Question 1

what are the two types of anaerobic respiration?

Answer 1

1. Lactic acid fermentation
2. Alcohol fermentation

Question 2

What is the purpose of converting pyruvate to lactate during anaerobic cell respiration?

Answer 2

To regenerate NAD

When oxygen is not available to act as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, NADH cannot be oxidised and regenerated. This can result in a shortage of NAD+ and the stalling of glycolysis, which produces ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. To prevent this, some organisms, including humans, have the ability to convert pyruvate to lactate by using the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase.

Question 3

What is the name of the enzyme that is involved in the carboxylation of RuBP?

Answer 3

Rubisco

Question 4

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 4

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 5

how does ATP release energy?

Answer 5

ENergy is stored in the bonds of
ADP + Pi –> ATP (endergonic)

and releases energy when ATP is broken down and a phosphate is lost, because the bonds are unstable.
ATP –> ADP + P (exergonic)
the

Question 6

why do cells need ATP?

Answer 6

Glucose releases way too much energy and most would be lost as heat energy.
ATP is more efficient as less energy is lost.

Question 7

what is the structure of ATP? draw it:

what is the difference between ATP and ADP?

Answer 7

Made of 3 subunits:
- 5 carbon ribose sugar
- nitrogenous base (adenine)
- 3 phosphate groups

ADP has only 2 phosphate group.

Question 8

What are the five stages of cellular respiration?
Where do each of these stages occur?

Answer 8

1. Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
2. Link Reaction (matrix)
3. Krebs Cycle (matrix)
4. Electron Transport Chain (cristae of the matrix)
5. Chemiosmosis (cristae of the matrix)

Question 9

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 9

The controlled release of energy by enzymes.