Unit 1 - Health and Nutrition Flashcards
Monosaccharides of carbohydrates
glucose
fructose
deoxyribose
Monomers of carbs
monosaccharides
Monomers of lipids
Fatty acids and glycerol
define homeostasis
the maintenance of a constant internal environment
define homeostasis
the maintenance of a constant internal environment
What hormone lowers blood sugar levels
insulin
where is insulin produced/released
the pancreas
How and where does glucagon affect blood sugar levels
turns glycogen into glucose
in the liver
How and where does insulin lower blood sugar levels
by turning glucose into glycogen
in the liver
Cellular respiration is
the process through which cells convert fuel into energy and nutrients
what is stimulus
a change in the external environment
disaccharides of carbohydrates
sucrose
maltose
lactose
polysaccharides of carbohydrates
cellulose
starch
glycogen
sources of carbs in food
good source:
bread, rice, pasta, beans, corn
bad source:
soda, cookies, pastries, cakes, sweet desserts
What are the functions of mono and disaccharides
act as an energy source
what are the functions of polysaccharides
to store energy
what do we use energy for
heat production
active transport (movement of molecules across the cell membranes)
nerve impulse
cell division (growth)
respiration
muscle contraction and movement
equation for aerobic respiration
oxygen + glucose = water + carbon dioxide + ATP
equation for anaerobic respiration
glucose = lactic acid + ATP
what is oxygen debt
when the body needs to breathe in more oxygen to be able to break down the lactic acid build up in the muscles
where does cell respiration take place
in the mitochondria
what factors need to be controlled in the body (homeostasis)
blood sugar
temperature
water
pH
Diabetes type 1:
- what age does it develop
- what factors cause it
- what is it
- how can it be treated
- early childhood (can develop later)
- caused by genetics
- Not enough insulin is produced
- insulin shots / extra insulin
Diabetes type 2:
- what age does it develop
- what factors cause it
- what is it
- how can it be treated
- why is it becoming more prevalent
- can develop at any age
- unhealthy diet/lifestyle
- cells become resistant to insulin
- eating healthier and getting more exercise
- less active lifestyles and fast food is more accessible and cheap
what is a negative feedback loop
a reaction in a system that leads to a decrease of that reaction/a system that reduces the fluctuations in the output
what is epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants (causes and risk factors) of health-related states and events in specified populations.
what is correlation
when two things are related but not caused by each other
often related to a third factor
where is fat stored
how much fat can be stored
what molecule is “fat”
adipose tissue
it is a limitless storage
triglyceride
what is the name for the following:
1 glycerol + 1 fatty acid
1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid
monoglyceride
diglyceride
triglyceride
what happens to excess macromolecules (carbohydrates)
first any excess is converted from glucose to glycogen and stored in the liver
anything not stored in the lover is turned into triglyceride and is stored in adipose tissue
what is trans fat
what is its shape
fatty acids where the hydrogen bonds are on opposite sides of a double bond
it has a straight chain of carbons
what is cis fat
what is its shape
fatty acids where the hydrogen bonds are on the same side of a double bond
it has a kink/bend in a chain of carbons
what is saturated fat
what is its shape
a chain of fatty acids containing no double bonds
it has a straight chain of carbons
what is monounsaturated fat
what is its shape
a chain of fatty acids containing one double bonds
it puts a bend in a straight chain of carbons (angle depends on trans or cis)
what is polyunsaturated fat
what is its shape
a chain of fatty acids containing multiple double bonds
it puts a bend in a straight chain of carbons (angle depends on trans or cis)
which fatty acid is the worse in terms of health
why
trans fat
increases LDL cholesterol and decreases HDL cholesterol (double effect)
what fatty acid is the best in terms of health
why
polyunsaturated cis fat
increases HDL and lowers LDL
what does LDL stand for
is it bad or good
why/what does it do
Low density lipoprotein
Bad for your health
It carries fats and cholesterol around the body through the bloodstream and can harden/block the arteries.
what is cholesterol
where is it made
a lipid
liver
what does HDL stand for
is it bad or good
why/what does it do
High density lipoprotein
Good for your health
Removes cell impurities and picks up cholesterol in the body and delivers it back to the liver
what is CVD
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the general term used to describe conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels.
What is CHD
Coronary heart disease is the damage or disease in the heart’s major blood vessels
what increases risk of coronary heart disease
Diet: Diet high in trans and saturated fats (LDL)
Lifestyle: High in stress (increases blood pressure), low exercise, smoking
Genetics: diabetes, male, heritage
Why are trans fats more prevalent
Unsaturated fats don’t last for a long time so through a process called hydrogenation they are turned into saturated fats. When they are hydrogenated, sometimes the process is incomplete and creates trans unsaturated fats as a byproduct.
They are technically cheaper to leave in food and they make food last longer
functions of lipids
- energy storage
- buoyancy (water animals)
- insulation
- cell membrane
- waterproofing
- protection of organs
- steroid hormones
what foods are lipids found in
- fatty fishes and meats
- seeds
- nuts
- oils
- cheese
- butter
- chocolate
- avocado
what foods are trans fats found in
- fried food
- processed food
- commercial baked goods (cakes, cookies and pies)
- microwave popcorn
- frozen pizza.
- refrigerated dough (biscuits and rolls)
what foods are monounsaturated fats found in
- avocados
- peanuts
- seeds
- olive oil
what foods are polyunsaturated fats found in
- soybeans
- walnuts
- sunflower oil
- mackerel
- salmon
what foods are saturated fats found in
- coconut oil
- dairy
- fatty meats (sausages, bacon, cured meat)
- butter
- cakes and biscuits
- cheese
