Unit 2 - Bioethics Flashcards
What is reproduction?
The production of new organisms that resemble the parent organism(s).
What is asexual reproduction?
The production of new organisms that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in chromosomes.
What is sexual reproduction?
The production of new organisms through the combination of genetic information from two individuals of different sexes.
What is a gamete?
A female of male sex cell (egg/sperm)
What is a zygote?
a cell resulting from the fusion of a male and female gamete (fertilised egg cell)
What is an embryo?
A multicellular organism in the early stage in the development of an offspring - between week 2 and week 8 after fertilisation
What is fertilisation?
The fusion of gametes to produce a zygote
What is mitosis?
A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, used for the production of all cells except sex cells
What is meiosis?
A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, used for the production of gametes
What is a chromosome?
A substance found in the nucleus of a cell which contains a mixture of DNA and protein
What is a diploid?
A cell with two full sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent
What is a haploid?
A cell with 1 set of unpaired chromosomes
What does it mean when a chromosome is condensing and what stage of mitosis does it occur in?
Prophase:
When chromosomes go from threadlike structures itno a more thick and visible state (I to x)
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
- Rapid population growth
- Only requires 1 parent
- Quick and easy process to carry out
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
- Allows for genetic variation which allows a population to adapt to changes in the environment
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
- Allows for genetic variation which allows a population to adapt to changes in the environment
What are some examples of asexual reproduction?
Starfish, strawberries, cactus, hydra, bacteria
What types of cells does mitosis produce?
All cells except gametes
What types of cells does meiosis produce?
Only gametes
What are the five main stages of mitosis?
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telephase
How many cells does mitosis produce? How many chromosomes are in each cell?
2 cells
46 chromosomes
What are the main stages of meiosis?
Meiosis 1:
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telephase
Meiosis 2:
6. Prophase 2
7. Metaphase 2
8. Anaphase 2
9. Telephase 2
How does meiosis create genetically different cells? What stage does this occur in?
Prophase:
When the chromosomes double, they pair up in homologous pairs and “cross over”. When they cross over the exchange genetic information of the same location and purpose, and so the mother chromosome receives information from the father chromosome, and vice versa.
How many cells does meiosis produce? How many chromosomes are in each cell? What kind of division is meiosis?
4
23
Reduction division