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Biology > Unit 4 - DNA > Flashcards

Unit 4 - DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA?

A

A molecule that carries genetic information in a cell

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2
Q

What is the monomer of DNA?

A

A nucleotide

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3
Q

What is a nucleotide made of?

A
  • Phosphate
  • Sugar (deoxyribose)
  • Base
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4
Q

What bases can a nucleotide be made of?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
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5
Q

What is complementary base pairing? What does this mean in terms of bases?

A

It means that bases will always pair up with the same bases:
- Adenine and Thymine will always pair up
- Guanine and Cytosine will always pair up

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6
Q

How is DNA formed? What is its structure described as?

A

Nucleotides join together to form two longs strand of DNA, which then join together through hydrogen bonds that connect the complementary bases together. This structure is described as a double helix

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7
Q

Where is DNA found (eukaryotic cells)?

A

In chromosomes, which are found in the nucleus.

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8
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

DNA molecules and proteins

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9
Q

What are genes?

A

Stretches of DNA that code for a trait/characteristic

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10
Q

How would you describe the genetic code? (2 words)

A

Universal and redunant

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11
Q

What does DNA code for?

A

Proteins

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12
Q

What determines what protein DNA codes for?

A

The order of bases

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13
Q

What is a codon?

A

Three letter base sequence that codes for a specific protein

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14
Q

Why is the genetic code considered redundant?

A

There are 20 amino acids but with a three letter base sequence, there are 64 possible codons (4 bases to the power of three). There are more codons than needed.

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15
Q

What are mutations?

A

Irreversible changes to the genetic code

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16
Q

Why are mutations usually very harmful? What/who do they harm the most?

A

The are harmful because they change the codon sequence which will produce either a dysfunctional protein or the wrong protein.
They can severely impact your gametes and your future offspring.

17
Q

What is the name for something that causes a mutation? Give examples of these causes:

A

Mutagen:
- UV light
- Radiation
- Chemicals

18
Q

What are the three types of mutations? Which is the least harmful?

A
  • Substitution
  • Deletion
  • Addition
    Substitution is the least harmful because it doesn’t affect the rest of the following genetic sequences.
19
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A structure made out of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information in the form of genes.

20
Q

What base is different in an RNA strand?

A

Thymine turns into urasil

21
Q

What is an allele?

A

An alternative form of a gene

22
Q

What is a locus?

A

The location of a particular gene

23
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The physical appearance of an organism

24
Q

What is evolution?

A

A change in phenotype

25
Q

What is a telomere?

A

A stretch of non-coding DNA found at the end of a chromosome that protects the chromosome from damage during cell division

26
Q

What are some factors that cause ageing?

A
  • Decline of mitochondria function
  • Genetic damage
  • Shortening of telomeres
  • Decrease in stem cell quantity
  • Lack of protein control due to harmful substance build up
27
Q

What is parkinsons disease?

A

A progressive neurological brain disease where brain cells that produce dopamine are damaged

28
Q

What are the symptoms of parkinson’s?

A
  • tremors
  • stiffness
  • changes in speech
29
Q

What are the cures/preventions of parkinsons?

A
  • No cure
  • Deep brain stimulation mimics cells that have been damaged
  • Some medecines help slow the progress of the disease
  • aerobic exercise might help
30
Q

What is the cause of parkison’s?

A

There is no known cause

31
Q

What are the 6 stages of evolution?

A
  1. Variation + overpopulation
  2. Change in environment
  3. Struggle for existence
  4. Survival of the fittest
  5. Increased heritability
  6. Change in phenotype

Biology (5 decks)

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