UNIT 5 bio review guide Flashcards
Q: What is asexual reproduction?
A: Reproduction through a single parent.
Q: How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction?
A: One parent.
Q: How do offspring compare to the parent in asexual reproduction?
A: Offspring are exact clones with the same DNA and genetic makeup.
Q: Give an advantage of asexual reproduction.
A: It is more efficient.
Q: Give a disadvantage of asexual reproduction.
A: A population can be wiped out by a virus or disease targeting them.
Q: Define binary fission.
A: A form of asexual reproduction where an organism splits into a parent and smaller daughter cell.
Q: Define budding.
A: Offspring grows out of the parent cell until it separates and becomes its own organism.
Q: Define regeneration.
A: Lost parts of an organism grow into their own organisms.
Q: Define fragmentation.
A: An organism breaks into pieces, each becoming a new organism.
Q: Define vegetative propagation.
A: Plants produce offspring through a runner, which serves as the basis for the new organism.
Q: Where is DNA located in the cell?
A: In the nucleus.
Q: What is a gene?
A: Instructions for creating specific proteins located in DNA.
Q: What is the relationship between chromosomes and genes?
A: Chromosomes are made up of genes.
Q: List the DNA bases.
A: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine.
Q: How do DNA bases pair?
A: A - T, T - A, G - C, C - G.
Q: List the RNA bases.
A: Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine.
Q: How do RNA bases pair?
A: A - U, T - A, G - C, C - G.
Q: What is DNA’s sugar called?
A: Deoxyribose.
Q: What is RNA’s sugar called?
A: Ribose.
Q: What is DNA replication?
A: The process of copying DNA for growth and repair.
Q: Where does DNA replicate?
A: In the nucleus.
Q: List the main enzymes involved in DNA replication.
A: Helicase, Polymerase, Ligase.
Q: What does helicase do?
A: Unzips the DNA strand.
Q: What does polymerase do?
A: Adds nucleotides to form a new DNA strand.
Q: What does ligase do?
A: Glues DNA strands together.
Q: What is protein synthesis?
A: Building proteins from amino acids using mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
Q: What are the building blocks of proteins?
A: Amino acids.
Q: List the three types of RNA and their functions.
mRNA: Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.
rRNA: Structural component of ribosomes.
tRNA: Transfers amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Q: What are the two steps of protein synthesis?
A: Transcription and translation.
Q: What is transcription?
A: Process of copying DNA to mRNA.
Q: Where does transcription occur?
A: In the nucleus.
Q: What is translation?
A: Process where mRNA is decoded to produce proteins.
Q: Where does translation occur?
A: In the cytoplasm.
Q: What is a codon?
A: A group of three bases on mRNA coding for an amino acid.
Q: What is an anticodon?
Complementary to the mRNA codon, ensures proper amino acid placement.
Q: What is a codon?
A: A group of three bases on mRNA coding for an amino acid.
Q: Translate mRNA: A: CCG UAC GAA GGC UAG AUG CAU GAU
PRO, TYR, GLU, GLY, STOP, MET, HIS, ASP.
What is a mutation?
A: An error in DNA sequence during replication.
Q: What is the cell cycle?
A: Process by which a cell reproduces.
Q: List the three parts of the cell cycle.
A: Interphase, Mitotic phase, Cytokinesis.
Q: What percentage of the cell cycle is interphase?
A: 90%.
Q: What are the three stages of interphase?
Growth: Cell expands.
DNA replication: DNA is copied.
Preparation: Cell prepares for division.
Q: What is mitosis?
A: Process of cell division into two identical cells.
Q: List the phases of mitosis.
A: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
Q: Explain what happens during prophase.
**A: Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers appear, and nuclear membrane dissolves.
Q: Explain metaphase.
A: Chromosomes align at the cell’s center.
Q: Explain anaphase.
A: Chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.
Q: Explain telophase.
A: Nuclear membrane reforms, spindles disappear.
Q: What occurs during cytokinesis?
A: Division of the cytoplasm, creating two identical cells.
Q: Why do cells divide?
A: For growth, repair, and development.
Q: If a cell has 20 chromosomes, how many will its daughter cells have after mitosis?
A: 20.
Q: What is cancer?
A: Uncontrolled cell division due to mutations.
Q: List cancer treatments.
A: Chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy.
