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bio study guides > Unit 5 Bio > Flashcards

Unit 5 Bio Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genes

A

section of DNA that provides the instructions for making a protein.

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2
Q

Alleles

A

different version of the same gene.

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3
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

the matching chromosomes from our mom and dad.

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4
Q

Homozygous

A

2 of the same alleles.

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5
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles.

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6
Q

Dominant

A

if present, the allele will always have that trait expressed (seen).

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7
Q

Recessive

A

allele will only have that trait expressed (seen) when the dominant allele is not present.

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8
Q

Genotype

A

the actual alleles inherited.

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9
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical traits/characteristics seen in an organism.

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10
Q

Punnett square

A

a diagram that shows the probability of inheriting traits from parents with certain genes.

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11
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

a cross between two organisms looking at one trait.

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12
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

used when finding the possible genotypes for offspring when considering two traits at the same time.

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13
Q

Summarize Mendel’s experiments and the three laws of inheritance that make up the foundation of Mendelian genetics.

A

During his experiments he crossed pea plants with each other but made sure he had control over the breeding, only used purebred plants, and only observed the either-or traits. The laws he came up with were the law of independent assortment, segregation, and dominance.

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14
Q

Create an example of a monohybrid cross. Write out a sample problem and the parents’ genotypes. Solve a Punnett square and determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for your example.

(skip)

A

Draw on paper

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15
Q

Create an example of a dihybrid cross. Write out a sample problem and the parents’ genotypes. Solve a Punnett square and determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for your example.

(skip)

A

draw on paper

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16
Q

Chromosome theory of inheritance

A

Genes are located on chromosomes and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.

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17
Q

Epistasis

A

When one gene overshadows another.

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18
Q

Carrier

A

someone who carries the recessive trait, but doesn’t show it due to having a dominant x to mask it.

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19
Q

Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance. Give examples of each.

A

Incomplete dominance is when neither allele is completely dominant or recessive like red and white flowers make pink flowers and codominance is when both traits are fully and separately expressed like red and white flowers make red and white speckled flowers.

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20
Q

Explain the difference between multiple alleles and polygenic traits. Give examples of each.

A

Multiple alleles are when you have two alleles for one gene like fur color in rabbits and polygenic traits are traits produced by two or more genes like skin color, eye color, etc.

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21
Q

Explain how blood type is an example of both codominance and multiple alleles.

A

It has both full A, B, or i and has more than 2 alleles for one gene.

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22
Q

Explain the difference between linked genes and sex-linked traits. Give examples of each.

A

Linked genes are just close together on the chromosome, meaning that they tend to be inherited together. Sex-linked genes are usually on the X chromosome (but could possibly be on the Y).

23
Q

Explain the difference between traits inherited on sex chromosomes and traits inherited on autosomes.

A

Traits inherited on sex chromosomes determine the sex of the person. Traits inherited on autosomes determine the inheritance of diseases.

24
Q

Mutation

A

any change in DNA (the order of nucleotide bases/letters)

25
Q

Mutagen

A

chemicals that can cause DNA mutations.

26
Q

Duplication

A

changes the size of chromosomes and results in multiple copies of a single gene.

27
Q

Translocation

A

pieces of non-homologous chromosomes exchange segments (during crossing over).

28
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Chromosomes do not separate correctly during anaphase, resulting in 1 or 3 chromosomes rather than 2 per cell.

29
Q

Pedigree

A

chart used to trace the phenotypes and genotypes in a family to determine whether people carry diseases or traits

30
Q

Explain the difference between a mutation in a somatic cell vs. a mutation in a gamete.

A

A mutation in a somatic cell happens during mitosis and goes through cancer while a mutation in a gamete happens during meiosis into your future offspring.

31
Q

Explain the difference between gene and chromosomal mutations. Include an example for how each can be caused.

A

Gene mutations happen during DNA replication and cause a change to the original DNA sequence while chromosomal mutations happen during meiosis which changes the number or the locations of genes.

32
Q

Differentiate between point mutations and frameshift mutations.

A

Point mutations substitute one nucleotide for another while framshift mutations insert or delete a nucleotide.

33
Q

Summarize the different inheritance patterns for genetic disorders. Include one example for each type.

A

Autosomal recessive- most common; disease is rare in the family; males and females are equally likely to get it; disease skips generations; ex. Cystic Fibrosis

Autosomal Dominant- the disease is common in the family; males and females are equally likely to inherit the disease; disease will never skip a generation; ex. Achondroplasia

Sex-linked disease is rare in the family; males are more affected; skips generations; affected fathers do not pass to sons; ex. colorblindness

34
Q

Biotechnology

A

Refers to any technology used to change the genetic makeup of living things to make products.

35
Q

Genetic engineering

A

The direct manipulation of an organism’s genome using biotechnology.

36
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Artificially made DNA from 2 or more different sources.

37
Q

Genome

A

An organism’s complete set of DNA; all of its genes.

38
Q

Gene map

A

Show the location of genes on a chromosome.

39
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

Used to cut strands of DNA at specific locations (restriction sites).

40
Q

Polymerase chain reaction

A

A technique that allows you to copy a piece of DNA without a cell.

41
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

A laboratory method that uses an electric current to separate DNA fragments based on their molecular size.

42
Q

Gene cloning

A

Produces multiple identical copies of a gene.

43
Q

Transformation

A

The process of inserting recombinant DNA into host cells.

44
Q

Gene therapy

A

Inserting a normal gene (or editing an existing gene) to fix an absent or abnormal gene.

45
Q

CRISPR

A

A gene editing technique that helps us to understand the genetics behind many diseases.

46
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that have the potential to become anything.

47
Q

Selective breeding

A

Artificial breeding organisms with a desired trait.

48
Q

Pharming

A

Producing pharmaceuticals in farm animals or plants.

49
Q

GMO

A

Organisms altered by recombinant DNA technology for desired traits.

50
Q

Inbreeding

A

Crossing individuals that are closely related.

51
Q

Hybridization

A

A type of selective breeding between unrelated organisms.

52
Q

Describe the overall goal of genetic engineering and how we are able to accomplish it.

A

The overall goal is to replace specific genes in an organism to ensure that the organism that is being expressed has a desired trait.

53
Q

Describe two examples of genetic engineering. Include in your description examples of societal implications.

A

One example is personal genome sequencing which uses DNA sequencing to have personal genomes sequenced. Another example is gene cloning which makes multiple copies of a gene.

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