Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio study guides > Entire year study guide > Flashcards

Entire year study guide Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  1. What is metabolism
A

All the chemical reactions within each cell of an organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  1. What are chemical reactions?
A

The breaking and forming of bonds between different substances during chemical changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  1. What is the difference in energy in breaking and forming bonds?
A

When breaking bonds the energy needs to be absorbed but forming bonds requires energy to be released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. What is the law of conservation of energy?
A

No energy in the system is lost, it just changes form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic?
A

Catabolic is when it breaks large molecules into simpler compounds and anabolic is when you use small molecules into big molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. Define activation energy:
A

The amount of energy needed to make a chemical reaction starts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. What are reactants and products?
A

Reactants are substances that are changed during a chemical reaction. Products are substances that are made by chemical reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. Label the reactants and products in this equation:
A

Some equations are 6CO2+6H2O->C6H12O6+6O2 which is the equation for photosynthesis. The other equation is the same just reversed which is the equation for cellular respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic? Give an example and draw an energy diagram for each.
A

Endothermic absorbs energy light photosynthesis. (now draw a picture of it)
Exothermic releases energy. (now draw a picture of it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. Label the reactants and products in the energy diagram: skip
A

draw on paper.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. What are two key biochemical reactions? Describe them and identify if they are endothermic or exothermic.
A

Catabolic and anabolic are 2 key biochemical reactions. A catabolic reaction is exothermic because it releases energy while anabolic reactions are endothermic because they absorb energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. what is induced fit
A

When a substrate connects to the active site and the enzyme it becomes an induced fit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. What are enzymes? Why are they essential?
A

Enzymes are proteins and they are essential because they speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. Draw a picture to show the relationship between enzymes, active sites, and substrates (reactants).
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. What is the lock and key model?
A

The lock and key model is when the substrates (key) go into the active site (lock) and it shuts tight because it can only fit one substrate in it. Then when they separate the substrate leaves so no the active site can fit another substrate (another key).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. What happens to the enzymes in your body when you have a fever?
A

There’s an increase in the reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. What is denaturation?
A

Enzyme active site gets deformed and loses its specific shape -> loss of biological activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. Draw the structure of ATP and put a STAR where the most energy is held.
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. Name 5 ways to change the rate of a chemical reaction. Make sure to state HOW each factor changes the reaction.
A

pH: How acidic a solution is.
Substrate concentration: The higher the amount of substrate the amount of the reaction.
Catalysts: Speeds up the reaction.
Competitive inhibitor: Slows the reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. Define ATP.
A

An energy-carrying molecule that carries/stores energy for cell function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. Trace the path of energy from the sun to your body (in general), including how we get energy from different macromolecules (what is broken down first, how much energy they each hold, etc)
A

First, the sunlight goes to the plants and they collect it through photosynthesis. The plants are also called autotrophs and we get energy by eating the autotrophs and you get 10 percent of the energy the plant had.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  1. Summarize the ATP-ADP cycle (what is recycled, what is removed, what enzyme is involved, what type of process)
A

Lots of energy is stored in between the last two phosphates, and the energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. This turns from ATP to ADP. The ADP is recycled. Enzyme ATP is used to add the third phosphate to ADP to make ATP, using energy from the food you eat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  1. Where does all energy come from? Do we get energy DIRECTLY from this source?
A

Producer/autotrophs can make their energy like photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. Define producers/autotrophs
A

They get their energy from non-living sources and they mostly capture energy during photosynthesis to make simple sugars.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. Define consumers/heterotrophs (make sure to know what kinds)
A

They get energy from living or once-living organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. What are the two ways producers get energy? How are they similar/different?
A

They get energy from photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  1. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
A

A food chain is when there is only one path. A food web is where there are multiple food chains that all connect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  1. Define the Rule of 10. Draw an energy pyramid to illustrate the rule of 10. (draw on paper)
A

The rule of 10 is that every time an organism gets eaten it gains 10% of what it already has. As shown in the picture everything higher up in the pyramid gets 10 percent of what it recently ate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  1. Draw a trophic pyramid with four levels. Be sure to include the level numbers, the percentage of energy available, and the names of the organisms at each level (producer, primary consumer, etc). If the first level has 36,000 calories, how many calories will each other level have? (skip)
A

Draw on paper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  1. What are the three components of cell theory
A

All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the most basic unit of life.
All cells come from other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  1. Compare and contrast the two types of cells.
A

Unicellular is made up of one cell and multicellular is made up of many cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  1. What do all cells have in common?
A

They’re all made out of other cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  1. Define organelles (what are they and what is their purpose)
A

They are specialized structures that perform cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  1. Describe the structure and function of each organelle:
A

Cell (plasma membrane): The cell membrane’s job is to control what goes in and out of the cell.
Cytoskeleton: The cytoskeleton gives the cell its shape.
Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm holds everything in place
Nucleus: The nucleus protects the DNA that controls the activities of the cell.
Nucleolus: The nucleolus makes the rRNA which makes up ribosomes.
Ribosome: Makes proteins in a process called translation.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER): The rough endoplasmic reticulum or rough ER makes proteins, packages them for secretion, and sends them in the vesicles to the Golgi.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER): The smooth endoplasmic reticulum or smooth ER makes lipids and stores Ca+2.
Golgi apparatus: The Golgi apparatus gets the vesicles of protein from the ER and transports them around the cell.
Lysosomes: Lysosomes break down dead stuff and can be programmed to self-destruct.
Vacuoles: Vacuoles hold storage like water, nutrients, waste, etc.
centrioles/centrosomes: Appear during cell division and help cells divide by pulling chromosomes apart.
Cilia and flagella: What the cilia does is that it moves fluids across the cell’s surface and the flagella moves the entire cell through extracellular fluid.
Mitochondria: The mitochondria break down chemical energy in foods to release usable energy in the form of ATP.
Chloroplast: The chloroplast is where photosynthesis happens.
Cell wall: The cell wall’s job is to protect and maintain the shape of the cell.
Central vacuole: Storage center.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  1. Which organelles are only in plant cells? Animal cells?
A

Plants: Chloroplast, cell wall, central vacoule.
Animal: Lysomes, centrioles, Enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  1. Draw and Label the cell. (skip)
A

Draw on paper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  1. Define homeostasis:
A

The need of an organism to stay stable by regulating internal conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  1. What are feedback mechanisms? What are the two types? Describe an example of each.
A

Feedback mechanisms are little signals that go off that make your systems intensify or a counter-response. Two types of feedback mechanisms are positive feedback and negative feedback. In positive feedback, the system intensifies the response like childbirth or fruit ripening. In negative feedback, the system turns into a counter-response to return to a set point like the human body temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q
  1. How does the cell membrane function to maintain homeostasis?
A

It controls what goes in and out of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q
  1. Describe the 6 types of cell transport we discussed in class. Be sure to include if it is active or passive, what substances are transported that way, and how it helps the body maintain homeostasis.
A

The 6 types of transportation are simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, molecular pumps, exocytosis, and endocytosis.
Passive
Simple diffusion: carries O2 and CO2 and small nonpolar molecules
Facilitated diffusion: Carries large molecules like glucose and polar molecules like calcium
Osmosis: Carries water
Active
Molecular pumps: Carries potassium, chlorine, and sodium.
Exocytosis: When nerve cells secrete neurotransmitters to send signals throughout the body.
Endocytosis: When white blood cells engulf bacteria in order to fight infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
  1. Draw a picture of cells in hypertonic solutions, hypotonic solutions, and isotonic solutions. Be sure to draw arrows showing water movement.
A

draw on paper

30
Q
  1. What starts cell division?
A

A fertilized egg starts cell division.

31
Q
  1. What is differentiation and why do we need it?
A

Differentiation is a process that creates special structures and functions and it’s important because it can create tools for your body.

32
Q
  1. Define stem cells:
A

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that become differentiated into one or more types of specialized cells

33
Q
  1. What is organogenesis?
A

Organogenesis is the process of body organ and organ system formation that follows gastrulation.

34
Q
  1. What is the organization of life, starting at the most basic unit and ending at an individual member or a species?
A

It begins with a fertilized egg. Then it goes through cell division repeatedly.

35
Q
  1. What is the cell cycle and what is its purpose?
A

A repeated pattern of growth DNA replication and cell division occurs in eukaryotic cells. It has 2 purposes which are growth and repair.

36
Q
  1. Define interphase and its parts
A

The growth phase of the cell cycle.
G1 = Gap 1 phase = cell grows and makes proteins.
S= Synthesis phase = DNA replication occurs, doubling the number of chromosomes.
G2 = Gap 2 phase = more cell growth and protein synthesis.

37
Q
  1. How many sets of chromosomes does a cell have after interphase? What phase is responsible for this?
A

2 sets of chromosomes after interphase. The phase responsible is mitosis.

38
Q
  1. Define: Chromosome Gene Chromatid Centromere Telomere Label them
A

Chromosome: One long continuous thread of DNA that consists of thousands of genes and regulatory information.
Gene: A section of DNA that contains the instructions for making a protein.
Chromatid: One-half of a duplicated chromosome.
Centromere: Region of the condensed chromosomes that look pinched.
Telomere: Ends of the DNA molecule.

38
Q
  1. Describe and DRAW A PICTURE for each phase of mitosis (5)
A

Prohase: Chromosomes condense and are visible as sister chromatids.
Metaphase: Spindle fibers connect to the centromere of each sister chromatid.
Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate, pulling away from each other and becoming individual chromosomes.
Telophase: Chromosomes decondense and start to look like chromatin again.
Cytokinesis: The division of the cytoplasm into 2 individual cells.

39
Q
  1. How many cells are present after mitosis? How many chromosomes do they each have (in humans)
A

2 are present after mitosis and 2 in each chromosome for humans.

40
Q
  1. How often do cells divide?
A

Every cell divides at a different rate based on its needs.

41
Q
  1. Why do body cells divide?
A

Growth and repair.

42
Q
  1. How is the cell cycle-regulated (internally and externally)?
A

It is regulated by a chemical control system. Internal regulation is when signals come from their nucleus. External regulation is when signals come from outside of the cell.

43
Q
  1. Define apoptosis:
A

Programmed cell death.

44
Q
  1. What is cancer? What are tumors? What are the two types of tumors?
A

Cancer is uncontrolled cell division. Tumors are clumps of cells that divide uncontrollably. The two types of tumors are benign and malignant.

45
Q
  1. How does cancer (or disease) spread?
A

Cancer spreads by metastasizing.

45
Q
  1. What are the four factors that can cause cancer?
A

Biological factors, lifestyle, viruses, and exposure to carcinogens.

46
Q
  1. What is science?
A

A particular way of knowing about the world.

47
Q
  1. Define and describe the differences between a fact, principle, law, and theory.
A

A fact is an objective verifiable observation for example. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
A principle is a statement based on a repeated experimental observations that describe an aspect of the world. Like the greenhouse effect.
A law is a broad concept or principle like Newton’s laws of motion.
A theory is an explanation of an observed phenomenon like the evolutionary theory.

48
Q
  1. What is the difference between observation and inference?
A

An observation is something that you see while an inference is something you guess.

49
Q
  1. What are the two types of observations? Give examples of each.
A

There’s qualitative where you describe the quality like a large hole and then there’s quantitative which uses numbers like 6 feet.

50
Q
  1. What is the difference between precision and accuracy? Draw a picture or give sample measurements as an example.
A

Accuracy is how close you are to the actual measurement lets say it’s 6 feet and you guess 5 feet and 10 inches that’s pretty close. Precision is when you compare 2 different measurements and see around the middle of both measurements.

51
Q
  1. How do you define the purpose/objective of an experiment?
A

You define your purpose with your observations, questions, and research.

52
Q
  1. What is a hypothesis? Write an example with the correct format.
A

A hypothesis is a testable prediction based on observations that describe a cause-and-effect relationship between variables. If I do this workout routine then I would get in shape.

53
Q
  1. Define independent variables and dependent variables and label them on a graph (the axes)
A

An independent variable is what the experimenter will deliberately change or manipulate in the investigation. It is on the x-axis.
A dependent variable is what changes in response to the independent variable. It’s on the y-axis.

54
Q
  1. What are the two groups in an experiment? How are they different? Provide examples.
A

There is the experimental group and the control group. They are different because the experimental group is what is being tested like trials in a running test. The control group is what is being used as a comparison with the experimental group like everyone wearing the same shoes or all one gender.

55
Q
  1. What are constants?
A

Constants are the aspects of an experiment that are held consistent.

56
Q
  1. Why do we have repeated trials in an experiment?
A

To eliminate any errors and to make sure the data is precise.

57
Q
  1. What are the 5 steps of an experiment (hint: start with research, end with conclusion and communicate)
A

You start off with conducting background research, then construct a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, analyze the data and then draw conclusions and communicate them.

58
Q
  1. What is technology?
A

The application of scientific discoveries to meet human needs and goals through the development of products and processes.

59
Q
  1. What is engineering?
A

Applies scientific and mathematic principles to solve problems.

60
Q
  1. What are the 4 steps of technological design?
A

Brainstorm, research, sketch, and narrow down to the best design for the product.

61
Q
  1. Do you still have your unit conversion notecard?! If the base unit is 1, how many base units does each of the following equal?
A

I don’t know. (This was the one you told us to say no).

62
Q
  1. Convert 37 grams to milligrams AND kilograms.
A

37000 milligrams and 0.037 kilograms.

63
Q
  1. Convert 35 degrees Fahrenheit into Celsius AND Kelvin.
A

1.6667 degrees Celsius and 274.817 Kelvin.

64
Q
  1. Convert 17 degrees Celsius into Fahrenheit.
A

62.6 degrees Fahrenheit.

65
Q
  1. Write a hypothesis for: IV - amount of water, DV - rate of photosynthesis
A

If there’s more water in a pool the rate of photosynthesis will increase.

66
Q
  1. Identify the IV, DV, Hypothesis, Control Group, and Experimental group,
A

The IV is the independent variable. The dv is the dependent variable. The hypothesis is when you finish gathering background information to make an educated guess. The control group is what is being compared to the experimental group.

67
Q
  1. What is the hierarchy of life (starting at an atom).
A

Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism.

68
Q
  1. What is matter?
A

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

69
Q
  1. What is an atom?
A

The smallest part of an element that still has the properties of that element.

70
Q
  1. What is the most basic unit of life?
A

A cell.

71
Q
  1. What are the 6 elements necessary for life?
A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

72
Q
  1. Label the atom. Identify the charges of each subatomic particle. (Skip)
A

Draw picture on paper.

73
Q
  1. Identify the element’s symbol, name, atomic number, and atomic mass.
A

The symbol is “H”, the name is hydrogen, the atomic number is 1, and the atomic mass is 1.0079.

74
Q
  1. How do you find the average atomic mass ( ___+ ___ )
A

The sum of the protons and neutrons in the most common isotope of the element.

75
Q
  1. How many electrons does hydrogen have? How do you know?
A

It has one electron and I know this because of the atomic number.

76
Q
  1. How many protons does hydrogen have? How do you know?
A

It has 1 proton and I know this because of the atomic number.

77
Q
  1. Is this an ion, isotope, or element? What is the approximate mass? How many protons, neutrons, and electrons?
A

This is an isotope. The approximate mass is 1.0079. It has 1 proton and 1 electron and has 0 neutrons.

78
Q
  1. What are cations and anions?
A

Cations form when an atom loses an electron. An anion is when it gains an electron.

79
Q
  1. Why do atoms bond?
A

Atoms form bonds because they want to be stable.

80
Q
  1. What are the electrons in the outermost shell called?
A

Valence electrons.

81
Q
  1. Label the water molecule (skip)
A

Draw picture on paper

82
Q
  1. Contrast polar and nonpolar molecules. Which is water?
A

Polar molecules are unequal and one side is more positive and the other is more negative. Non-polar molecules have no charge no positive or negative poles are formed. Water is polar.

83
Q
  1. What makes water so special?
A

It’s a terrific solvent.

84
Q
  1. What are the 5 properties of water? Describe each.
A

Water sticks to water.
Water has high surface tension.
Hard to break the surface of a liquid.
Can also be affected by adhesion.
Forms stronger bonds than cohesion.

85
Q
  1. Fill in the chart: Macromolecule Monomer Polymer Main Function Other uses Found in Composed of Energy Storage (try to remember)
A

(Put on paper try your best to memorize everything)

86
Q
  1. How are polymers made and broken down?
A

They are made by linking polymers and are broken down is used with water.

87
Q
  1. What is special about phospholipids?
A

Has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

88
Q
  1. What makes proteins so diverse?
A

They have so many uses in your body.

bio study guides (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions