Unit 5 - Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
What is a lever?
A rigid rod (usually a length of bone) that turns about a pivot (usually a joint)
Where is the axis located on a first-class lever?
Between the weight and the force
Where is the weight located on a second-class lever?
Between the force and the axis
Where is the force located on a third-class lever?
Between the weight and the axis
Explain how upper extremity muscle activity function as levers around the elbow joint.
The elbow joint is an example of a third class lever, operating with the effort between the load and fulcrum. The distance between the elbow joint and the insertion site of the bicep tendon is very small.
What bones are included in the axial skeleton?
Skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage
What does the axial skeleton form?
The central supporting axis
What bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of pectoral girdle and upper extremity, and bones of pelvic girdle and lower extremity
Name the 6 bones of the cranium
Parietal Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid Occipital Temporal
Name the 8 bones of the facial skeleton
Nasal Lacrimal Palatine Zygomatic Maxilla Inferior nasal conchae Vomer Mandible
Why are fontanels important?
Fontanels permit cranial growth in infants and small children
Which 8 structures do lumbar vertebra contain?
Body Pedicle Laminae Spinous process Vertebral arch Vertebral foramen Transverse process Superior and inferior articulating processes Intervertebral foramina
What does the cervical vertebrae carry?
The vertebral artery
Which two vertebra are specialized?
C1 atlas and C2 axis
What do thoracic vertebrae connect to?
Ribs
Where is the sacroiliac joint located?
On the auricular surface of ilium to auricular surface of sacrum
Where is the sacral promontory located?
On the superior anterior side of the sacrum
Where is the sacral hiatus located?
On the inferior posterior side of the sacrum
What are the 3 bones in the thoracic cage?
Thoracic vertebrae
Sternum
Ribs
What 2 bones form the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle
Scapula
What 4 bones form the pelvic girdle?
Pelvis
Ilia
Sacrum
Coccyx
List the 6 bones of the upper extremity
Humerus Radius Ulna Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges
List the major differences that may occur between the male and female pelvis
Male – heavier and thicker
Female – wider and shallower, adapted to pregnancy and childbirth, larger pelvic inlet and outlet
List the 7 bones of the lower extremity
Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsals Phalanges
Describe the changes that may occur in trabecular bone and compact bone as a result of aging
Osteoporosis, which leads to fractures commonly in the vertebrae
Bone density decreases with aging
Describe the mechanism that regulates the concentration of blood calcium ions
a. Blood calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is produced by the parathyroid glands. PTH is released in response to low blood calcium levels. It increases calcium levels by targeting the skeleton, the kidneys, and the intestine.
List 3 factors that may preserve skeletal health.
Eating foods rich in calcium and vitamin D
Getting plenty of exercise
Eating a healthy diet
