Unit 5 - Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Question 1

What is a lever?

Answer 1

A rigid rod (usually a length of bone) that turns about a pivot (usually a joint)

Question 2

Where is the axis located on a first-class lever?

Answer 2

Between the weight and the force

Question 3

Where is the weight located on a second-class lever?

Answer 3

Between the force and the axis

Question 4

Where is the force located on a third-class lever?

Answer 4

Between the weight and the axis

Question 5

Explain how upper extremity muscle activity function as levers around the elbow joint.

Answer 5

The elbow joint is an example of a third class lever, operating with the effort between the load and fulcrum. The distance between the elbow joint and the insertion site of the bicep tendon is very small.

Question 6

What bones are included in the axial skeleton?

Answer 6

Skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage

Question 7

What does the axial skeleton form?

Answer 7

The central supporting axis

Question 8

What bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 8

Bones of pectoral girdle and upper extremity, and bones of pelvic girdle and lower extremity

Question 9

Name the 6 bones of the cranium

Answer 9

Parietal
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Occipital
Temporal

Question 10

Name the 8 bones of the facial skeleton

Answer 10

Nasal
Lacrimal
Palatine
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Inferior nasal conchae
Vomer
Mandible

Question 11

Why are fontanels important?

Answer 11

Fontanels permit cranial growth in infants and small children

Question 12

Which 8 structures do lumbar vertebra contain?

Answer 12

Body
Pedicle
Laminae
Spinous process
Vertebral arch
Vertebral foramen
Transverse process
Superior and inferior articulating processes
Intervertebral foramina

Question 13

What does the cervical vertebrae carry?

Answer 13

The vertebral artery

Question 14

Which two vertebra are specialized?

Answer 14

C1 atlas and C2 axis

Question 15

What do thoracic vertebrae connect to?

Answer 15

Ribs

Question 16

Where is the sacroiliac joint located?

Answer 16

On the auricular surface of ilium to auricular surface of sacrum

Question 17

Where is the sacral promontory located?

Answer 17

On the superior anterior side of the sacrum

Question 18

Where is the sacral hiatus located?

Answer 18

On the inferior posterior side of the sacrum

Question 19

What are the 3 bones in the thoracic cage?

Answer 19

Thoracic vertebrae
Sternum
Ribs

Question 20

What 2 bones form the pectoral girdle?

Answer 20

Clavicle

Scapula

Question 21

What 4 bones form the pelvic girdle?

Answer 21

Pelvis
Ilia
Sacrum
Coccyx

Question 22

List the 6 bones of the upper extremity

Answer 22

Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges

Question 23

List the major differences that may occur between the male and female pelvis

Answer 23

Male – heavier and thicker

Female – wider and shallower, adapted to pregnancy and childbirth, larger pelvic inlet and outlet

Question 24

List the 7 bones of the lower extremity

Answer 24

Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsals
Phalanges

Question 25

Describe the changes that may occur in trabecular bone and compact bone as a result of aging

Answer 25

Osteoporosis, which leads to fractures commonly in the vertebrae

Bone density decreases with aging

Question 26

Describe the mechanism that regulates the concentration of blood calcium ions

Answer 26

a. Blood calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is produced by the parathyroid glands. PTH is released in response to low blood calcium levels. It increases calcium levels by targeting the skeleton, the kidneys, and the intestine.

Question 27

List 3 factors that may preserve skeletal health.

Answer 27

Eating foods rich in calcium and vitamin D
Getting plenty of exercise
Eating a healthy diet