Unit 1 Flashcards
Information that can be independently verified by a trained person
Scientific fact
Generalization about the predictable way matter and energy behave; results from inductive reasoning and repeated observations
Law of nature
An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses
Theory
Change in genetic composition of a population of organisms
Evolution
What is the closest relative to humans? What is the % of DNA difference?
Chimpanzees; 1.6%
What are the 9 characteristics of living organisms?
Responsiveness Adaptability Growth and development Reproduction Movement and locomotion Respiration Circulation Digestion Excretion
Refers to the ability of an organism to detect changes either within itself or the environment surrounding it and then react to these changes
Responsiveness
Changes the organism’s behavior, capabilities, or structure; required for survival in a constantly changing world.
Adaptability
Inherited patterns for increase in size (without important changes to its general shape) and changes in structure and function that produce the characteristics of the organism’s species
Growth and development
The process of making the next generation of the organism. It also discusses the process whereby cells can produce others like themselves to take the place of damaged or destroyed cells
Reproduction
The ability to self-initiate position changes of either the entire organism or a part of the organism, externally from place to place and/or internally, such as in peristalsis.
Movement and locomotion
The process of obtaining oxygen, using the obtained oxygen in release of energy from foods, and removing waste gases that are produced in the process; usually refers to O2 absorption required for chemical processes that release energy in a usable form) and CO2 release (as a waste product).
Respiration
Movement of fluid within the organism; may involve a pump and a network of special vessels; provides an internal distribution network
Circulation
The chemical change of ingested foods into simpler substances that can be absorbed and used by the organism. Chemicals released can be used to generate energy or support growth.
Digestion
The elimination of chemical waste products generated by the organism; waste products are often toxic, removal is essential.
Excretion
The totality of chemical changes that occur within the body parts
Metabolism
What are the 5 requirements of organisms?
Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure
What is the most abundant substance in the body?
Water
How much atmospheric air does oxygen make up?
20%
A form of energy that is a product of metabolic reactions
Heat
The amount of heat present at any given time
Temperature
State in which force is applied to something
Pressure
Substances that provide the body with necessary chemicals to sustain life, in addition to water
Food
The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions
Homeostasis
What happens if there is a loss of homeostasis?
Illness or death
What is gross anatomy?
Surface Regional Systemic Developmental Clinical
What is microscopic anatomy?
Cytology
Histology
Name 4 types of physiology
Cell physiology
Special physiology
Systemic physiology
Pathological physiology
Name 3 homeostatic regulatory mechanisms
Receptors
Control (integrating) centers
Effectors
What do receptors do?
Senses change in body
What do control (integrating) sensors do?
Processes sensory information; ‘makes a decision’, and directs the response
What do effectors do?
Carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis
Response of effector opposes original stimulus
Negative feedback
Response of effector adds to original stimulus, speeding it up
Positive feedback
What is anatomy?
Form or structure
What is physiology?
Function
How does a biological structure’s form (anatomy) determine its function (physiology) or vice versa?
Structure is always related to function because the structure determines the function, which in turn determines how the body/organ is structured – the two are interdependent.
8 levels of anatomical organization
Atoms Molecules Cells Organelles Tissues Organs Organ systems Organism
The smallest stable unit of matter; they combine to form molecules
Atoms
Composed of atoms; the building blocks to all structures in the human body
Molecules
Composed of many different molecules; smallest independent living thing in the human body
Cells
Tiny organ-like structures enclosed by a jelly-like cellular fluid in a cell membrane
Organelles
A group of cells that work together to perform one or more specific function
Tissues
2 or more tissues that work together to perform several functions
Organs
Organs that interact together to form an organ system
Organ systems
All of the organ systems combined form an organism
Organism
What are the viscera?
The internal organs of the body, specifically those within the chest (heart, lungs) or abdomen (liver, pancreas, intestines)
Where are the mediastinum?
In the thoracic cavity, between the right lung and left lung
How does a parietal membrane differ from a visceral membrane?
The parietal layers of the membranes line the walls of the body cavity. The visceral layer of the membrane covers the organs (the viscera).
11 major organ systems
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
What does the integumentary system do?
Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature
What does the skeletal system do?
Provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, forms blood cells
What does the muscular system do?
Produces movement, provides support, generates heat
What does the nervous system do?
Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
What does the endocrine system do?
Directs long-term changes in other organ systems
What does the cardiovascular system do?
Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases
What does the lymphatic system do?
Defends against infection and diseases; returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream
What does the respiratory system do?
Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood; produces sound
What does the digestive system do?
Processes food and absorbs nutrients
What does the urinary system do?
Eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes
What does the reproductive system do?
Produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth
